{"data":[{"slug":"asean","name":"ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations)","short_name":"ASEAN","iso_code":null,"jurisdiction_type":"supranational","region":"Asia","subregion":"South-East Asia","overview":"ASEAN has chosen voluntary, regionally harmonised guidance rather than binding regulation: the ASEAN Guide on AI Governance and Ethics (February 2024) sets principles and a governance framework for member states and organisations, and the Expanded ASEAN Guide on AI Governance and Ethics – Generative AI (January 2025) addresses generative-AI risks. Member states retain their own instruments; Singapore's Model AI Governance Framework strongly influenced the guide.","regulatory_status_summary":"Voluntary regional guides (2024, 2025); no binding ASEAN AI regulation.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: ASEAN Guide on AI Governance and Ethics (2024); Expanded ASEAN Guide on AI Governance and Ethics – Generative AI (2025).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"ASEAN Digital Ministers' Meeting (ADGMIN)","url":"https://asean.org/","role":"Endorses regional digital and AI guidance"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"ASEAN Guide on AI Governance and Ethics","publisher":"ASEAN Secretariat","url":"https://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/ASEAN-Guide-on-AI-Governance-and-Ethics_beautified_201223_v2.pdf","document_date":"2024-02-02","document_type":"guidance","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["singapore","malaysia","indonesia","thailand","vietnam","philippines"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/asean","source":{"official_source_url":"https://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/ASEAN-Guide-on-AI-Governance-and-Ethics_beautified_201223_v2.pdf","source_title":"ASEAN Guide on AI Governance and Ethics","source_publisher":"ASEAN Secretariat","source_document_date":"2024-02-02","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"ae-abu-dhabi","name":"Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates)","short_name":"Abu Dhabi","iso_code":"AE-AZ","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Asia","subregion":"Western Asia","overview":"Abu Dhabi is recorded here for its own AI instruments, which apply within its territory alongside UAE's national rules. On record: Abu Dhabi Government Digital Strategy 2025-2027. This page was added in the October 2026 sub-national research round; see each instrument for what it requires.","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Abu Dhabi Government Digital Strategy 2025-2027.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Abu Dhabi Government launches Digital Strategy 2025-2027","publisher":"Abu Dhabi Media Office","url":"https://www.mediaoffice.abudhabi/en/government-affairs/abu-dhabi-government-launches-digital-strategy-2025-2027/","document_date":null,"document_type":"press_release","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["uae"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/ae-abu-dhabi","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.mediaoffice.abudhabi/en/government-affairs/abu-dhabi-government-launches-digital-strategy-2025-2027/","source_title":"Abu Dhabi Government launches Digital Strategy 2025-2027","source_publisher":"Abu Dhabi Media Office","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-10-15","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the October 2026 sub-national research round. Recorded on 15 October 2026 from search-engine extracts of the official pages listed; the official text could not be opened from the research environment, so every date and duty here is pending review against it.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"afghanistan","name":"Afghanistan","short_name":"Afghanistan","iso_code":"AF","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"South Asia","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["pakistan"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/afghanistan","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"african-union","name":"African Union","short_name":"African Union","iso_code":null,"jurisdiction_type":"supranational","region":"Africa","subregion":"Continental","overview":"A continental framework that guides AU member states on harnessing AI for development while managing risks.","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: Continental Artificial Intelligence Strategy (2024, strategy, adopted). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Continental Artificial Intelligence Strategy.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Continental Artificial Intelligence Strategy","publisher":"African Union","url":"https://au.int/en/documents/20240809/continental-artificial-intelligence-strategy","document_date":"2024-07-18","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":[],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/african-union","source":{"official_source_url":"https://au.int/en/documents/20240809/continental-artificial-intelligence-strategy","source_title":"Continental Artificial Intelligence Strategy","source_publisher":"African Union","source_document_date":"2024-07-18","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Generated from the source-backed legacy dataset; overview composed from the listed instruments. Reviewer to add regulators and refine.