{"attribution":{"source":"MIT AI Risk Repository, Domain Taxonomy of AI Risks v1 (MIT AI Risk Initiative)","license":"CC BY 4.0","license_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","citation":"Slattery, P., Saeri, A. K., Grundy, E. A. C., Graham, J., Noetel, M., Uuk, R., Dao, J., Pour, S., Casper, S., & Thompson, N. (2025). The AI Risk Repository: A comprehensive meta-review, database, and taxonomy of risks from artificial intelligence. arXiv:2408.12622."},"exported_at":"2026-09-11"}
{"rows":[{"ev_id":"60.01.00","quick_ref":"Bengio2025","paper_title":"International AI Safety Report 2025","level":"Risk Category","risk_category":"Risks from malicious use ","risk_subcategory":null,"description":"- ","entity":"Human","intent":"Intentional","timing":"Other","domain":4,"subdomain":"4.0"},{"ev_id":"60.01.01","quick_ref":"Bengio2025","paper_title":"International AI Safety Report 2025","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Risks from malicious use ","risk_subcategory":"Harm to individuals through fake content ","description":"\"Malicious actors can use general- purpose AI to generate fake content that harms individuals in a targeted way. For example, they can use such fake content for scams, extortion, psychological manipulation, generation of non- consensual intimate imagery (NCII) and child sexual abuse material (CSAM), or targeted sabotage of individuals and organisations.\"","entity":"Human","intent":"Intentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":4,"subdomain":"4.3"},{"ev_id":"60.01.01a","quick_ref":"Bengio2025","paper_title":"International AI Safety Report 2025","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"Risks from malicious use ","risk_subcategory":"Harm to individuals through fake content ","description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"60.01.01b","quick_ref":"Bengio2025","paper_title":"International AI Safety Report 2025","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"Risks from malicious use ","risk_subcategory":"Harm to individuals through fake content ","description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"60.01.02","quick_ref":"Bengio2025","paper_title":"International AI Safety Report 2025","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Risks from malicious use ","risk_subcategory":"Manipulation of public opinion ","description":"\"Malicious actors can use general- purpose AI to generate fake content such as text, images, or videos, for attempts to manipulate public opinion. Researchers believe that if successful, such attempts could have several harmful consequences.\"","entity":"Human","intent":"Intentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":4,"subdomain":"4.1"},{"ev_id":"60.01.02a","quick_ref":"Bengio2025","paper_title":"International AI Safety Report 2025","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"Risks from malicious use ","risk_subcategory":"Manipulation of public opinion ","description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"60.01.03","quick_ref":"Bengio2025","paper_title":"International AI Safety Report 2025","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Risks from malicious use ","risk_subcategory":"Cyber offence ","description":"\"Attackers are beginning to use general- purpose AI for offensive cyber operations, presenting growing but currently limited risks. Current systems have demonstrated capabilities in low- and medium- complexity cybersecurity tasks, with state- sponsored threat actors actively exploring AI to survey target systems. Malicious actors of varying skill levels can leverage these capabilities against people, organisations, and critical infrastructure such as power grids.\"","entity":"Human","intent":"Intentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":4,"subdomain":"4.2"},{"ev_id":"60.01.03a","quick_ref":"Bengio2025","paper_title":"International AI Safety Report 2025","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"Risks from malicious use ","risk_subcategory":"Cyber offence ","description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"60.01.03b","quick_ref":"Bengio2025","paper_title":"International AI Safety Report 2025","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"Risks from malicious use ","risk_subcategory":"Cyber offence ","description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"60.01.03c","quick_ref":"Bengio2025","paper_title":"International AI Safety Report 2025","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"Risks from malicious use ","risk_subcategory":"Cyber offence ","description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"60.01.03d","quick_ref":"Bengio2025","paper_title":"International AI Safety Report 2025","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"Risks from malicious use ","risk_subcategory":"Cyber offence ","description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"60.01.04","quick_ref":"Bengio2025","paper_title":"International AI Safety Report 2025","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Risks from malicious use ","risk_subcategory":"Biological and chemical attacks ","description":"\"Growing evidence shows general- purpose AI advances beneficial to science while also lowering some barriers to chemical and biological weapons development for both novices and experts. New language models can generate step- by- step technical instructions for creating pathogens and toxins that surpass plans written by experts with a PhD and surface information that experts struggle to find online, though their practical utility for novices remains uncertain. Other models demonstrate capabilities in engineering enhanced proteins and analysing which candidate pathogens or toxins are most harmfu","entity":"Human","intent":"Intentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":4,"subdomain":"4.2"},{"ev_id":"60.02.00","quick_ref":"Bengio2025","paper_title":"International AI Safety Report 2025","level":"Risk Category","risk_category":"Risks from malfunctions ","risk_subcategory":null,"description":"- ","entity":"Not coded","intent":"Not coded","timing":"Not coded","domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"60.02.01","quick_ref":"Bengio2025","paper_title":"International AI Safety Report 2025","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Risks from malfunctions ","risk_subcategory":"Reliability issues ","description":"\"Relying on general-purpose AI products that fail to fulfil their intended function can lead to harm. For example, general- purpose AI systems can make up facts (‘hallucination’), generate erroneous computer code, or provide inaccurate medical information. This can lead to physical and psychological harms to consumers and reputational, financial and legal harms to individuals and organisations.