{"attribution":{"source":"MIT AI Risk Repository, Domain Taxonomy of AI Risks v1 (MIT AI Risk Initiative)","license":"CC BY 4.0","license_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","citation":"Slattery, P., Saeri, A. K., Grundy, E. A. C., Graham, J., Noetel, M., Uuk, R., Dao, J., Pour, S., Casper, S., & Thompson, N. (2025). The AI Risk Repository: A comprehensive meta-review, database, and taxonomy of risks from artificial intelligence. arXiv:2408.12622."},"exported_at":"2026-09-11"}
{"rows":[{"ev_id":"19.01.00","quick_ref":"Wirtz2022","paper_title":"Governance of artificial intelligence: A risk and guideline-based integrative framework","level":"Risk Category","risk_category":"Technological, Data and Analytical AI Risks ","risk_subcategory":null,"description":"\"Fig 3 shows that technological, data, and analytical AI risks are characterised by the loss of control over AI systems, whereby in particular the autonomous decision and its consequences are classified as risk factors since they are not subject to human influence (Boyd & Wilson, 2017; Scherer, 2016; Wirtz et al., 2019). Programming errors in algorithms due to the lack of expert knowledge or to the increasing complexity and black-box character of AI systems may also lead to undesired AI results (Boyd & Wilson, 2017; Danaher et al., 2017). In addition, a lack of data, poor data quality, and bia","entity":"Not coded","intent":"Not coded","timing":"Not coded","domain":null,"subdomain":null},{"ev_id":"19.01.01","quick_ref":"Wirtz2022","paper_title":"Governance of artificial intelligence: A risk and guideline-based integrative framework","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Technological, Data and Analytical AI Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Loss of control of autonomous systems and unforeseen behaviour due to lack of transparency and self-programming/ reprogramming","description":null,"entity":"Other","intent":"Other","timing":"Other","domain":7,"subdomain":"7.1"},{"ev_id":"19.01.02","quick_ref":"Wirtz2022","paper_title":"Governance of artificial intelligence: A risk and guideline-based integrative framework","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Technological, Data and Analytical AI Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Programming error","description":null,"entity":"Human","intent":"Unintentional","timing":"Pre-deployment","domain":7,"subdomain":"7.0"},{"ev_id":"19.01.03","quick_ref":"Wirtz2022","paper_title":"Governance of artificial intelligence: A risk and guideline-based integrative framework","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Technological, Data and Analytical AI Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Lack of data, poor data quality, and biases in training data","description":null,"entity":"Human","intent":"Unintentional","timing":"Pre-deployment","domain":1,"subdomain":"1.1"},{"ev_id":"19.01.04","quick_ref":"Wirtz2022","paper_title":"Governance of artificial intelligence: A risk and guideline-based integrative framework","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Technological, Data and Analytical AI Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Vulnerability of AI systems to attacks and misuse","description":null,"entity":"Other","intent":"Intentional","timing":"Other","domain":2,"subdomain":"2.2"},{"ev_id":"19.01.05","quick_ref":"Wirtz2022","paper_title":"Governance of artificial intelligence: A risk and guideline-based integrative framework","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Technological, Data and Analytical AI Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Lack of AI experts with comprehensive AI knowledge","description":null,"entity":"Human","intent":"Unintentional","timing":"Other","domain":6,"subdomain":"6.5"},{"ev_id":"19.01.06","quick_ref":"Wirtz2022","paper_title":"Governance of artificial intelligence: A risk and guideline-based integrative framework","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Technological, Data and Analytical AI Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Immaturity of AI technology can cause incorrect decisions","description":null,"entity":"AI","intent":"Unintentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":7,"subdomain":"7.3"},{"ev_id":"19.01.07","quick_ref":"Wirtz2022","paper_title":"Governance of artificial intelligence: A risk and guideline-based integrative framework","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Technological, Data and Analytical AI Risks ","risk_subcategory":"High investment costs of AI hinder integration","description":null,"entity":"Human","intent":"Other","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":6,"subdomain":"6.1"},{"ev_id":"19.02.00","quick_ref":"Wirtz2022","paper_title":"Governance of artificial intelligence: A risk and guideline-based integrative framework","level":"Risk Category","risk_category":"Informational and Communicational AI Risks ","risk_subcategory":null,"description":"\"Informational and communicational AI risks refer particularly to informational manipulation through AI systems that influence the provision of information (Rahwan, 2018; Wirtz & Müller, 2019), AIbased disinformation and computational propaganda, as well as targeted censorship through AI systems that use respectively modified algorithms, and thus restrict freedom of speech.