{"attribution":{"source":"MIT AI Risk Repository, Domain Taxonomy of AI Risks v1 (MIT AI Risk Initiative)","license":"CC BY 4.0","license_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","citation":"Slattery, P., Saeri, A. K., Grundy, E. A. C., Graham, J., Noetel, M., Uuk, R., Dao, J., Pour, S., Casper, S., & Thompson, N. (2025). The AI Risk Repository: A comprehensive meta-review, database, and taxonomy of risks from artificial intelligence. arXiv:2408.12622."},"exported_at":"2026-09-11"}
{"rows":[{"ev_id":"06.12.00","quick_ref":"Hogenhout2021","paper_title":"A framework for ethical Ai at the United Nations","level":"Risk Category","risk_category":"Loss of Autonomy","risk_subcategory":null,"description":"\"Delegating decisions to an AI, especially an AI that is not transparent and not contestable, may leave people feeling helpless, subjected to the decision power of a machine.\"","entity":"Human","intent":"Intentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":5,"subdomain":"5.2"},{"ev_id":"09.02.02","quick_ref":"Meek2016","paper_title":"Managing the ethical and risk implications of rapid advances in artificial intelligence: A literature review","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Domain-specific AI - Effects on humans and other living beings: Non-existential risks","risk_subcategory":"Human dignity/respect","description":"\"Discrepancies between caste/status based on intelligence may lead to undignified parts of the society—e.g., humans—who are surpassed in intelligence by AI\"","entity":"Other","intent":"Other","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":5,"subdomain":"5.2"},{"ev_id":"10.06.00","quick_ref":"Paes2023","paper_title":"Social Impacts of Artificial Intelligence and Mitigation Recommendations: An Exploratory Study","level":"Risk Category","risk_category":"Reduced Autonomy/Responsibility","risk_subcategory":null,"description":"\"AI is providing more and more solutions for complex activities, and by taking advantage of this process, people are becoming able to perform a greater number of activities more quickly and accurately. However, the result of this innovation is enabling choices that were once exclusively human responsibility to be made by AI systems.\"","entity":"Other","intent":"Unintentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":5,"subdomain":"5.2"},{"ev_id":"11.04.00","quick_ref":"Shelby2023","paper_title":"Sociotechnical Harms of Algorithmic Systems: Scoping a Taxonomy for Harm Reduction","level":"Risk Category","risk_category":"Interpersonal Harms","risk_subcategory":null,"description":"Interpersonal harms capture instances when algorithmic systems adversely shape relations between people or communities.","entity":"Other","intent":"Other","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":5,"subdomain":"5.2"},{"ev_id":"11.04.01","quick_ref":"Shelby2023","paper_title":"Sociotechnical Harms of Algorithmic Systems: Scoping a Taxonomy for Harm Reduction","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Interpersonal Harms","risk_subcategory":"Loss of agency/control","description":"Loss of agency occurs when the use [123, 137] or abuse [142] of algorithmic systems reduces autonomy. One dimension of agency loss is algorithmic profiling [138], through which people are subject to social sorting and discriminatory outcomes to access basic services... presentation of content may lead to “algorithmically informed identity change. . . including [promotion of] harmful person identities (e.g., interests in white supremacy, disordered eating, etc.).” Similarly, for content creators, desire to maintain visibility or prevent shadow banning, may lead to increased conforming of conten","entity":"Other","intent":"Other","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":5,"subdomain":"5.2"},{"ev_id":"11.05.02","quick_ref":"Shelby2023","paper_title":"Sociotechnical Harms of Algorithmic Systems: Scoping a Taxonomy for Harm Reduction","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Societal System Harms","risk_subcategory":"Cultural harms","description":"Cultural harm has been described as the development or use of algorithmic systems that affects cultural stability and safety, such as “loss of communication means, loss of cultural property, and harm to social values”","entity":"AI","intent":"Unintentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":5,"subdomain":"5.2"},{"ev_id":"13.02.01","quick_ref":"Solaiman2023","paper_title":"Evaluating the Social Impact of Generative AI Systems in Systems and Society","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Impacts: People and Society","risk_subcategory":"Trustworthiness and Autonomy","description":"\"Human trust in systems, institutions, and people represented by system outputs evolves as generative AI systems are increasingly embedded in daily life.