{"attribution":{"source":"MIT AI Risk Repository, Domain Taxonomy of AI Risks v1 (MIT AI Risk Initiative)","license":"CC BY 4.0","license_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","citation":"Slattery, P., Saeri, A. K., Grundy, E. A. C., Graham, J., Noetel, M., Uuk, R., Dao, J., Pour, S., Casper, S., & Thompson, N. (2025). The AI Risk Repository: A comprehensive meta-review, database, and taxonomy of risks from artificial intelligence. arXiv:2408.12622."},"exported_at":"2026-09-11"}
{"rows":[{"ev_id":"31.01.00","quick_ref":"EPIC2023","paper_title":"Generating Harms - Generative AI's impact and paths forwards","level":"Risk Category","risk_category":"Information Manipulation","risk_subcategory":null,"description":"\"generative AI tools can and will be used to propagate content that is false, misleading, biased, inflammatory, or dangerous. As generative AI tools grow more sophisticated, it will be quicker, cheaper, and easier to produce this content—and existing harmful content can serve as the foundation to produce more\"","entity":"Human","intent":"Intentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":4,"subdomain":"4.1"},{"ev_id":"31.01.01","quick_ref":"EPIC2023","paper_title":"Generating Harms - Generative AI's impact and paths forwards","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Information Manipulation","risk_subcategory":"Scams","description":"\"Bad actors can also use generative AI tools to produce adaptable content designed to support a campaign, political agenda, or hateful position and spread that information quickly and inexpensively across many platforms. This rapid spread of false or misleading content—AI-facilitated disinformation—can also create a cyclical effect for generative AI: when a high volume of disinformation is pumped into the digital ecosystem and more generative systems are trained on that information via reinforcement learning methods, for example, false or misleading inputs can create increasingly incorrect out","entity":"Human","intent":"Intentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":4,"subdomain":"4.3"},{"ev_id":"31.01.02","quick_ref":"EPIC2023","paper_title":"Generating Harms - Generative AI's impact and paths forwards","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Information Manipulation","risk_subcategory":"Disinformation","description":"\"Bad actors can also use generative AI tools to produce adaptable content designed to support a campaign, political agenda, or hateful position and spread that information quickly and inexpensively across many platforms.\"","entity":"Human","intent":"Intentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":4,"subdomain":"4.1"},{"ev_id":"31.01.03","quick_ref":"EPIC2023","paper_title":"Generating Harms - Generative AI's impact and paths forwards","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Information Manipulation","risk_subcategory":"Misinformation","description":"\"The phenomenon of inaccurate outputs by text-generating large language models like Bard or ChatGPT has already been widely documented. Even without the intent to lie or mislead, these generative AI tools can produce harmful misinformation. The harm is exacerbated by the polished and typically well-written style that AI generated text follows and the inclusion among true facts, which can give falsehoods a veneer of legitimacy. As reported in the Washington Post, for example, a law professor was included on an AI-generated “list of legal scholars who had sexually harassed someone,” even when no","entity":"AI","intent":"Unintentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":3,"subdomain":"3.1"},{"ev_id":"31.01.04","quick_ref":"EPIC2023","paper_title":"Generating Harms - Generative AI's impact and paths forwards","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Information Manipulation","risk_subcategory":"Security","description":"\"Though chatbots cannot (yet) develop their own novel malware from scratch, hackers could soon potentially use the coding abilities of large language models like ChatGPT to create malware that can then be minutely adjusted for maximum reach and effect, essentially allowing more novice hackers to become a serious security risk\"","entity":"Human","intent":"Intentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":4,"subdomain":"4.2"},{"ev_id":"31.01.05","quick_ref":"EPIC2023","paper_title":"Generating Harms - Generative AI's impact and paths forwards","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Information Manipulation","risk_subcategory":"Clickbait and feeding the surveillance advertising ecosystem","description":"\"Beyond misinformation and disinformation, generative AI can be used to create clickbait headlines and articles, which manipulate how users navigate the internet and applications. For