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"albania","name":"Albania","short_name":"Albania","iso_code":"AL","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","overview":"Albania has announced an AI strategy process and uses AI in public services (including an EU-accession document-screening tool); no adopted AI-specific law or published national strategy has been recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"Albania has announced an AI strategy process and uses AI in public services (including an EU-accession document-screening tool); no adopted AI-specific law or published national strategy has been recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"National Agency for Information Society (AKSHI)","url":"https://www.akshi.gov.al/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"National Agency for Information Society (AKSHI)","publisher":"Government of Albania","url":"https://www.akshi.gov.al/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","council-of-europe"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/albania","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.akshi.gov.al/","source_title":"National Agency for Information Society (AKSHI)","source_publisher":"Government of Albania","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"ca-alberta","name":"Alberta (Canada)","short_name":"Alberta","iso_code":"CA-AB","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Americas","subregion":"Northern America","overview":"Alberta is recorded here for its own AI instruments, which apply within its territory alongside Canada's national rules. On record: Alberta government AI usage policy. This page was added in the October 2026 sub-national research round; see each instrument for what it requires.","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Alberta government AI usage policy. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Artificial Intelligence Usage Policy","publisher":"Government of Alberta","url":"https://manuals.alberta.ca/media/i5mjqsgw/artificial-intelligence-usage-policy.pdf","document_date":"2025-05-01","document_type":"guidance","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["canada"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/ca-alberta","source":{"official_source_url":"https://manuals.alberta.ca/media/i5mjqsgw/artificial-intelligence-usage-policy.pdf","source_title":"Artificial Intelligence Usage Policy","source_publisher":"Government of Alberta","source_document_date":"2025-05-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-10-15","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the October 2026 sub-national research round. Recorded on 15 October 2026 from search-engine extracts of the official pages listed; the official text could not be opened from the research environment, so every date and duty here is pending review against it.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"algeria","name":"Algeria","short_name":"Algeria","iso_code":"DZ","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Northern Africa","overview":"Algeria created a National AI Council and adopted a national AI strategy (2025) through the Ministry of Knowledge Economy, Start-ups and Micro-enterprises and the Ministry of Higher Education, with a national AI school opened in 2021; Law 18-07 on personal data applies.","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI strategy (2025) as policy; National AI Council; no AI-specific law.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI strategy (2025).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministère de l'Économie de la Connaissance, des Start-up et des Micro-entreprises","url":"https://www.mecsme.gov.dz/","role":"AI strategy co-lead"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministère de l'Économie de la Connaissance, des Start-up et des Micro-entreprises","publisher":"Government of Algeria","url":"https://www.mecsme.gov.dz/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","morocco","tunisia"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/algeria","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.mecsme.gov.dz/","source_title":"Ministère de l'Économie de la Connaissance, des Start-up et des Micro-entreprises","source_publisher":"Government of Algeria","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"andorra","name":"Andorra","short_name":"Andorra","iso_code":"AD","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","overview":"Andorra signed the Council of Europe Framework Convention on AI (2024); no domestic AI-specific instrument recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"Andorra signed the Council of Europe Framework Convention on AI (2024); no domestic AI-specific instrument recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Govern d'Andorra","url":"https://www.govern.ad/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Govern d'Andorra","publisher":"Government of Andorra","url":"https://www.govern.ad/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["council-of-europe","spain","france"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/andorra","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.govern.ad/","source_title":"Govern d'Andorra","source_publisher":"Government of Andorra","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"angola","name":"Angola","short_name":"Angola","iso_code":"AO","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Middle Africa","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Governo de Angola","url":"https://governo.gov.ao/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Governo de Angola","publisher":"Government of Angola","url":"https://governo.gov.ao/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","south-africa"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/angola","source":{"official_source_url":"https://governo.gov.ao/","source_title":"Governo de Angola","source_publisher":"Government of Angola","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"antigua-and-barbuda","name":"Antigua and Barbuda","short_name":"Antigua and Barbuda","iso_code":"AG","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Caribbean","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Government of Antigua and Barbuda","url":"https://ab.gov.ag/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Antigua and Barbuda","publisher":"Government of Antigua and Barbuda","url":"https://ab.gov.ag/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["barbados"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/antigua-and-barbuda","source":{"official_source_url":"https://ab.gov.ag/","source_title":"Government