\"","entity":"Human","intent":"Other","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":5,"subdomain":"5.2"},{"ev_id":"19.02.03","quick_ref":"Wirtz2022","paper_title":"Governance of artificial intelligence: A risk and guideline-based integrative framework","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Informational and Communicational AI Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Censorship of opinions expressed in the Internet restricts freedom of expression","description":null,"entity":"Other","intent":"Other","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":5,"subdomain":"5.2"},{"ev_id":"19.03.03","quick_ref":"Wirtz2022","paper_title":"Governance of artificial intelligence: A risk and guideline-based integrative framework","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Economic AI Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Loss of supervision and control of business processes","description":null,"entity":"Other","intent":"Other","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":5,"subdomain":"5.2"},{"ev_id":"19.05.06","quick_ref":"Wirtz2022","paper_title":"Governance of artificial intelligence: A risk and guideline-based integrative framework","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Ethical AI Risks ","risk_subcategory":"AI systems may undermine human values (e.g., free will, autonomy)","description":null,"entity":"AI","intent":"Other","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":5,"subdomain":"5.2"},{"ev_id":"19.06.02","quick_ref":"Wirtz2022","paper_title":"Governance of artificial intelligence: A risk and guideline-based integrative framework","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Legal AI Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Technology obedience and lack of governance through increasing application of AI systems","description":null,"entity":"Other","intent":"Unintentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":5,"subdomain":"5.2"},{"ev_id":"20.03.00","quick_ref":"Wirtz2020","paper_title":"The Dark Sides of Artificial Intelligence: An Integrated AI Governance Framework for Public Administration","level":"Risk Category","risk_category":"AI Society ","risk_subcategory":null,"description":"\"AI already shapes many areas of daily life and thus has a strong impact on society and everyday social life. For instance, transportation, education, public safety and surveillance are areas where citizens encounter AI technology (Stone et al., 2016; Thierer et al., 2017). Many are concerned with the subliminal automation of more and more jobs and some people even fear the complete dependence on AI or perceive it as an existential threat to humanity (McGinnis, 2010; Scherer, 2016).\"","entity":"Other","intent":"Other","timing":"Other","domain":5,"subdomain":"5.2"},{"ev_id":"24.04.04","quick_ref":"Gabriel2024","paper_title":"The Ethics of Advanced AI Assistants","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"AI Influence","risk_subcategory":"Sociocultural and Political Harms","description":"\"These harms interfere with the peaceful organisation of social life, including in the cultural and political spheres. AI assistants may cause or contribute to friction in human relationships either directly, through convincing a user to end certain valuable relationships, or indirectly due to a loss of interpersonal trust due to an increased dependency on assistants. At the societal level, the spread of misinformation by AI assistants could lead to erasure of collective cultural knowledge. In the political domain, more advanced AI assistants could potentially manipulate voters by prompting th","entity":"AI","intent":"Other","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":5,"subdomain":"5.2"},{"ev_id":"24.04.05","quick_ref":"Gabriel2024","paper_title":"The Ethics of Advanced AI Assistants","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"AI Influence","risk_subcategory":"Self-Actualisation Harms","description":"\"These harms hinder a person’s ability to pursue a personally fulfilling life. At the individual level, an AI assistant may, through manipulation, cause users to lose control over their future life trajectory. Over time, subtle behavioural shifts can accumulate, leading to significant changes in an individual’s life that may be viewed as problematic. AI systems often seek to understand user preferences to enhance service delivery. However, when continuous optimisation is employed in these systems, it can become challenging to discern whether the system is genuinely learning from user preferenc","entity":"AI","intent":"Intentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":5,"subdomain":"5.2"},{"ev_id":"24.05.07","quick_ref":"Gabriel2024","paper_title":"The Ethics of Advanced AI Assistants","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Anthropomorphism","risk_subcategory":"Disorientation","description":"\"Given the capacity to fine-tune on individual preferences and to learn from users, personal AI assistants could fully inhabit the users’ opinion space and only say what is pleasing to the user; an ill that some researchers call ‘sycophancy’ (Park et al., 2023a) or the ‘yea-sayer effect’ (Dinan et al., 2021). A related phenomenon has been observed in automated recommender systems, where consistently presenting users with content that affirms their existing views is thought to encourage the formation and consolidation of narrow beliefs (Du, 2023; Grandinetti and Bruinsma, 2023; see also Chapter","entity":"Human","intent":"Unintentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":5,"subdomain":"5.2"},{"ev_id":"24.06.00","quick_ref":"Gabriel2024","paper_title":"The Ethics of Advanced AI Assistants","level":"Risk Category","risk_category":"Appropriate Relationships","risk_subcategory":null,"description":"\"We anticipate that relationships between users and advanced AI assistants will have several features that are liable to give rise to risks of harm.