{"attribution":{"source":"MIT AI Risk Repository, Domain Taxonomy of AI Risks v1 (MIT AI Risk Initiative)","license":"CC BY 4.0","license_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","citation":"Slattery, P., Saeri, A. K., Grundy, E. A. C., Graham, J., Noetel, M., Uuk, R., Dao, J., Pour, S., Casper, S., & Thompson, N. (2025). The AI Risk Repository: A comprehensive meta-review, database, and taxonomy of risks from artificial intelligence. arXiv:2408.12622."},"exported_at":"2026-09-11"}
{"rows":[{"ev_id":"49.01.00","quick_ref":"Bengio2024","paper_title":"International Scientific Report on the Safety of Advanced AI","level":"Risk Category","risk_category":"Malicious Use Risks ","risk_subcategory":null,"description":"\"As general- purpose AI covers a broad set of knowledge areas, it can be repurposed for malicious ends, potentially causing widespread harm. This section discusses some of the major risks of malicious use, but there are others and new risks may continue to emerge. While the risks discussed in this section range widely in terms of how well- evidenced they are, and in some cases, there is evidence suggesting that they may currently not be serious risks at all, we include them to provide a comprehensive overview of the malicious use risks associated with general- purpose AI systems.\"","entity":"Human","intent":"Intentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":4,"subdomain":"4.0"},{"ev_id":"49.01.01","quick_ref":"Bengio2024","paper_title":"International Scientific Report on the Safety of Advanced AI","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Malicious Use Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Harm to individuals through fake content","description":"\"General- purpose AI systems can be used to increase the scale and sophistication of scams and fraud, for example through general- purpose AI- enhanced ‘phishing’ attacks. General- purpose AI can be used to generate fake compromising content featuring individuals without their consent, posing threats to individual privacy and reputation.\"","entity":"Human","intent":"Intentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":4,"subdomain":"4.3"},{"ev_id":"49.01.01.a","quick_ref":"Bengio2024","paper_title":"International Scientific Report on the Safety of Advanced AI","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"Malicious Use Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Harm to individuals through fake content","description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"49.01.02#1","quick_ref":"Bengio2024","paper_title":"International Scientific Report on the Safety of Advanced AI","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Malicious Use Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Disinformation and manipulation of public opinion","description":"\"AI, particularly general- purpose AI, can be maliciously used for disinformation (351), which for the purpose of this report refers to false information that was generated or spread with the deliberate intent to mislead or deceive. General- purpose AI- generated text can be indistinguishable from genuine human- generated material (352, 353), and may already be disseminated at scale on social media (354). In addition, general- purpose AI systems can be used to not only generate text but also fully synthetic or misleadingly altered images, audio, and video content. General- purpose AI tools mig","entity":"Human","intent":"Intentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":4,"subdomain":"4.1"},{"ev_id":"49.01.02#2","quick_ref":"Bengio2024","paper_title":"International Scientific Report on the Safety of Advanced AI","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Malicious Use Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Cyber offence","description":"\"General- purpose AI systems could uplift the cyber expertise of individuals, making it easier for malicious users to conduct effective cyber- attacks, as well as providing a tool that can be used in cyber defence. General- purpose AI systems can be used to automate and scale some types of cyber operations, such as social engineering attacks.\"","entity":"Human","intent":"Intentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":4,"subdomain":"4.2"},{"ev_id":"49.01.02.a","quick_ref":"Bengio2024","paper_title":"International Scientific Report on the Safety of Advanced AI","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"Malicious Use Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Cyber offence","description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"49.01.02.b","quick_ref":"Bengio2024","paper_title":"International Scientific Report on the Safety of Advanced AI","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"Malicious Use Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Cyber offence","description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"49.01.03","quick_ref":"Bengio2024","paper_title":"International Scientific Report on the Safety of Advanced AI","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Malicious Use Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Dual use science risks","description":"\"General- purpose AI systems could accelerate advances in a range of scientific endeavours, from training new scientists to enabling faster research workflows. While these capabilities could have numerous beneficial applications, some experts have expressed concern that they could be used for malicious purposes, especially if further capabilities are developed soon before appropriate countermeasures are put in place. There are two avenues by which general- purpose AI systems could, speculatively, facilitate malicious use in the life sciences: firstly by providing increased access to informatio","entity":"Human","intent":"Intentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":4,"subdomain":"4.2"},{"ev_id":"49.02.00","quick_ref":"Bengio2024","paper_title":"International Scientific Report on the Safety of Advanced AI","level":"Risk