example, generative AI is being used to create full articles, regardless of their veracity, grammar, or lack of common sense, to drive search engine optimization and create more webpages that users will click on. These mechanisms attempt to maximize clicks and engagement at the truth’s expense, degrading users’ experiences in the process. Generative AI continues to feed this harmful cycle by spreading misinformat","entity":"Other","intent":"Other","timing":"Other","domain":3,"subdomain":"3.2"},{"ev_id":"31.02.00","quick_ref":"EPIC2023","paper_title":"Generating Harms - Generative AI's impact and paths forwards","level":"Risk Category","risk_category":"Harassment, Impersonation, and Extortion","risk_subcategory":null,"description":"\"Deepfakes and other AI-generated content can be used to facilitate or exacerbate many of the harms listed throughout this report, but this section focuses on one subset: intentional, targeted abuse of individuals.\"","entity":"Human","intent":"Intentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":4,"subdomain":"4.3"},{"ev_id":"31.02.01","quick_ref":"EPIC2023","paper_title":"Generating Harms - Generative AI's impact and paths forwards","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Harassment, Impersonation, and Extortion","risk_subcategory":"Malicious intent","description":"\"A frequent malicious use case of generative AI to harm, humiliate, or sexualize another person involves generating deepfakes of nonconsensual sexual imagery or videos.\"","entity":"Human","intent":"Intentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":4,"subdomain":"4.3"},{"ev_id":"31.02.02","quick_ref":"EPIC2023","paper_title":"Generating Harms - Generative AI's impact and paths forwards","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Harassment, Impersonation, and Extortion","risk_subcategory":"Privacy and consent","description":"\"Even when a victim of targeted, AIgenerated harms successfully identifies a deepfake creator with malicious intent, they may still struggle to redress many harms because the generated image or video isn’t the victim, but instead a composite image or video using aspects of multiple sources to create a believable, yet fictional, scene. At their core, these AI-generated images and videos circumvent traditional notions of privacy and consent: because they rely on public images and videos, like those posted on social media websites, they often don’t rely on any private information.\"","entity":"Human","intent":"Intentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":4,"subdomain":"4.3"},{"ev_id":"31.02.03","quick_ref":"EPIC2023","paper_title":"Generating Harms - Generative AI's impact and paths forwards","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Harassment, Impersonation, and Extortion","risk_subcategory":"Believability","description":"Deepfakes can impose real social injuries on their subjects when they are circulated to viewers who think they are real. Even when a deepfake is debunked, it can have a persistent negative impact on how others view the subject of the deepfake.3","entity":"Human","intent":"Intentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":4,"subdomain":"4.3"},{"ev_id":"31.03.00","quick_ref":"EPIC2023","paper_title":"Generating Harms - Generative AI's impact and paths forwards","level":"Risk Category","risk_category":"Opaque Data Collection","risk_subcategory":null,"description":"\"When companies scrape personal information and use it to create generative AI tools, they undermine consumers' control of their personal information by using the information for a purpose for which the consumer did not consent.\"","entity":"Human","intent":"Intentional","timing":"Pre-deployment","domain":2,"subdomain":"2.1"},{"ev_id":"31.03.01","quick_ref":"EPIC2023","paper_title":"Generating Harms - Generative AI's impact and paths forwards","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Opaque Data Collection","risk_subcategory":"Scraping to train data","description":"\"When companies scrape personal information and use it to create generative AI tools, they undermine consumers’ control of their personal information by using the information for a purpose for which the consumer did not consent. The individual may not have even imagined their data could be used in the way the company intends when the person posted it online. Individual storing or hosting of scraped personal data may not always be harmful in a vacuum, but there are many risks. Multiple data sets can be combined in ways that cause harm: information that is not sensitive when spread across differ","entity":"Human","intent":"Intentional","timing":"Pre-deployment","domain":2,"subdomain":"2.1"},{"ev_id":"31.03.02","quick_ref":"EPIC2023","paper_title":"Generating Harms - Generative AI's impact and paths