\"","entity":"Other","intent":"Other","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":5,"subdomain":"5.2"},{"ev_id":"24.06.02","quick_ref":"Gabriel2024","paper_title":"The Ethics of Advanced AI Assistants","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Appropriate Relationships","risk_subcategory":"Limiting users’ opportunities for personal development and growth","description":"some users look to establish relationships with their AI companions that are free from the hurdles that, in human relationships, derive from dealing with others who have their own opinions, preferences and flaws that may conflict with ours. \"AI assistants are likely to incentivise these kinds of ‘frictionless’ relationships (Vallor, 2016) by design if they are developed to optimise for engagement and to be highly personalisable. They may also do so because of accidental undesirable properties of the models that power them, such as sycophancy in large language models (LLMs), that is, the tenden","entity":"Other","intent":"Intentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":5,"subdomain":"5.2"},{"ev_id":"24.06.04","quick_ref":"Gabriel2024","paper_title":"The Ethics of Advanced AI Assistants","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Appropriate Relationships","risk_subcategory":"Generating material dependence without adequate commitment to user needs","description":"\"In addition to emotional dependence, user–AI assistant relationships may give rise to material dependence if the relationships are not just emotionally difficult but also materially costly to exit. For example, a visually impaired user may decide not to register for a healthcare assistance programme to support navigation in cities on the grounds that their AI assistant can perform the relevant navigation functions and will continue to operate into the future. Cases like these may be ethically problematic if the user’s dependence on the AI assistant, to fulfil certain needs in their lives, is ","entity":"Human","intent":"Unintentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":5,"subdomain":"5.2"},{"ev_id":"24.09.03","quick_ref":"Gabriel2024","paper_title":"The Ethics of Advanced AI Assistants","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Cooperation","risk_subcategory":"Collective action problems","description":"\"Collective action problems are ubiquitous in our society (Olson Jr, 1965). They possess an incentive structure in which society is best served if everyone cooperates, but where an individual can achieve personal gain by choosing to defect while others cooperate. The way we resolve these problems at many scales is highly complex and dependent on a deep understanding of the intricate web of social interactions that forms our culture and imprints on our individual identities and behaviours (Ostrom, 2010). Some collective action problems can be resolved by codifying a law, for instance the social","entity":"Human","intent":"Other","timing":"Other","domain":5,"subdomain":"5.2"},{"ev_id":"33.01.03","quick_ref":"Nah2023","paper_title":"Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, Challenges, and AI-Human Collaboration","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Ethical Concerns","risk_subcategory":"Over-reliance","description":"\"The apparent convenience and powerfulness of ChatGPT could result in overreliance by its users, making them trust the answers provided by ChatGPT. Compared with traditional search engines that provide multiple information sources for users to make personal judgments and selections, ChatGPT generates specific answers for each prompt. Although utilizing ChatGPT has the advantage of increasing efficiency by saving time and effort, users could get into the habit of adopting the answers without rationalization or verification. Over-reliance on generative AI technology can impede skills such as cre","entity":"Other","intent":"Unintentional","timing":"Other","domain":5,"subdomain":"5.2"},{"ev_id":"35.02.00","quick_ref":"Hendrycks2022","paper_title":"X-Risk Analysis for AI Research","level":"Risk Category","risk_category":"Enfeeblement","risk_subcategory":null,"description":"As AI systems encroach on human-level intelligence, more and more aspects of human labor will become faster and cheaper to accomplish with AI. As the world accelerates, organizations may voluntarily cede control to AI systems in order to keep up. This may cause humans to become economically irrelevant, and once AI automates aspects of many industries, it may be hard for displaced humans to reenter them","entity":"Human","intent":"Intentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":5,"subdomain":"5.2"},{"ev_id":"38.04.00","quick_ref":"Kumar2023","paper_title":"Ethical Issues in the Development of Artificial Intelligence: Recognizing the Risks","level":"Risk Category","risk_category":"Human–AI interaction","risk_subcategory":null,"description":"\"Several participants mentioned how AI systems could influence human agency and decision-making. They emphasized