{"attribution":{"source":"MIT AI Risk Repository, Domain Taxonomy of AI Risks v1 (MIT AI Risk Initiative)","license":"CC BY 4.0","license_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","citation":"Slattery, P., Saeri, A. K., Grundy, E. A. C., Graham, J., Noetel, M., Uuk, R., Dao, J., Pour, S., Casper, S., & Thompson, N. (2025). The AI Risk Repository: A comprehensive meta-review, database, and taxonomy of risks from artificial intelligence. arXiv:2408.12622."},"exported_at":"2026-09-11"}
{"rows":[{"ev_id":"55.01.00","quick_ref":"Clarke2023","paper_title":"A Survey of the Potential Long-term Impacts of AI: How AI Could Lead to Long-term Changes in Science, Cooperation, Power, Epistemics and Values","level":"Risk Category","risk_category":"Risks from accelerating scientific progress ","risk_subcategory":null,"description":"\"Scientific progress: AI could lead to very rapid scientific progress which would likely have long-term impacts, but it’s very unclear if these would be positive or negative. Much depends on the extent to which risky scientific domains are sped up relative to beneficial or risk-reducing ones, on who uses the technology enabled by this progress, and on how it is governed.\"","entity":"Not coded","intent":"Not coded","timing":"Not coded","domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"55.01.01","quick_ref":"Clarke2023","paper_title":"A Survey of the Potential Long-term Impacts of AI: How AI Could Lead to Long-term Changes in Science, Cooperation, Power, Epistemics and Values","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Risks from accelerating scientific progress ","risk_subcategory":"Eased development of technologies that make a global catastrophe more likely ","description":null,"entity":"AI","intent":"Unintentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":4,"subdomain":"4.2"},{"ev_id":"55.01.01.a","quick_ref":"Clarke2023","paper_title":"A Survey of the Potential Long-term Impacts of AI: How AI Could Lead to Long-term Changes in Science, Cooperation, Power, Epistemics and Values","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"Risks from accelerating scientific progress ","risk_subcategory":"Eased development of technologies that make a global catastrophe more likely ","description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"55.01.02","quick_ref":"Clarke2023","paper_title":"A Survey of the Potential Long-term Impacts of AI: How AI Could Lead to Long-term Changes in Science, Cooperation, Power, Epistemics and Values","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Risks from accelerating scientific progress ","risk_subcategory":"Faster scientific progress makes it harder for governance to keep pace with development ","description":"\"Exacerbating these problems is that faster scientific progress would make it even harder for governance to keep pace with the deployment of new technologies. When these technologies are especially powerful or dangerous, such as those discussed above, insufficient governance can magnify their harms.8 This is known as the pacing problem, and it is an issue that technology governance already faces [47], for a variety of reasons\"","entity":"Other","intent":"Unintentional","timing":"Other","domain":6,"subdomain":"6.5"},{"ev_id":"55.01.02.a","quick_ref":"Clarke2023","paper_title":"A Survey of the Potential Long-term Impacts of AI: How AI Could Lead to Long-term Changes in Science, Cooperation, Power, Epistemics and Values","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"Risks from accelerating scientific progress ","risk_subcategory":"Faster scientific progress makes it harder for governance to keep pace with development ","description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"55.02.00","quick_ref":"Clarke2023","paper_title":"A Survey of the Potential Long-term Impacts of AI: How AI Could Lead to Long-term Changes in Science, Cooperation, Power, Epistemics and Values","level":"Risk Category","risk_category":"Worsened conflict ","risk_subcategory":null,"description":"\"Cooperation and conflict: we’re seeing more focus and investment on the kinds of AI capabilities that make conflict more likely and severe, rather than those likely to improve cooperation. So, on our current trajectory, AI seems more likely to have negative long-term impacts in this area.\"","entity":"Human","intent":"Other","timing":"Other","domain":6,"subdomain":"6.4"},{"ev_id":"55.02.01","quick_ref":"Clarke2023","paper_title":"A Survey of the Potential Long-term Impacts of AI: How AI Could Lead to Long-term Changes in Science, Cooperation, Power, Epistemics and Values","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Worsened conflict ","risk_subcategory":"AI enables development of weapons of mass destruction","description":"\"AI is already enabling the development of weapons which could cause mass destruction —including new weapons that themselves use AI capabilities, such as Lethal Autonomous Weapons [2],10 and the potential use of AI to speed up the development of other potentially dangerous technologies, such as engineered pathogens (as discussed in Section 2).