\"","entity":"Other","intent":"Intentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":4,"subdomain":"4.1"},{"ev_id":"19.02.01","quick_ref":"Wirtz2022","paper_title":"Governance of artificial intelligence: A risk and guideline-based integrative framework","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Informational and Communicational AI Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Manipulation and control of information provision (e.g., personalised adds, filtered news)","description":null,"entity":"Other","intent":"Intentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":4,"subdomain":"4.1"},{"ev_id":"19.02.02","quick_ref":"Wirtz2022","paper_title":"Governance of artificial intelligence: A risk and guideline-based integrative framework","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Informational and Communicational AI Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Disinformation and computational propaganda","description":null,"entity":"Human","intent":"Intentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":4,"subdomain":"4.1"},{"ev_id":"19.02.03","quick_ref":"Wirtz2022","paper_title":"Governance of artificial intelligence: A risk and guideline-based integrative framework","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Informational and Communicational AI Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Censorship of opinions expressed in the Internet restricts freedom of expression","description":null,"entity":"Other","intent":"Other","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":5,"subdomain":"5.2"},{"ev_id":"19.02.04","quick_ref":"Wirtz2022","paper_title":"Governance of artificial intelligence: A risk and guideline-based integrative framework","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Informational and Communicational AI Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Endangerment of data protection through AI cyberattacks","description":null,"entity":"Human","intent":"Intentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":4,"subdomain":"4.2"},{"ev_id":"19.03.00","quick_ref":"Wirtz2022","paper_title":"Governance of artificial intelligence: A risk and guideline-based integrative framework","level":"Risk Category","risk_category":"Economic AI Risks ","risk_subcategory":null,"description":"\"In the context of economic AI risks two major risks dominate. These refer to the disruption of the economic system due to an increase of AI technologies and automation. For instance, a higher level of AI integration into the manufacturing industry may result in massive unemployment, leading to a loss of taxpayers and thus negatively impacting the economic system (Boyd & Wilson, 2017; Scherer, 2016). This may also be associated with the risk of losing control and knowledge of organisational processes as AI systems take over an increasing number of tasks, replacing employees in these processes.","entity":"Other","intent":"Other","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":6,"subdomain":"6.2"},{"ev_id":"19.03.01","quick_ref":"Wirtz2022","paper_title":"Governance of artificial intelligence: A risk and guideline-based integrative framework","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Economic AI Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Disruption of economic systems (e.g., labour market, money value, tax system)","description":null,"entity":"Human","intent":"Unintentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":6,"subdomain":"6.3"},{"ev_id":"19.03.02","quick_ref":"Wirtz2022","paper_title":"Governance of artificial intelligence: A risk and guideline-based integrative framework","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Economic AI Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Replacement of humans and unemployment due to AI automation","description":null,"entity":"Human","intent":"Intentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":6,"subdomain":"6.2"},{"ev_id":"19.03.03","quick_ref":"Wirtz2022","paper_title":"Governance of artificial intelligence: A risk and guideline-based integrative framework","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Economic AI Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Loss of supervision and control of business processes","description":null,"entity":"Other","intent":"Other","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":5,"subdomain":"5.2"},{"ev_id":"19.03.04","quick_ref":"Wirtz2022","paper_title":"Governance of artificial intelligence: A risk and guideline-based integrative framework","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Economic AI Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Financial feasibility and high investment costs for AI technology to remain competitive","description":null,"entity":"Human","intent":"Other","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":6,"subdomain":"6.1"},{"ev_id":"19.03.05","quick_ref":"Wirtz2022","paper_title":"Governance of artificial intelligence: A risk and guideline-based integrative framework","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Economic