of Antigua and Barbuda","source_publisher":"Government of Antigua and Barbuda","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"argentina","name":"Argentina","short_name":"Argentina","iso_code":"AR","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"South America","overview":"Disposición 2/2023 approves a set of recommendations for trustworthy AI addressed to projects designed, developed or adopted by the national public sector, together with a diagram of the stages of an AI project. This administrative decision restructures the Interministerial Board on AI originally created in 2023, placing it under the presidency of the Secretariat of Innovation, Science and Technology and expanding its membership to ministries including Defence, Economy, Foreign Affairs, Health, Security, Human Capital, Justice and State Deregulation.","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: Disposición 2/2023 (2023, regulation, in force); Decisión Administrativa 899/2024 (2024, regulation, in force). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Disposición 2/2023, Decisión Administrativa 899/2024. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Disposición 2/2023 – Recomendaciones para una Inteligencia Artificial Fiable (Disposition 2/2023 – Recommendations for Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence)","publisher":"Argentina.gob.ar (Jefatura de Gabinete de Ministros)","url":"https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativa/nacional/disposici%C3%B3n-2-2023-384656/texto","document_date":"2023-06-02","document_type":"legislation","tier":1},{"title":"Decisión Administrativa 899/2024 – Mesa Interministerial sobre Inteligencia Artificial (Administrative Decision 899/2024 – Interministerial Board on Artificial Intelligence)","publisher":"Boletín Oficial de la República Argentina","url":"https://www.boletinoficial.gob.ar/detalleAviso/primera/314465/20240924","document_date":"2024-09-24","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":[],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/argentina","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativa/nacional/disposici%C3%B3n-2-2023-384656/texto","source_title":"Disposición 2/2023 – Recomendaciones para una Inteligencia Artificial Fiable (Disposition 2/2023 – Recommendations for Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence)","source_publisher":"Argentina.gob.ar (Jefatura de Gabinete de Ministros)","source_document_date":"2023-06-02","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Generated from the source-backed legacy dataset; overview composed from the listed instruments. Reviewer to add regulators and refine.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"armenia","name":"Armenia","short_name":"Armenia","iso_code":"AM","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Western Asia","overview":"Armenia adopted an AI strategy framework in 2025 and hosts the \"Armenia AI Factory\" initiative; the strategy text was not verified from an official source at the time of checking. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"Armenia adopted an AI strategy framework in 2025 and hosts the \"Armenia AI Factory\" initiative; the strategy text was not verified from an official source at the time of checking. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Government of Armenia","url":"https://www.gov.am/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Armenia","publisher":"Government of Armenia","url":"https://www.gov.am/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["georgia","azerbaijan","eu"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/armenia","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.am/","source_title":"Government of Armenia","source_publisher":"Government of Armenia","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"australia","name":"Australia","short_name":"Australia","iso_code":"AU","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Oceania","subregion":null,"overview":"Australia has no AI-specific statute. After the 2023 \"Safe and responsible AI in Australia\" consultation and the January 2024 interim response, the government published a Voluntary AI Safety Standard and a proposals paper for mandatory guardrails in high-risk settings in September 2024. In December 2025 the government released a National AI Plan indicating it would rely on strengthening existing laws rather than a standalone AI Act. Federal agencies are bound by the Digital Transformation Agency's policy for responsible use of AI in government. Binding obligations for business come from the Privacy Act 1988 (including 2024 amendments on automated decisions), consumer law, anti-discrimination law and sector regulation.\n","regulatory_status_summary":"No binding cross-sector AI law; mandatory guardrails were consulted on in 2024 but the December 2025 National AI Plan signalled an existing-law approach. Voluntary AI Safety Standard available. Government agencies follow a binding whole-of-government AI policy. A reviewer must confirm the current status of the mandatory-guardrails proposal.\n","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Privacy Act 1988 and Privacy and Other Legislation Amendment Act 2024 (automated decision transparency provisions with delayed commencement), Australian Consumer Law, anti-discrimination Acts, sector rules (APRA, ASIC, TGA); the DTA AI policy for federal agencies. Guidance / voluntary: Voluntary AI Safety Standard, AI Ethics Principles, OAIC guidance on AI and privacy.\n","current_priorities":"National AI Plan delivery, AI Safety Institute establishment, reform of the Privacy Act, guidance from the OAIC and eSafety Commissioner, and government AI assurance.