\"","entity":"Human","intent":"Intentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":4,"subdomain":"4.2"},{"ev_id":"55.02.02","quick_ref":"Clarke2023","paper_title":"A Survey of the Potential Long-term Impacts of AI: How AI Could Lead to Long-term Changes in Science, Cooperation, Power, Epistemics and Values","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Worsened conflict ","risk_subcategory":"AI enables automation of military decision-making ","description":"\"One concern here is humans not remaining in the loop for some military decisions, creating the possibility of unintentional escalation because of: • Automated tactical decision-making, by ‘in-theatre’ AI systems (e.g. border patrol systems start accidentally firing on one another), leading to either: tactical-level war crimes,11 or strategic-level decisions to initiate conflict or escalate to a higher level of intensity—for example, countervalue (e.g. city-) targeting, or going nuclear [62]. • Automated strategic decision-making, by ‘out-of-theatre’ AI systems—for example, conflict prediction","entity":"AI","intent":"Unintentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":5,"subdomain":"5.2"},{"ev_id":"55.02.03","quick_ref":"Clarke2023","paper_title":"A Survey of the Potential Long-term Impacts of AI: How AI Could Lead to Long-term Changes in Science, Cooperation, Power, Epistemics and Values","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Worsened conflict ","risk_subcategory":"AI-induced strategic instability ","description":"\"For example, AI could undermine nuclear strategic stability by making it easier to discover and destroy previously secure nuclear launch facilities [30, 46, 49]. AI may also offer more extreme first-strike advantages or novel destructive capabilities that could disrupt deterrence, such as cyber capabilities being used to knock out opponents’ nuclear command and control [15, 29]. The use of AI capabilities may make it less clear where attacks originate from, making it easier for aggressors to obfuscate an attack, and therefore reducing the costs of initiating one. By making it more difficult t","entity":"AI","intent":"Unintentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":5,"subdomain":"5.2"},{"ev_id":"55.02.04","quick_ref":"Clarke2023","paper_title":"A Survey of the Potential Long-term Impacts of AI: How AI Could Lead to Long-term Changes in Science, Cooperation, Power, Epistemics and Values","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Worsened conflict ","risk_subcategory":"Resource conflicts driven by AI development ","description":"\"AI development may itself become a new flash point for conflicts—causing more conflict to occur— especially conflicts over AI-relevant resources (such as data centres, semiconductor manufacturing facilities and raw materials).\"","entity":"Other","intent":"Unintentional","timing":"Pre-deployment","domain":6,"subdomain":"6.4"},{"ev_id":"55.03.00","quick_ref":"Clarke2023","paper_title":"A Survey of the Potential Long-term Impacts of AI: How AI Could Lead to Long-term Changes in Science, Cooperation, Power, Epistemics and Values","level":"Risk Category","risk_category":"Increased power concentration and inequality ","risk_subcategory":null,"description":"\"Power and inequality: there are a lot of pathways through which AI seems likely to increase power concentration and inequality, though there is little analysis of the potential long- term impacts of these pathways. Nonetheless, AI precipitating more extreme power concentration and inequality than exists today seems a real possibility on current trends.\"","entity":"AI","intent":"Unintentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":6,"subdomain":"6.1"},{"ev_id":"55.03.01","quick_ref":"Clarke2023","paper_title":"A Survey of the Potential Long-term Impacts of AI: How AI Could Lead to Long-term Changes in Science, Cooperation, Power, Epistemics and Values","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Increased power concentration and inequality ","risk_subcategory":"Unequal distribution of harms and benefits ","description":"\"AI-driven industries seem likely to tend towards monopoly and could result in huge economic gains for a few actors: there seems to be a feedback loop whereby actors with access to more AI-relevant resources (e.g., data, computing power, talent) are able to build more effective digital products and services, claim a greater market share, and therefore be well-positioned to amass more of the relevant resources [14, 39, 45]. Similarly, wealthier countries able to invest more in AI development are likely to reap economic benefits more quickly than developing economies, potentially widening the ga","entity":"Human","intent":"Intentional","timing":"Other","domain":6,"subdomain":"6.1"},{"ev_id":"55.03.02","quick_ref":"Clarke2023","paper_title":"A Survey of the Potential Long-term Impacts of AI: How AI Could Lead to Long-term Changes in Science, Cooperation, Power, Epistemics and Values","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Increased power concentration and inequality ","risk_subcategory":"AI-based automation increases income inequality ","description":"\"It seems quite plausible that progress in reinforcement learning and language models specifically could make it possible to automate a large amount of manual labour and knowledge work respectively [35, 45, 69], leading to widespread unemployment, and the wages for many remaining jobs being driven down by increased supply.