\"","entity":"Human","intent":"Unintentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":7,"subdomain":"7.3"},{"ev_id":"60.02.01a","quick_ref":"Bengio2025","paper_title":"International AI Safety Report 2025","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"Risks from malfunctions ","risk_subcategory":"Reliability issues ","description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"60.02.01b","quick_ref":"Bengio2025","paper_title":"International AI Safety Report 2025","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"Risks from malfunctions ","risk_subcategory":"Reliability issues ","description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"60.02.02","quick_ref":"Bengio2025","paper_title":"International AI Safety Report 2025","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Risks from malfunctions ","risk_subcategory":"Bias ","description":"\"General-purpose AI systems can amplify social and political biases, causing concrete harm. They frequently display biases with respect to race, gender, culture, age, disability, political opinion, or other aspects of human identity. This can lead to discriminatory outcomes including unequal resource allocation, reinforcement of stereotypes, and systematic neglect of certain groups or viewpoints.\"","entity":"Human","intent":"Unintentional","timing":"Pre-deployment","domain":1,"subdomain":"1.1"},{"ev_id":"60.02.02a","quick_ref":"Bengio2025","paper_title":"International AI Safety Report 2025","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"Risks from malfunctions ","risk_subcategory":"Bias ","description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"60.02.02b","quick_ref":"Bengio2025","paper_title":"International AI Safety Report 2025","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"Risks from malfunctions ","risk_subcategory":"Bias ","description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"60.02.03","quick_ref":"Bengio2025","paper_title":"International AI Safety Report 2025","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Risks from malfunctions ","risk_subcategory":"Loss of control ","description":"\"‘Loss of control’ scenarios are hypothetical future scenarios in which one or more general- purpose AI systems come to operate outside of anyone’s control, with no clear path to regaining control. These scenarios vary in their severity, but some experts give credence to outcomes as severe as the marginalisation or extinction of humanity.\"","entity":"AI","intent":"Other","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":7,"subdomain":"7.1"},{"ev_id":"60.02.03a","quick_ref":"Bengio2025","paper_title":"International AI Safety Report 2025","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"Risks from malfunctions ","risk_subcategory":"Loss of control ","description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"60.02.03b","quick_ref":"Bengio2025","paper_title":"International AI Safety Report 2025","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"Risks from malfunctions ","risk_subcategory":"Loss of control ","description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"60.03.00","quick_ref":"Bengio2025","paper_title":"International AI Safety Report 2025","level":"Risk Category","risk_category":"Systemic risks ","risk_subcategory":null,"description":"\"This section considers a range of systemic risks, in the sense of “broader societal risks associated with AI deployment, beyond the capabilities of individual models” (636). Note that this is not identical with how the European AI Act uses ‘systemic risks’ to refer to general - purpose AI models with a high impact on society, based on criteria such as training compute and the number of users.\"","entity":"Not coded","intent":"Not coded","timing":"Not coded","domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"60.03.01","quick_ref":"Bengio2025","paper_title":"International AI Safety Report 2025","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Systemic risks ","risk_subcategory":"Labour market risks ","description":"\"Current general-purpose AI is likely to transform the nature of many existing jobs, create new jobs, and eliminate others. The net impact on employment and wages will vary significantly across countries, across sectors, and even across different workers within the same job.\"","entity":"Other","intent":"Other","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":6,"subdomain":"6.2"},{"ev_id":"60.03.01a","quick_ref":"Bengio2025","paper_title":"International AI Safety Report 2025","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"Systemic risks ","risk_subcategory":"Labour market risks ","description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"60.03.02","quick_ref":"Bengio2025","paper_title":"International AI Safety Report 2025","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Systemic risks ","risk_subcategory":"Global AI R&D divide ","description":"\"Large companies in countries with strong digital infrastructure lead in general- purpose AI R&D, which could lead to an increase in global inequality and dependencies. For example, in 2023, the majority of notable general- purpose AI models (56%) were developed in the US. This disparity exposes many LMICs to risks of dependency and could exacerbate existing inequalities.