\n","regulators":[{"name":"Department of Industry, Science and Resources","url":"https://www.industry.gov.au/","role":"AI policy lead, Voluntary AI Safety Standard"},{"name":"Digital Transformation Agency","url":"https://www.digital.gov.au/","role":"Government AI policy and assurance"},{"name":"Office of the Australian Information Commissioner","url":"https://www.oaic.gov.au/","role":"Privacy Act and AI privacy guidance"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Voluntary AI Safety Standard","publisher":"Department of Industry, Science and Resources","url":"https://www.industry.gov.au/publications/voluntary-ai-safety-standard","document_date":"2024-09-05","document_type":"guidance","tier":1},{"title":"Safe and responsible AI in Australia — proposals paper for introducing mandatory guardrails for AI in high-risk settings","publisher":"Department of Industry, Science and Resources","url":"https://consult.industry.gov.au/ai-mandatory-guardrails","document_date":"2024-09-05","document_type":"consultation","tier":1},{"title":"Policy for the responsible use of AI in government","publisher":"Digital Transformation Agency","url":"https://www.digital.gov.au/policy/ai/policy","document_date":"2024-09-01","document_type":"guidance","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["singapore","uk","eu"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/australia","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.industry.gov.au/publications/voluntary-ai-safety-standard","source_title":"Voluntary AI Safety Standard","source_publisher":"Australian Government, Department of Industry, Science and Resources","source_document_date":"2024-09-05","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Initial structured record; status of mandatory guardrails after the National AI Plan to be confirmed.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"au-act","name":"Australian Capital Territory (Australia)","short_name":"ACT","iso_code":"AU-ACT","jurisdiction_type":"territory","region":"Oceania","subregion":null,"overview":"ACT is recorded here for its own AI instruments, which apply within its territory alongside Australia's national rules. On record: ACT Government AI policy. This page was added in the October 2026 sub-national research round; see each instrument for what it requires.","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: ACT Government AI policy.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"ACT Government Artificial Intelligence Policy","publisher":"ACT Government","url":"https://www.act.gov.au/open/act-government-artificial-intelligence-policy","document_date":null,"document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["australia"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/au-act","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.act.gov.au/open/act-government-artificial-intelligence-policy","source_title":"ACT Government Artificial Intelligence Policy","source_publisher":"ACT Government","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-10-15","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the October 2026 sub-national research round. Recorded on 15 October 2026 from search-engine extracts of the official pages listed; the official text could not be opened from the research environment, so every date and duty here is pending review against it.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"austria","name":"Austria","short_name":"Austria","iso_code":"AT","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Western Europe","overview":"Austria applies the EU AI Act and set up an AI service desk (KI-Servicestelle) at the telecoms regulator RTR in 2024 to inform companies and the public about the Regulation; an AI advisory board (KI-Beirat) advises the federal government. The national strategy \"AIM AT 2030\" (2021) sets objectives for human-centred, trustworthy AI, and Austria has proposed RTR as its market-surveillance authority.","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; RTR AI service desk operating; AIM AT 2030 strategy as policy; authority designation in progress.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: AIM AT 2030 (AI strategy).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"RTR – KI-Servicestelle (AI Service Desk)","url":"https://www.rtr.at/rtr/service/ki-servicestelle/ki-servicestelle.en.html","role":"Information point for the AI Act; proposed market-surveillance authority"},{"name":"Datenschutzbehörde","url":"https://www.dsb.gv.at/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"KI-Servicestelle","publisher":"Rundfunk und Telekom Regulierungs-GmbH (RTR)","url":"https://www.rtr.at/rtr/service/ki-servicestelle/ki-servicestelle.en.html","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","germany","switzerland"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/austria","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.rtr.at/rtr/service/ki-servicestelle/ki-servicestelle.en.html","source_title":"KI-Servicestelle","source_publisher":"Rundfunk und Telekom Regulierungs-GmbH (RTR)","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"azerbaijan","name":"Azerbaijan","short_name":"Azerbaijan","iso_code":"AZ","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Western Asia","overview":"Azerbaijan approved the Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2025–2028 by presidential decree in March 2025. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"Azerbaijan approved the Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2025–2028 by presidential decree in March 2025. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: AI Strategy 2025–2028.