\"","entity":"Human","intent":"Intentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":6,"subdomain":"6.2"},{"ev_id":"55.03.03","quick_ref":"Clarke2023","paper_title":"A Survey of the Potential Long-term Impacts of AI: How AI Could Lead to Long-term Changes in Science, Cooperation, Power, Epistemics and Values","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Increased power concentration and inequality ","risk_subcategory":"Developments in AI enable actors to undermine democratic processes ","description":"\"Developments in AI are giving companies and governments more control over individuals’ lives than ever before, and may possibly be used to undermine democratic processes. We are already seeing how the collection of large amounts of personal data can be used to surveil and influence populations, for example the use of facial recognition technology to surveil Uighur and other minority populations in China [66]. Further advances in language modelling could also be used to develop tools that can effectively persuade people of certain claims [42].\"","entity":"Human","intent":"Intentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":4,"subdomain":"4.1"},{"ev_id":"55.04.00","quick_ref":"Clarke2023","paper_title":"A Survey of the Potential Long-term Impacts of AI: How AI Could Lead to Long-term Changes in Science, Cooperation, Power, Epistemics and Values","level":"Risk Category","risk_category":"Worsened epistemic processes for society ","risk_subcategory":null,"description":"\"Epistemic processes and problem solving: we currently see more reasons to be concerned about AI worsening society's epistemic processes than reasons to be optimistic about AI helping us better solve problems as a society. For example, increased use of content selection algorithms could drive epistemic insularity and a decline in trust in credible multipartisan sources, which reducing our ability to deal with important long-term threats and challenges such as pandemics and climate change.\"","entity":"Human","intent":"Unintentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":3,"subdomain":"3.2"},{"ev_id":"55.04.01","quick_ref":"Clarke2023","paper_title":"A Survey of the Potential Long-term Impacts of AI: How AI Could Lead to Long-term Changes in Science, Cooperation, Power, Epistemics and Values","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Worsened epistemic processes for society ","risk_subcategory":"AI contributes to increased online polarisation ","description":"\"One of the most significant commercial uses of current AI systems is in the content recommendation algorithms of social media companies, and there are already concerns that this is contributing to worsened polarisation online\"","entity":"Human","intent":"Unintentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":3,"subdomain":"3.2"},{"ev_id":"55.04.02","quick_ref":"Clarke2023","paper_title":"A Survey of the Potential Long-term Impacts of AI: How AI Could Lead to Long-term Changes in Science, Cooperation, Power, Epistemics and Values","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Worsened epistemic processes for society ","risk_subcategory":"AI is used to scale up production of false and misleading information ","description":"\"At the same time, we are seeing how AI can be used to scale up the production of convincing yet false or misleading information online (e.g. via image, audio, and text synthesis models like BigGAN [6] and GPT-3 [7]).\"","entity":"Human","intent":"Intentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":4,"subdomain":"4.1"},{"ev_id":"55.04.03","quick_ref":"Clarke2023","paper_title":"A Survey of the Potential Long-term Impacts of AI: How AI Could Lead to Long-term Changes in Science, Cooperation, Power, Epistemics and Values","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Worsened epistemic processes for society ","risk_subcategory":"AI's persuasive capabilities are misused to gain influence and promote harmful ideologies ","description":"\"As AI capabilities advance, they may be used to develop sophisticated persuasion tools, such as those that tailor their communication to specific users to persuade them of certain claims [42]. While these tools could be used for social good— such as New York Times’ chatbot that helps users to persuade people to get vaccinated against Covid-19 [27]—there are also many ways they could be misused by self-interested groups to gain influence and/or to promote harmful ideologies.\"","entity":"Human","intent":"Intentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":4,"subdomain":"4.1"},{"ev_id":"55.04.04","quick_ref":"Clarke2023","paper_title":"A Survey of the Potential Long-term Impacts of AI: How AI Could Lead to Long-term Changes in Science, Cooperation, Power, Epistemics and Values","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Worsened epistemic processes for society ","risk_subcategory":"Widespread use of persuasive tools contributes to splintered epistemic communities ","description":"\"Even without deliberate misuse, widespread use of powerful persuasion tools could have negative impacts. If such tools were used by many different groups to advance many different ideas, we could see the world splintering into isolated “epistemic communities”, with little room for dialogue or transfer between communities. A similar scenario could emerge via the increasing personalisation of people’s online experiences—in other words, we may see a continuation of the trend towards “filter bubbles” and “echo chambers”, driven by content selection algorithms, that some argue is already happening","entity":"Human","intent":"Unintentional","timing":"Other","domain":3,"subdomain":"3.2"},{"ev_id":"55.04.05","quick_ref":"Clarke2023","paper_title":"A Survey of the Potential Long-term Impacts of AI: How AI Could Lead to Long-term Changes in Science, Cooperation, Power, Epistemics and Values","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Worsened epistemic processes for society ","risk_subcategory":"Reduced decision-making capacity as a result of decreased trust in information ","description":"\"In addition, the increased awareness of these trends in information production and distribution could make it harder for anyone to evaluate the trustworthiness of any information source, reducing overall trust in information.