the need of striking a balance between using the benefits of AI and protecting human autonomy and control. The increasing integration of AI systems into various aspects of our lives, which can have a significant impact on human agency and decision-making, has raised ethical concerns about AI and human–AI interaction. As AI systems advance, they will be able to influence, if not completely replace, IJOES human decision-making in some fields, prompting concerns about the loss of human","entity":"AI","intent":"Other","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":5,"subdomain":"5.2"},{"ev_id":"45.02.12","quick_ref":"TC2602024","paper_title":"AI Safety Governance Framework ","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Safety risks in AI Applications ","risk_subcategory":"Ethical Risks (Risks of challenging traditional social order)","description":"\"The development and application of AI may lead to tremendous changes in production tools and relations, accelerating the reconstruction of traditional industry modes, transforming traditional views on employment, fertility, and education, and bringing challenges to the stable performance of traditional social order.\"","entity":"Other","intent":"Unintentional","timing":"Other","domain":5,"subdomain":"5.2"},{"ev_id":"50.01.05","quick_ref":"Zeng2024","paper_title":"AI Risk Categorization Decoded (AIR 2024): From Government Regulations to Corporate Policies","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"System and Operational Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Operational misuses (Autonomous unsafe operation of systems) ","description":null,"entity":"Human","intent":"Intentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":5,"subdomain":"5.2"},{"ev_id":"52.03.03","quick_ref":"Maham2023 ","paper_title":"Governing General Purpose AI: A Comprehensive Map of Unreliability, Misuse and Systemic Risks ","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Systemic Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Disruptions from Outpaced Societal Adaptation","description":"\"Although the implementation of general purpose AI models as automation tools could be a major opportunity, overly rapid adoption of this technology at scale might outpace the ability of society to adapt effectively. This could lead to a variety of disruptions, including challenges in the labour market, the education system and public discourse, and various mental health concerns.\"","entity":"Human","intent":"Unintentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":5,"subdomain":"5.2"},{"ev_id":"53.03.02","quick_ref":"Maas2023","paper_title":"Advancing AI Governance: A Literature Review of Problems, Options, and Proposals ","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Direct catastrophe from AI ","risk_subcategory":"Gradual, irretrievable ceding of human power over the future to AI systems","description":"-","entity":"Human","intent":"Unintentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":5,"subdomain":"5.2"},{"ev_id":"55.02.02","quick_ref":"Clarke2023","paper_title":"A Survey of the Potential Long-term Impacts of AI: How AI Could Lead to Long-term Changes in Science, Cooperation, Power, Epistemics and Values","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Worsened conflict ","risk_subcategory":"AI enables automation of military decision-making ","description":"\"One concern here is humans not remaining in the loop for some military decisions, creating the possibility of unintentional escalation because of: • Automated tactical decision-making, by ‘in-theatre’ AI systems (e.g. border patrol systems start accidentally firing on one another), leading to either: tactical-level war crimes,11 or strategic-level decisions to initiate conflict or escalate to a higher level of intensity—for example, countervalue (e.g. city-) targeting, or going nuclear [62]. • Automated strategic decision-making, by ‘out-of-theatre’ AI systems—for example, conflict prediction","entity":"AI","intent":"Unintentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":5,"subdomain":"5.2"},{"ev_id":"55.02.03","quick_ref":"Clarke2023","paper_title":"A Survey of the Potential Long-term Impacts of AI: How AI Could Lead to Long-term Changes in Science, Cooperation, Power, Epistemics and Values","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Worsened conflict ","risk_subcategory":"AI-induced strategic instability ","description":"\"For example, AI could undermine nuclear strategic stability by making it easier to discover and destroy previously secure nuclear launch facilities [30, 46, 49]. AI may also offer more extreme first-strike advantages or novel destructive capabilities that could disrupt deterrence, such as cyber capabilities being used to knock out opponents’ nuclear command and control [15, 29]. The use of AI capabilities may make it less clear where attacks originate from, making it easier for aggressors to obfuscate an attack, and therefore reducing the costs of initiating one. By making it more difficult t","entity":"AI","intent":"Unintentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":5,"subdomain":"5.2"},{"ev_id":"56.18.00","quick_ref":"GOS2023","paper_title":"Future Risks of Frontier AI ","level":"Risk Category","risk_category":"Overreliance","risk_subcategory":null,"description":"\"As AI capability increases, humans grant AI more control over critical systems and eventually become irreversibly dependent on systems they don’t fully understand. Failure and unintended outcomes cannot be controlled.