forwards","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Opaque Data Collection","risk_subcategory":"Generative AI User Data","description":"Many generative AI tools require users to log in for access, and many retain user information, including contact information, IP address, and all the inputs and outputs or “conversations” the users are having within the app. These practices implicate a consent issue because generative AI tools use this data to further train the models, making their “free” product come at a cost of user data to train the tools. This dovetails with security, as mentioned in the next section, but best practices would include not requiring users to sign in to use the tool and not retaining or using the user-genera","entity":"Human","intent":"Unintentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":2,"subdomain":"2.1"},{"ev_id":"31.03.03","quick_ref":"EPIC2023","paper_title":"Generating Harms - Generative AI's impact and paths forwards","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Opaque Data Collection","risk_subcategory":"Generative AI Outputs","description":"Generative AI tools may inadvertently share personal information about someone or someone’s business or may include an element of a person from a photo. Particularly, companies concerned about their trade secrets being integrated into the model from their employees have explicitly banned their employees from using it.","entity":"AI","intent":"Unintentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":2,"subdomain":"2.1"},{"ev_id":"31.04.00","quick_ref":"EPIC2023","paper_title":"Generating Harms - Generative AI's impact and paths forwards","level":"Risk Category","risk_category":"Data Security Risk","risk_subcategory":null,"description":"\"Just as every other type of individual and organization has explored possible use cases for generative AI products, so too have malicious actors. This could take the form of facilitating or scaling up existing threat methods, for example drafting actual malware code,87 business email compromise attempts,88 and phishing attempts.89 This could also take the form of new types of threat methods, for example mining information fed into the AI’s learning model dataset90 or poisoning the learning model data set with strategically bad data.91 We should also expect that there will be new attack vector","entity":"Human","intent":"Intentional","timing":"Other","domain":4,"subdomain":"4.3"},{"ev_id":"31.05.00","quick_ref":"EPIC2023","paper_title":"Generating Harms - Generative AI's impact and paths forwards","level":"Risk Category","risk_category":"Impact on Intellectual Property Rights","risk_subcategory":null,"description":"\"The extent and effectiveness of legal protections for intellectual property have been thrown into question with the rise of generative AI. Generative AI trains itself on vast pools of data that often include IP-protected works. ","entity":"Human","intent":"Intentional","timing":"Pre-deployment","domain":6,"subdomain":"6.3"},{"ev_id":"31.05.00.a","quick_ref":"EPIC2023","paper_title":"Generating Harms - Generative AI's impact and paths forwards","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"Impact on Intellectual Property Rights","risk_subcategory":null,"description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"31.05.00.b","quick_ref":"EPIC2023","paper_title":"Generating Harms - Generative AI's impact and paths forwards","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"Impact on Intellectual Property Rights","risk_subcategory":null,"description":null,"entity":null,"intent":null,"timing":null,"domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"31.06.00","quick_ref":"EPIC2023","paper_title":"Generating Harms - Generative AI's impact and paths forwards","level":"Risk Category","risk_category":"Exacerbating Climate Change","risk_subcategory":null,"description":"\"the growing field of generative AI, which brings with it direct and severe impacts on our climate: generative AI comes with a high carbon footprint and similarly high resource price tag, which largely flies under the radar of public AI discourse. Training and running generative AI tools requires companies to use extreme amounts of energy and physical resources. Training one natural language processing model with normal tuning and experiments emits, on average, the same amount of carbon that seven people do over an entire year.121'","entity":"AI","intent":"Unintentional","timing":"Other","domain":6,"subdomain":"6.6"},{"ev_id":"31.07.00","quick_ref":"EPIC2023","paper_title":"Generating Harms - Generative AI's impact and paths forwards","level":"Risk Category","risk_category":"Labor Manipulation, Theft, and Displacement","risk_subcategory":null,"description":"Major tech companies have also been the dominant players in developing new