\nIn all of these scenarios, it would be much harder for humanity to make good decisions on important issues, particularly due to declining trust in credible multipartisan sources, which could hamper attempts at cooperation and collective action. The vaccine and mask hesitancy that exacerbated Covid-19, for example, were likely the result of insufficient trust in public he","entity":"Other","intent":"Other","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":3,"subdomain":"3.2"},{"ev_id":"55.05.00","quick_ref":"Clarke2023","paper_title":"A Survey of the Potential Long-term Impacts of AI: How AI Could Lead to Long-term Changes in Science, Cooperation, Power, Epistemics and Values","level":"Risk Category","risk_category":"AI leads to humans losing control of the future","risk_subcategory":null,"description":"\"The values that steer humanity’s future: humanity gaining more control over the future due to developments in AI, or losing our potential for gaining control, both seem possible. Much will depend on our ability to solve the alignment problem, who develops powerful AI first, and what they use it for. These long-term impacts of AI could be hugely important but are currently under-explored. We’ve attempted to structure some of the discussion and stimulate more research, by reviewing existing arguments and highlighting open questions. While there are many ways AI could in theory enable a flourish","entity":"Human","intent":"Unintentional","timing":"Other","domain":7,"subdomain":"7.1"},{"ev_id":"55.05.00.a","quick_ref":"Clarke2023","paper_title":"A Survey of the Potential Long-term Impacts of AI: How AI Could Lead to Long-term Changes in Science, Cooperation, Power, Epistemics and Values","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"AI leads to humans losing control of the future","risk_subcategory":null,"description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"55.05.01","quick_ref":"Clarke2023","paper_title":"A Survey of the Potential Long-term Impacts of AI: How AI Could Lead to Long-term Changes in Science, Cooperation, Power, Epistemics and Values","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"AI leads to humans losing control of the future","risk_subcategory":"Risks from AIs developing goals and values that are different from humans ","description":"\"The main concern here is that we might develop advanced AI systems whose goals and values are different from those of humans, and are capable enough to take control of the future away from humanity.\"","entity":"AI","intent":"Intentional","timing":"Other","domain":7,"subdomain":"7.1"},{"ev_id":"55.05.01.a","quick_ref":"Clarke2023","paper_title":"A Survey of the Potential Long-term Impacts of AI: How AI Could Lead to Long-term Changes in Science, Cooperation, Power, Epistemics and Values","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"AI leads to humans losing control of the future","risk_subcategory":"Risks from AIs developing goals and values that are different from humans ","description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"55.05.02","quick_ref":"Clarke2023","paper_title":"A Survey of the Potential Long-term Impacts of AI: How AI Could Lead to Long-term Changes in Science, Cooperation, Power, Epistemics and Values","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"AI leads to humans losing control of the future","risk_subcategory":"Risks from delegating decision-making power to misaligned AIs ","description":"\"As AI systems become more advanced a nd begin to take over more important decision-making in the world, an AI system pursuing a different objective from what was intended could have much more worrying consequences.\"","entity":"AI","intent":"Intentional","timing":"Other","domain":7,"subdomain":"7.1"},{"ev_id":"55.05.02.a","quick_ref":"Clarke2023","paper_title":"A Survey of the Potential Long-term Impacts of AI: How AI Could Lead to Long-term Changes in Science, Cooperation, Power, Epistemics and Values","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"AI leads to humans losing control of the future","risk_subcategory":"Risks from delegating decision-making power to misaligned AIs ","description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"55.05.02.b","quick_ref":"Clarke2023","paper_title":"A Survey of the Potential Long-term Impacts of AI: How AI Could Lead to Long-term Changes in Science, Cooperation, Power, Epistemics and Values","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"AI leads to humans losing control of the future","risk_subcategory":"Risks from delegating decision-making power to misaligned AIs ","description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null}]}