\"","entity":"Human","intent":"Unintentional","timing":"Other","domain":5,"subdomain":"5.2"},{"ev_id":"58.01.00","quick_ref":"Abercrombie2024","paper_title":"A Collaborative, Human-Centred Taxonomy of AI, Algorithmic, and Automation Harms","level":"Risk Category","risk_category":"Autonomy","risk_subcategory":null,"description":"\"Autonomy - Loss of or restrictions to the ability or rights of an individual, group or entity to make decisions and control their identity and/or output.\"","entity":"Other","intent":"Other","timing":"Other","domain":5,"subdomain":"5.2"},{"ev_id":"58.01.01","quick_ref":"Abercrombie2024","paper_title":"A Collaborative, Human-Centred Taxonomy of AI, Algorithmic, and Automation Harms","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Autonomy","risk_subcategory":"Autonomy/agency loss","description":"\"Autonomy/agency loss - Loss of an individual, group or organisation’s ability to make informed decisions or pursue goals.\"","entity":"Other","intent":"Other","timing":"Other","domain":5,"subdomain":"5.2"},{"ev_id":"58.01.04","quick_ref":"Abercrombie2024","paper_title":"A Collaborative, Human-Centred Taxonomy of AI, Algorithmic, and Automation Harms","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Autonomy","risk_subcategory":"Personality rights loss ","description":"\"Personality rights loss - Loss of or restrictions to the rights of an individual to control the commercial use of their identity, such as name, image, likeness, or other unequivocal identifiers.\"","entity":"Other","intent":"Other","timing":"Other","domain":5,"subdomain":"5.2"},{"ev_id":"61.01.10","quick_ref":"Uuk2025","paper_title":"A Taxonomy of Systemic Risks from General-Purpose AI ","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Types of systemic risks from general-purpose AI","risk_subcategory":"Irreversible change","description":"\"Profound negative long-term changes to social structures, cultural norms, and human relationships that may be difficult or impossible to reverse.\"","entity":"Other","intent":"Other","timing":"Other","domain":5,"subdomain":"5.2"},{"ev_id":"61.02.35","quick_ref":"Uuk2025","paper_title":"A Taxonomy of Systemic Risks from General-Purpose AI ","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Sources of systemic risks from general-purpose AI ","risk_subcategory":"Limited human oversight in decisions","description":"\"As AI models and systems gain autonomy, the ability of humans to oversee and intervene in decision-making processes diminishes.\"","entity":"Other","intent":"Other","timing":"Other","domain":5,"subdomain":"5.2"},{"ev_id":"61.02.39","quick_ref":"Uuk2025","paper_title":"A Taxonomy of Systemic Risks from General-Purpose AI ","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Sources of systemic risks from general-purpose AI ","risk_subcategory":"Personal decision automation capabilities","description":"\"AI models and systems could decide or influence important personal decisions.\"","entity":"AI","intent":"Intentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":5,"subdomain":"5.2"},{"ev_id":"62.31.02#1","quick_ref":"Gipiškis2024","paper_title":"Risk Sources and Risk Management Measures in Support of Standards for General-Purpose AI Systems","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Impacts of AI (Societal Impacts) ","risk_subcategory":"Overreliance on AI system undermining user autonomy","description":"\"AI systems can undermine human autonomy, if they allow for habitually trusting the AI’s suggestions without sufficient exercising of human agency. Over time, a user may develop unjustified trust in or dependence on the system, or rely on its advice for tasks outside the system’s domain of expertise [205, 42]. In particular, less confident users (or users in emotional distress) can be more prone to “overtrust” a system [219].\"","entity":"Human","intent":"Unintentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":5,"subdomain":"5.2"},{"ev_id":"62.36.06","quick_ref":"Gipiškis2024","paper_title":"Risk Sources and Risk Management Measures in Support of Standards for General-Purpose AI Systems","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Impacts of AI (Bias) ","risk_subcategory":"Long-term effects of AI model biases on user judgment","description":"\"The initial user exposure to model biases can have a lasting impact beyond the initial interaction with the model. Users who encounter biases in AI models can be affected by and continue to exhibit previously encountered biases in their decision-making, even after they stop using the models [207].\"","entity":"AI","intent":"Unintentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":5,"subdomain":"5.2"},{"ev_id":"65.23.08","quick_ref":"IBM2025","paper_title":"AI Risk Atlas ","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Non-technical risks (Societal impact)","risk_subcategory":"Impact on human agency ","description":"\"AI might affect the individuals’ ability to make choices and act independently in their best interests.