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"President of the Republic of Azerbaijan","url":"https://president.az/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"President of the Republic of Azerbaijan","publisher":"Government of Azerbaijan","url":"https://president.az/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["turkiye","kazakhstan"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/azerbaijan","source":{"official_source_url":"https://president.az/","source_title":"President of the Republic of Azerbaijan","source_publisher":"Government of Azerbaijan","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"bahamas","name":"Bahamas","short_name":"Bahamas","iso_code":"BS","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Caribbean","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Government of The Bahamas","url":"https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of The Bahamas","publisher":"Government of Bahamas","url":"https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["jamaica"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/bahamas","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/","source_title":"Government of The Bahamas","source_publisher":"Government of Bahamas","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"bahrain","name":"Bahrain","short_name":"Bahrain","iso_code":"BH","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Gulf Cooperation Council","overview":"A binding policy for Bahraini government entities structured around four pillars: compliance with AI-related laws and policies (including the Personal Data Protection Law and the GCC AI ethics guide), use and adoption of AI technologies, awareness and education, and local and international cooperation.","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: General Policy for the Use of Artificial Intelligence (2025, policy, adopted). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: General Policy for the Use of Artificial Intelligence.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"General Policy for the Use of Artificial Intelligence","publisher":"Information & eGovernment Authority, Kingdom of Bahrain","url":"https://www.iga.gov.bh/Media/Publications/National%20Digital%20Policies/General%20Policy%20for%20the%20Use%20of%20AI%20-%20%20Final%2030%20Jul%202025.pdf","document_date":"2025-07-27","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":[],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/bahrain","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.iga.gov.bh/Media/Publications/National%20Digital%20Policies/General%20Policy%20for%20the%20Use%20of%20AI%20-%20%20Final%2030%20Jul%202025.pdf","source_title":"General Policy for the Use of Artificial Intelligence","source_publisher":"Information & eGovernment Authority, Kingdom of Bahrain","source_document_date":"2025-07-27","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Generated from the source-backed legacy dataset; overview composed from the listed instruments. Reviewer to add regulators and refine.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"bangladesh","name":"Bangladesh","short_name":"Bangladesh","iso_code":"BD","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"South Asia","overview":"A revised draft national AI policy published by the ICT Division for public review.","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: National Artificial Intelligence Policy 2026-2030 (2026, consultation, under consultation). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National Artificial Intelligence Policy 2026-2030.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"National Artificial Intelligence Policy 2026-2030 (Draft V2.0)","publisher":"ICT Division, Government of Bangladesh","url":"https://aipolicy.gov.bd/docs/national-ai-policy-bangladesh-2026-2030-draft-v2.0.pdf","document_date":"2026-02-09","document_type":"consultation","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":[],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/bangladesh","source":{"official_source_url":"https://aipolicy.gov.bd/docs/national-ai-policy-bangladesh-2026-2030-draft-v2.0.pdf","source_title":"National Artificial Intelligence Policy 2026-2030 (Draft V2.0)","source_publisher":"ICT Division, Government of Bangladesh","source_document_date":"2026-02-09","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Generated from the source-backed legacy dataset; overview composed from the listed instruments. Reviewer to add regulators and refine.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"barbados","name":"Barbados","short_name":"Barbados","iso_code":"BB","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Caribbean","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Government of Barbados","url":"https://www.gov.bb/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Barbados","publisher":"Government of Barbados","url":"https://www.gov.bb/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["trinidad-and-tobago","jamaica"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/barbados","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.bb/","source_title":"Government of Barbados","source_publisher":"Government of Barbados","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"cn-beijing","name":"Beijing (China)","short_name":"Beijing","iso_code":"CN-BJ","jurisdiction_type":"region","region":"Asia","subregion":"Eastern Asia","overview":"Beijing is recorded here for its own AI instruments, which apply within its territory alongside China's national rules. On record: Beijing general AI measures (2023). This page was added in the October 2026 sub-national research round; see each instrument for what it requires.","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Beijing general AI measures (2023).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"北京市促进通用人工智能创新发展的若干措施","publisher":"Beijing Municipal People's Government","url":"https://www.beijing.gov.cn/zhengce/gfxwj/202305/t20230530_3116869.html","document_date":"2023-05-30","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["china"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/cn-beijing","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.beijing.gov.cn/zhengce/gfxwj/202305/t20230530_3116869.html","source_title":"北京市促进通用人工智能创新发展的若干措施","source_publisher":"Beijing Municipal People's Government","source_document_date":"2023-05-30","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-10-15","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the October 2026 sub-national research round. Recorded on 15 October 2026 from search-engine extracts of the official pages listed; the official text could not be opened from the research environment, so every date and duty here is pending review against it.