Category","risk_category":"Risks from Malfunctions ","risk_subcategory":null,"description":"None provided. ","entity":"Other","intent":"Unintentional","timing":"Other","domain":7,"subdomain":"7.0"},{"ev_id":"49.02.01","quick_ref":"Bengio2024","paper_title":"International Scientific Report on the Safety of Advanced AI","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Risks from Malfunctions ","risk_subcategory":"Risks from product functionality issues","description":"\"Product functionality issues occur when there is confusion or misinformation about what a general- purpose AI model or system is capable of. This can lead to unrealistic expectations and overreliance on general- purpose AI systems, potentially causing harm if a system fails to deliver on expected capabilities. These functionality misconceptions may arise from technical difficulties in assessing an AI model's true capabilities on its own,or predicting its performance when part of a larger system. Misleading claims in advertising and communications can also contribute to these misconceptions.\"","entity":"Other","intent":"Unintentional","timing":"Other","domain":5,"subdomain":"5.1"},{"ev_id":"49.02.01.b","quick_ref":"Bengio2024","paper_title":"International Scientific Report on the Safety of Advanced AI","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"Risks from Malfunctions ","risk_subcategory":"Risks from product functionality issues","description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"49.02.01.c","quick_ref":"Bengio2024","paper_title":"International Scientific Report on the Safety of Advanced AI","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"Risks from Malfunctions ","risk_subcategory":"Risks from product functionality issues","description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"49.02.01.d","quick_ref":"Bengio2024","paper_title":"International Scientific Report on the Safety of Advanced AI","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"Risks from Malfunctions ","risk_subcategory":"Risks from product functionality issues","description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"49.02.01.e","quick_ref":"Bengio2024","paper_title":"International Scientific Report on the Safety of Advanced AI","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"Risks from Malfunctions ","risk_subcategory":"Risks from product functionality issues","description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"49.02.01.f","quick_ref":"Bengio2024","paper_title":"International Scientific Report on the Safety of Advanced AI","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"Risks from Malfunctions ","risk_subcategory":"Risks from product functionality issues","description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"49.02.02","quick_ref":"Bengio2024","paper_title":"International Scientific Report on the Safety of Advanced AI","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Risks from Malfunctions ","risk_subcategory":"Risks from bias and underrepresentation","description":"\"The outputs and impacts of general- purpose AI systems can be biased with respect to various aspects of human identity, including race, gender, culture, age, and disability. This creates risks in high- stakes domains such as healthcare, job recruitment, and financial lending. General- purpose AI systems are primarily trained on language and image datasets that disproportionately represent English- speaking and Western cultures, increasing the potential for harm to individuals not represented well by this data.\"","entity":"AI","intent":"Unintentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":1,"subdomain":"1.1"},{"ev_id":"49.02.02.a","quick_ref":"Bengio2024","paper_title":"International Scientific Report on the Safety of Advanced AI","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"Risks from Malfunctions ","risk_subcategory":"Risks from bias and underrepresentation","description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"49.02.02.b","quick_ref":"Bengio2024","paper_title":"International Scientific Report on the Safety of Advanced AI","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"Risks from Malfunctions ","risk_subcategory":"Risks from bias and underrepresentation","description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"49.02.02.c","quick_ref":"Bengio2024","paper_title":"International Scientific Report on the Safety of Advanced AI","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"Risks from Malfunctions ","risk_subcategory":"Risks from bias and underrepresentation","description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"49.02.03","quick_ref":"Bengio2024","paper_title":"International Scientific Report on the Safety of Advanced AI","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Risks from Malfunctions ","risk_subcategory":"Loss of control ","description":"\"'Loss of control’ scenarios are potential future scenarios in which society can no longer meaningfully constrain some advanced general- purpose AI agents, even if it becomes clear they are causing harm. These scenarios are hypothesised to arise through a combination of social and technical factors, such as pressures to delegate decisions to general- purpose AI systems, and limitations of existing techniques used to influence the behaviours of general- purpose AI systems.