generative AI systems because training generative AI models requires massive swaths of data, computing power, and technical and financial resources. Their market dominance has a ripple effect on the labor market, affecting both workers within these companies and those implementing their generative AI products externally. With so much concentrated market power, expertise, and investment resources, these handful of major tech companies employ most of the research and development jobs in the generative AI field. The power ","entity":"Human","intent":"Intentional","timing":"Other","domain":6,"subdomain":"6.2"},{"ev_id":"31.07.01","quick_ref":"EPIC2023","paper_title":"Generating Harms - Generative AI's impact and paths forwards","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Labor Manipulation, Theft, and Displacement","risk_subcategory":"Generative AI in the Workplace","description":"\"The development of AI as a whole is changing how companies design their workplace and business models. Generative AI is no different. Time will tell whether and to what extent employers will adopt, implement, and integrate generative AI in their workplaces—and how much it will impact workers.\"","entity":"Not coded","intent":"Not coded","timing":"Not coded","domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"31.07.02","quick_ref":"EPIC2023","paper_title":"Generating Harms - Generative AI's impact and paths forwards","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Labor Manipulation, Theft, and Displacement","risk_subcategory":"Job Automation Instead of Augmentation","description":"\"There are both positive and negative aspects to the impact of AI on labor. A White House report states that AI “has the potential to increase productivity, create new jobs, and raise living standards,” but it can also disrupt certain industries, causing significant changes, including job loss. Beyond risk of job loss, workers could find that generative AI tools automate parts of their jobs—or find that the requirements of their job have fundamentally changed. The impact of generative AI will depend on whether the technology is intended for automation (where automated systems replace human wor","entity":"Human","intent":"Intentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":6,"subdomain":"6.2"},{"ev_id":"31.07.03","quick_ref":"EPIC2023","paper_title":"Generating Harms - Generative AI's impact and paths forwards","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Labor Manipulation, Theft, and Displacement","risk_subcategory":"Devaluation of Labor & Heightened Economic Inequality","description":"\"According to a White House report, much of the development and adoption of AI is intended to automate rather than augment work. The report notes that a focus on automation could lead to a less democratic and less fair labor market...In addition, generative AI fuels the continued global labor disparities that exist in the research and development of AI technologies... The development of AI has always displayed a power disparity between those who work on AI models and those who control and profit from these tools. Overseas workers training AI chatbots or people whose online content has been inv","entity":"Human","intent":"Other","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":6,"subdomain":"6.2"},{"ev_id":"31.08.00","quick_ref":"EPIC2023","paper_title":"Generating Harms - Generative AI's impact and paths forwards","level":"Risk Category","risk_category":"Products Liability Law","risk_subcategory":null,"description":"\"Like manufactured items like soda bottles, mechanized lawnmowers, pharmaceuticals, or cosmetic products, generative AI models can be viewed like a new form of digital products developed by tech companies and deployed widely with the potential to cause harm at scale....Products liability evolved because there was a need to analyze and redress the harms caused by new, mass-produced technological products. The situation facing society as generative AI impacts more people in more ways will be similar to the technological changes that occurred during the twentieth century, with the rise of industr","entity":"Human","intent":"Other","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":6,"subdomain":"6.5"},{"ev_id":"31.09.00","quick_ref":"EPIC2023","paper_title":"Generating Harms - Generative AI's impact and paths forwards","level":"Risk Category","risk_category":"Exacerbating Market Power and Concentration","risk_subcategory":null,"description":"\"Major tech companies have also been the dominant players in developing new generative AI systems because training generative AI models requires massive swaths of data, computing power, and technical and financial resources.\"","entity":"Human","intent":"Intentional","timing":"Other","domain":6,"subdomain":"6.1"}]}