AI Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Lack of AI strategy and acceptance/resistance among employees and customers","description":null,"entity":"Human","intent":"Intentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":6,"subdomain":"6.1"},{"ev_id":"19.04.00","quick_ref":"Wirtz2022","paper_title":"Governance of artificial intelligence: A risk and guideline-based integrative framework","level":"Risk Category","risk_category":"Social AI Risks ","risk_subcategory":null,"description":"\"Social AI risks particularly refer to loss of jobs (technological unemployment) due to increasing automation, reflected in a growing resistance by employees towards the integration of AI (Thierer et al., 2017; Winfield & Jirotka, 2018). In addition, the increasing integration of AI systems into all spheres of life poses a growing threat to privacy and to the security of individuals and society as a whole (Winfield & Jirotka, 2018; Wirtz et al., 2019).\"","entity":"Human","intent":"Other","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":6,"subdomain":"6.2"},{"ev_id":"19.04.01","quick_ref":"Wirtz2022","paper_title":"Governance of artificial intelligence: A risk and guideline-based integrative framework","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Social AI Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Increasing social inequality","description":null,"entity":"Human","intent":"Other","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":6,"subdomain":"6.2"},{"ev_id":"19.04.02","quick_ref":"Wirtz2022","paper_title":"Governance of artificial intelligence: A risk and guideline-based integrative framework","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Social AI Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Privacy and safety concerns due to ubiquity of AI systems in economy and society (lack of social acceptance)","description":null,"entity":"Human","intent":"Other","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":2,"subdomain":"2.1"},{"ev_id":"19.04.03","quick_ref":"Wirtz2022","paper_title":"Governance of artificial intelligence: A risk and guideline-based integrative framework","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Social AI Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Hazardous misuse of AI systems bears danger to the society in public spaces (e.g., hacker attacks on autonomous weapons)","description":null,"entity":"Human","intent":"Intentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":4,"subdomain":"4.2"},{"ev_id":"19.04.04","quick_ref":"Wirtz2022","paper_title":"Governance of artificial intelligence: A risk and guideline-based integrative framework","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Social AI Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Lack of knowledge and social acceptance regarding AI","description":null,"entity":"Not coded","intent":"Not coded","timing":"Not coded","domain":6,"subdomain":"6.5"},{"ev_id":"19.04.05","quick_ref":"Wirtz2022","paper_title":"Governance of artificial intelligence: A risk and guideline-based integrative framework","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Social AI Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Decreasing human interaction as AI systems assume human tasks, disturbing well-being","description":null,"entity":"Other","intent":"Unintentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":5,"subdomain":"5.1"},{"ev_id":"19.05.00","quick_ref":"Wirtz2022","paper_title":"Governance of artificial intelligence: A risk and guideline-based integrative framework","level":"Risk Category","risk_category":"Ethical AI Risks ","risk_subcategory":null,"description":"\"In the context of ethical AI risks, two risks are of particular importance. First, AI systems may lack a legitimate ethical basis in establishing rules that greatly influence society and human relationships (Wirtz & Müller, 2019). In addition, AI-based discrimination refers to an unfair treatment of certain population groups by AI systems. As humans initially programme AI systems, serve as their potential data source, and have an impact on the associated data processes and databases, human biases and prejudices may also become part of AI systems and be reproduced (Weyerer & Langer, 2019, 2020","entity":"Other","intent":"Unintentional","timing":"Other","domain":1,"subdomain":"1.0"},{"ev_id":"19.05.01","quick_ref":"Wirtz2022","paper_title":"Governance of artificial intelligence: A risk and guideline-based integrative framework","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Ethical AI Risks ","risk_subcategory":"AI sets rules without ethical basis","description":null,"entity":"AI","intent":"Other","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":7,"subdomain":"7.3"},{"ev_id":"19.05.02","quick_ref":"Wirtz2022","paper_title":"Governance of artificial intelligence: A risk and guideline-based integrative framework","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Ethical AI Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Unfair statistical AI decisions and discrimination of minorities","description":null,"entity":"AI","intent":"Unintentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":1,"subdomain":"1.1"},{"ev_id":"19.05.03","quick_ref":"Wirtz2022","paper_title":"Governance