\"","entity":"Other","intent":"Other","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":7,"subdomain":"7.1"},{"ev_id":"49.02.03.a","quick_ref":"Bengio2024","paper_title":"International Scientific Report on the Safety of Advanced AI","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"Risks from Malfunctions ","risk_subcategory":"Loss of control ","description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"49.02.03.b","quick_ref":"Bengio2024","paper_title":"International Scientific Report on the Safety of Advanced AI","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"Risks from Malfunctions ","risk_subcategory":"Loss of control ","description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"49.02.03.c","quick_ref":"Bengio2024","paper_title":"International Scientific Report on the Safety of Advanced AI","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"Risks from Malfunctions ","risk_subcategory":"Loss of control ","description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"49.02.03.d","quick_ref":"Bengio2024","paper_title":"International Scientific Report on the Safety of Advanced AI","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"Risks from Malfunctions ","risk_subcategory":"Loss of control ","description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"49.02.03.e","quick_ref":"Bengio2024","paper_title":"International Scientific Report on the Safety of Advanced AI","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"Risks from Malfunctions ","risk_subcategory":"Loss of control ","description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"49.02.03.f","quick_ref":"Bengio2024","paper_title":"International Scientific Report on the Safety of Advanced AI","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"Risks from Malfunctions ","risk_subcategory":"Loss of control ","description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"49.03.00","quick_ref":"Bengio2024","paper_title":"International Scientific Report on the Safety of Advanced AI","level":"Risk Category","risk_category":"Systemic Risks ","risk_subcategory":null,"description":"None provided. ","entity":"Not coded","intent":"Not coded","timing":"Not coded","domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"49.03.01","quick_ref":"Bengio2024","paper_title":"International Scientific Report on the Safety of Advanced AI","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Systemic Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Labour market risks","description":"\"Unlike previous waves of automation, general- purpose AI has the potential to automate a very broad range of tasks, which could have a significant effect on the labour market. This could mean many people could lose their current jobs. Labour market frictions, such as the time needed for workers to learn new skills or relocate for new jobs, could cause unemployment in the short run even if overall labour demand remained unchanged.\"","entity":"AI","intent":"Other","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":6,"subdomain":"6.2"},{"ev_id":"49.03.01.a","quick_ref":"Bengio2024","paper_title":"International Scientific Report on the Safety of Advanced AI","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"Systemic Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Labour market risks","description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"49.03.01.b","quick_ref":"Bengio2024","paper_title":"International Scientific Report on the Safety of Advanced AI","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"Systemic Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Labour market risks","description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"49.03.02","quick_ref":"Bengio2024","paper_title":"International Scientific Report on the Safety of Advanced AI","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Systemic Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Global AI Divide ","description":"\"General- purpose AI research and development is currently concentrated in a few Western countries and China. This ‘AI Divide’ is multicausal, but in part related to limited access to computing power in low- income countries. Access to large and expensive quantities of computing power has become a prerequisite for developing advanced general- purpose AI. This has led to a growing dominance of large technology companies in general- purpose AI development. The AI R&D divide often overlaps with existing global socioeconomic disparities, potentially exacerbating them.\"","entity":"Other","intent":"Unintentional","timing":"Other","domain":6,"subdomain":"6.1"},{"ev_id":"49.03.02.a","quick_ref":"Bengio2024","paper_title":"International Scientific Report on the Safety of Advanced AI","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"Systemic Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Global AI Divide ","description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"49.03.02.b","quick_ref":"Bengio2024","paper_title":"International Scientific Report on the Safety of Advanced AI","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"Systemic Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Global AI Divide ","description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"49.03.02.c","quick_ref":"Bengio2024","paper_title":"International Scientific Report on the Safety of Advanced AI","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"Systemic Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Global AI Divide ","description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"49.03.03","quick_ref":"Bengio2024","paper_title":"International Scientific Report on the Safety of Advanced AI","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Systemic Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Market concentration risks and single points of failure","description":"\"Market power is concentrated among a few companies that are the only ones able to build the leading general- purpose AI models. Widespread adoption of a few general- purpose AI models and systems by critical sectors including finance, cybersecurity, and defence creates systemic risk because any flaws, vulnerabilities, bugs, or inherent biases in the dominant general- purpose AI models and systems could cause simultaneous failures and disruptions on a broad scale across these interdependent sectors.