\"","entity":"Other","intent":"Other","timing":"Other","domain":6,"subdomain":"6.1"},{"ev_id":"60.03.02a","quick_ref":"Bengio2025","paper_title":"International AI Safety Report 2025","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"Systemic risks ","risk_subcategory":"Global AI R&D divide ","description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"60.03.02b","quick_ref":"Bengio2025","paper_title":"International AI Safety Report 2025","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"Systemic risks ","risk_subcategory":"Global AI R&D divide ","description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"60.03.03","quick_ref":"Bengio2025","paper_title":"International AI Safety Report 2025","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Systemic risks ","risk_subcategory":"Market concentration and single points of failure ","description":"\"Market shares for general- purpose AI tend to be highly concentrated among a few players, which can create vulnerability to systemic failures. The high degree of market concentration can invest a small number of large technology companies with a lot of power over the development and deployment of AI, raising questions about their governance. The widespread use of a few general- purpose AI models can also make the financial, healthcare, and other critical sectors vulnerable to systemic failures if there are issues with one such model.\"","entity":"Other","intent":"Other","timing":"Other","domain":6,"subdomain":"6.1"},{"ev_id":"60.03.03a","quick_ref":"Bengio2025","paper_title":"International AI Safety Report 2025","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"Systemic risks ","risk_subcategory":"Market concentration and single points of failure ","description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"60.03.03b","quick_ref":"Bengio2025","paper_title":"International AI Safety Report 2025","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"Systemic risks ","risk_subcategory":"Market concentration and single points of failure ","description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"60.03.04","quick_ref":"Bengio2025","paper_title":"International AI Safety Report 2025","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Systemic risks ","risk_subcategory":"Risks to the environment","description":"\"General- purpose AI is a moderate but rapidly growing contributor to global environmental impacts through energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Current estimates indicate that data centres and data transmission account for an estimated 1% of global energy- related GHG emissions, with AI consuming 10–28% of data centre energy capacity. AI energy demand is expected to grow substantially by 2026, with some estimates projecting a doubling or more, driven primarily by general-purpose AI systems such as language models.\"","entity":"AI","intent":"Unintentional","timing":"Other","domain":6,"subdomain":"6.6"},{"ev_id":"60.03.04a","quick_ref":"Bengio2025","paper_title":"International AI Safety Report 2025","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"Systemic risks ","risk_subcategory":"Risks to the environment","description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"60.03.04b","quick_ref":"Bengio2025","paper_title":"International AI Safety Report 2025","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"Systemic risks ","risk_subcategory":"Risks to the environment","description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"60.03.05","quick_ref":"Bengio2025","paper_title":"International AI Safety Report 2025","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Systemic risks ","risk_subcategory":"Risks to privacy ","description":"\"General- purpose AI systems can cause or contribute to violations of user privacy. Violations can occur inadvertently during the training or usage of AI systems, for example through unauthorised processing of personal data or leaking health records used in training. But violations can also happen deliberately through the use of general- purpose AI by malicious actors; for example, if they use AI to infer private facts or violate security.\"","entity":"AI","intent":"Unintentional","timing":"Other","domain":2,"subdomain":"2.1"},{"ev_id":"60.03.05a","quick_ref":"Bengio2025","paper_title":"International AI Safety Report 2025","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"Systemic risks ","risk_subcategory":"Risks to privacy ","description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"60.03.05b","quick_ref":"Bengio2025","paper_title":"International AI Safety Report 2025","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"Systemic risks ","risk_subcategory":"Risks to privacy ","description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"60.03.05c","quick_ref":"Bengio2025","paper_title":"International AI Safety Report 2025","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"Systemic risks ","risk_subcategory":"Risks to privacy ","description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"60.03.06","quick_ref":"Bengio2025","paper_title":"International AI Safety Report 2025","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Systemic risks ","risk_subcategory":"Risks of copyright infringement ","description":"\"The use of vast amounts of data for training general- purpose AI models has caused concerns related to data rights and intellectual property. Data collection and content generation can implicate a variety of data rights laws, which vary across jurisdictions and may be under active litigation. Given the legal uncertainty around data collection practices, AI companies are sharing less information about the data they use. This opacity makes third- party AI safety research harder.\"","entity":"Human","intent":"Other","timing":"Other","domain":6,"subdomain":"6.3"},{"ev_id":"60.03.06a","quick_ref":"Bengio2025","paper_title":"International AI Safety Report 2025","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"Systemic risks ","risk_subcategory":"Risks of copyright infringement ","description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null}]}