of artificial intelligence: A risk and guideline-based integrative framework","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Ethical AI Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Problem of defining human values for an AI system","description":null,"entity":"Human","intent":"Other","timing":"Pre-deployment","domain":7,"subdomain":"7.3"},{"ev_id":"19.05.04","quick_ref":"Wirtz2022","paper_title":"Governance of artificial intelligence: A risk and guideline-based integrative framework","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Ethical AI Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Misinterpretation of human value definitions/ ethics by AI systems","description":null,"entity":"AI","intent":"Unintentional","timing":"Other","domain":7,"subdomain":"7.3"},{"ev_id":"19.05.05","quick_ref":"Wirtz2022","paper_title":"Governance of artificial intelligence: A risk and guideline-based integrative framework","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Ethical AI Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Incompatibility of human vs. AI value judgment due to missing human qualities ","description":null,"entity":"AI","intent":"Unintentional","timing":"Other","domain":7,"subdomain":"7.3"},{"ev_id":"19.05.06","quick_ref":"Wirtz2022","paper_title":"Governance of artificial intelligence: A risk and guideline-based integrative framework","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Ethical AI Risks ","risk_subcategory":"AI systems may undermine human values (e.g., free will, autonomy)","description":null,"entity":"AI","intent":"Other","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":5,"subdomain":"5.2"},{"ev_id":"19.05.07","quick_ref":"Wirtz2022","paper_title":"Governance of artificial intelligence: A risk and guideline-based integrative framework","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Ethical AI Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Technological arms race with autonomous weapons","description":null,"entity":"Other","intent":"Unintentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":6,"subdomain":"6.4"},{"ev_id":"19.06.00","quick_ref":"Wirtz2022","paper_title":"Governance of artificial intelligence: A risk and guideline-based integrative framework","level":"Risk Category","risk_category":"Legal AI Risks ","risk_subcategory":null,"description":"\"Legal and regulatory risks comprise in particular the unclear definition of responsibilities and accountability in case of AI failures and autonomous decisions with negative impacts (Reed, 2018; Scherer, 2016). Another great risk in this context refers to overlooking the scope of AI governance and missing out on important governance aspects, resulting in negative consequences (Gasser & Almeida, 2017; Thierer et al., 2017).\"","entity":"Other","intent":"Unintentional","timing":"Other","domain":6,"subdomain":"6.5"},{"ev_id":"19.06.01","quick_ref":"Wirtz2022","paper_title":"Governance of artificial intelligence: A risk and guideline-based integrative framework","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Legal AI Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Unclear definition of responsibilities and accountability for AI judgments and their consequences","description":null,"entity":"AI","intent":"Unintentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":6,"subdomain":"6.5"},{"ev_id":"19.06.02","quick_ref":"Wirtz2022","paper_title":"Governance of artificial intelligence: A risk and guideline-based integrative framework","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Legal AI Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Technology obedience and lack of governance through increasing application of AI systems","description":null,"entity":"Other","intent":"Unintentional","timing":"Post-deployment","domain":5,"subdomain":"5.2"},{"ev_id":"19.06.03","quick_ref":"Wirtz2022","paper_title":"Governance of artificial intelligence: A risk and guideline-based integrative framework","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Legal AI Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Great scope and ubiquity of AI make appropriate governance difficult, coverage of governance scope almost impossibl","description":null,"entity":"Other","intent":"Unintentional","timing":"Other","domain":6,"subdomain":"6.5"},{"ev_id":"19.06.04","quick_ref":"Wirtz2022","paper_title":"Governance of artificial intelligence: A risk and guideline-based integrative framework","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Legal AI Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Hard legislation on AI hinders innovation processes and further AI development","description":null,"entity":"Human","intent":"Intentional","timing":"Other","domain":6,"subdomain":"6.1"},{"ev_id":"19.06.05","quick_ref":"Wirtz2022","paper_title":"Governance of artificial intelligence: A risk and guideline-based integrative framework","level":"Risk Sub-Category","risk_category":"Legal AI Risks ","risk_subcategory":"Capturing future AI development and their threats with appropriate mechanism","description":null,"entity":"Not coded","intent":"Not coded","timing":"Not coded","domain":6,"subdomain":"6.5"}]}