\"","entity":"Human","intent":"Other","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":6,"subdomain":"6.1"},{"ev_id":"49.03.03.a","quick_ref":"Bengio2024","paper_title":"International Scientific Report on the Safety of Advanced AI","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"Systemic Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Market concentration risks and single points of failure","description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"49.03.03.b","quick_ref":"Bengio2024","paper_title":"International Scientific Report on the Safety of Advanced AI","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"Systemic Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Market concentration risks and single points of failure","description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"49.03.03.c","quick_ref":"Bengio2024","paper_title":"International Scientific Report on the Safety of Advanced AI","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"Systemic Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Market concentration risks and single points of failure","description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"49.03.04","quick_ref":"Bengio2024","paper_title":"International Scientific Report on the Safety of Advanced AI","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Systemic Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Risks to the environment","description":"\"Growing compute use in general- purpose AI development and deployment has rapidly increased energy usage associated with general- purpose AI. This trend might continue, potentially leading to strongly increasing CO2 emissions.\"","entity":"Human","intent":"Unintentional","timing":"Other","domain":6,"subdomain":"6.6"},{"ev_id":"49.03.04.a","quick_ref":"Bengio2024","paper_title":"International Scientific Report on the Safety of Advanced AI","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"Systemic Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Risks to the environment","description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"49.03.04.b","quick_ref":"Bengio2024","paper_title":"International Scientific Report on the Safety of Advanced AI","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"Systemic Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Risks to the environment","description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"49.03.04.c","quick_ref":"Bengio2024","paper_title":"International Scientific Report on the Safety of Advanced AI","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"Systemic Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Risks to the environment","description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"49.03.05","quick_ref":"Bengio2024","paper_title":"International Scientific Report on the Safety of Advanced AI","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Systemic Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Risks to privacy","description":"\"General- purpose AI models or systems can ‘leak’ information about individuals whose data was used in training. For future models trained on sensitive personal data like health or financial data, this may lead to particularly serious privacy leaks. General- purpose AI models could enhance privacy abuse. For instance, Large Language Models might facilitate more efficient and effective search for sensitive data (for example, on internet text or in breached data leaks), and also enable users to infer sensitive information about individuals.\"","entity":"AI","intent":"Unintentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":2,"subdomain":"2.1"},{"ev_id":"49.03.05.a","quick_ref":"Bengio2024","paper_title":"International Scientific Report on the Safety of Advanced AI","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"Systemic Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Risks to privacy","description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"49.03.05.b","quick_ref":"Bengio2024","paper_title":"International Scientific Report on the Safety of Advanced AI","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"Systemic Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Risks to privacy","description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"49.03.05.c","quick_ref":"Bengio2024","paper_title":"International Scientific Report on the Safety of Advanced AI","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"Systemic Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Risks to privacy","description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"49.03.05.d","quick_ref":"Bengio2024","paper_title":"International Scientific Report on the Safety of Advanced AI","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"Systemic Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Risks to privacy","description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"49.03.06","quick_ref":"Bengio2024","paper_title":"International Scientific Report on the Safety of Advanced AI","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Systemic Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Copyright infringement","description":"\"The use of large amounts of copyrighted data for training general- purpose AI models poses a challenge to traditional intellectual property laws, and to systems of consent, compensation, and control over data. The use of copyrighted data at scale by organisations developing general- purpose AI is likely to alter incentives around creative expression.\"","entity":"Human","intent":"Intentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":6,"subdomain":"6.3"},{"ev_id":"49.03.06.a","quick_ref":"Bengio2024","paper_title":"International Scientific Report on the Safety of Advanced AI","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"Systemic Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Copyright infringement","description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"49.03.06.b","quick_ref":"Bengio2024","paper_title":"International Scientific Report on the Safety of Advanced AI","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"Systemic Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Copyright infringement","description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null}]}