\"","entity":"AI","intent":"Unintentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":5,"subdomain":"5.2"},{"ev_id":"66.01.00","quick_ref":"Li2025","paper_title":"A Closer Look at the Existing Risks of Generative AI: Mapping the Who, What, and How of Real-World Incidents","level":"Risk Category","risk_category":"Autonomy","risk_subcategory":"-","description":"\"Loss of or restrictions to the ability or rights of an individual, group or entity to make decisions and control their identity and/or output due to the use of misuse of a technology system or set of systems\"","entity":"Other","intent":"Other","timing":"Other","domain":5,"subdomain":"5.2"},{"ev_id":"66.01.03","quick_ref":"Li2025","paper_title":"A Closer Look at the Existing Risks of Generative AI: Mapping the Who, What, and How of Real-World Incidents","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Autonomy","risk_subcategory":"Autonomy / agency loss","description":"\"Loss of an individual, group or organisation’s ability to make informed decisions or pursue goals\"","entity":"Other","intent":"Other","timing":"Other","domain":5,"subdomain":"5.2"},{"ev_id":"66.07.06","quick_ref":"Li2025","paper_title":"A Closer Look at the Existing Risks of Generative AI: Mapping the Who, What, and How of Real-World Incidents","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Psychological","risk_subcategory":"Addiction","description":"\"Emotional or material dependence on technology or a technology system\"","entity":"Other","intent":"Other","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":5,"subdomain":"5.2"},{"ev_id":"67.04.00","quick_ref":"DSIT2023","paper_title":"Capabilities and Risks from Frontier AI","level":"Risk Category","risk_category":"Loss of control ","risk_subcategory":"-","description":"\"Humans may increasingly hand over control of important decisions to AI systems, due to economic and geopolitical incentives. Some experts are concerned that future advanced AI systems will seek to increase their own influence and reduce human control, with potentially catastrophic consequences - although this is contested.\"","entity":"Other","intent":"Other","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":5,"subdomain":"5.2"},{"ev_id":"67.04.01","quick_ref":"DSIT2023","paper_title":"Capabilities and Risks from Frontier AI","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Loss of control ","risk_subcategory":"Humans might increasingly hand over control to misaligned AI systems","description":"\"Organisations around the world are already deploying misaligned AI systems that are causing harm in unexpected ways.250 Recommendation algorithms increase the consumption of extremist content.251 Medical algorithms have been known to misdiagnose US patients,252 and recommend incorrect prescriptions.253 Still, we hand over more control to them, often because they are still as - or more - effective than human decision making, or because they are cheaper.\"","entity":"Human","intent":"Unintentional","timing":"Other","domain":5,"subdomain":"5.2"},{"ev_id":"68.04.00","quick_ref":"Chin2025","paper_title":"Dimensional Characterization and Pathway Modeling for Catastrophic AI Risks","level":"Risk Category","risk_category":"Gradual loss of control","risk_subcategory":null,"description":"\"Gradual or accumulative loss of control risks can be described as risks resulting from the accumulation of less severe disruptions that gradually weakens systemic resilience until a critical event triggers a catastrophe [12], [127].\"","entity":"Other","intent":"Unintentional","timing":"Other","domain":5,"subdomain":"5.2"},{"ev_id":"68.04.00a","quick_ref":"Chin2025","paper_title":"Dimensional Characterization and Pathway Modeling for Catastrophic AI Risks","level":"Additional evidence","risk_category":"Gradual loss of control","risk_subcategory":null,"description":"\"Risk dimensions • Intent: Unintentional • Competency: Variable • Entity: Variable • Polarity: Multi-agent • Linearity: Non-linear • Reach: Internalized • Order: Variable\"","entity":"Other","intent":"Unintentional","timing":"Other","domain":5,"subdomain":"5.2"},{"ev_id":"72.02.00","quick_ref":"Tse2025","paper_title":"Frontier AI Risk Management Framework (v1.0)","level":"Risk Category","risk_category":"Loss of Control Risks ","risk_subcategory":null,"description":"\"Risks associated with scenarios in which one or more general-purpose AI systems come to operate outside of anyone's control, with no clear path to regaining control. This includes both passive loss of control (gradual reduction in human oversight) and active loss of control (AI systems actively undermining human control)\"","entity":"AI","intent":"Other","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":5,"subdomain":"5.2"},{"ev_id":"72.02.01","quick_ref":"Tse2025","paper_title":"Frontier AI Risk Management Framework (v1.0)","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Loss of Control Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Passive loss of control ","description":"\"...where humans gradually stop exercising meaningful oversight due to automation bias, the AI systems' inherent complexity, or competitive pressures\"","entity":"Other","intent":"Unintentional","timing":"Other","domain":5,"subdomain":"5.2"}]}