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"belarus","name":"Belarus","short_name":"Belarus","iso_code":"BY","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Eastern Europe","overview":"Belarus has an AI development programme within its digital development strategy; no AI-specific law recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"Belarus has an AI development programme within its digital development strategy; no AI-specific law recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Council of Ministers portal","url":"https://www.government.by/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Council of Ministers portal","publisher":"Government of Belarus","url":"https://www.government.by/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["russia"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/belarus","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.government.by/","source_title":"Council of Ministers portal","source_publisher":"Government of Belarus","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"belgium","name":"Belgium","short_name":"Belgium","iso_code":"BE","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Western Europe","overview":"Belgium applies the EU AI Act and coordinates AI policy through the AI4Belgium coalition and the 2022 National Convergence Plan for AI, which aligns federal and regional (Flanders, Wallonia, Brussels) AI programmes. The federal government has proposed the FPS Economy as market-surveillance authority, with the Data Protection Authority and sector regulators in their fields; regional strategies fund research and adoption.","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; national convergence plan (2022) and regional strategies as policy; authority designation in progress.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National Convergence Plan for AI (2022).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"FPS Economy, SMEs, Self-employed and Energy","url":"https://economie.fgov.be/en","role":"Proposed market-surveillance authority for the AI Act"},{"name":"Data Protection Authority (APD/GBA)","url":"https://www.dataprotectionauthority.be/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"AI4Belgium","publisher":"AI4Belgium (FPS BOSA)","url":"https://ai4belgium.be/","document_type":"official","tier":2}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","netherlands","luxembourg"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/belgium","source":{"official_source_url":"https://ai4belgium.be/","source_title":"AI4Belgium","source_publisher":"AI4Belgium (FPS BOSA)","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":2,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"belize","name":"Belize","short_name":"Belize","iso_code":"BZ","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Central America","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Government of Belize","url":"https://www.gov.bz/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Belize","publisher":"Government of Belize","url":"https://www.gov.bz/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["mexico"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/belize","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.bz/","source_title":"Government of Belize","source_publisher":"Government of Belize","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"benin","name":"Benin","short_name":"Benin","iso_code":"BJ","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","overview":"Benin adopted a National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence and Big Data 2023–2027 in January 2023 through the Ministry of Digital Affairs and Digitalisation, with use cases in health, education, agriculture and public services, and the Digital Code (2017) provides the personal-data framework.","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI and big-data strategy 2023–2027 as policy; Digital Code applies.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI and Big Data Strategy 2023–2027.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministère du Numérique et de la Digitalisation","url":"https://numerique.gouv.bj/","role":"AI strategy lead"},{"name":"Autorité de Protection des Données Personnelles (APDP)","url":"https://apdp.bj/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Stratégie nationale d'intelligence artificielle et des mégadonnées 2023–2027","publisher":"Ministère du Numérique et de la Digitalisation","url":"https://numerique.gouv.bj/","document_date":"2023-01-25","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","senegal","nigeria","ghana"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/benin","source":{"official_source_url":"https://numerique.gouv.bj/","source_title":"Stratégie nationale d'intelligence artificielle et des mégadonnées 2023–2027","source_publisher":"Ministère du Numérique et de la Digitalisation","source_document_date":"2023-01-25","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"bhutan","name":"Bhutan","short_name":"Bhutan","iso_code":"BT","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"South Asia","overview":"A national strategy framed around the vision of AI rooted in Gross National Happiness.","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: Bhutan National AI Strategy 2025 (2025, strategy, adopted). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Bhutan National AI Strategy 2025.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Bhutan National AI Strategy 2025 (NAIS 2025)","publisher":"GovTech Agency, Royal Government of Bhutan","url":"https://tech.gov.bt/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/National-AI-Strategy-2025.pdf","document_date":"2025-10-01","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":[],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/bhutan","source":{"official_source_url":"https://tech.gov.bt/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/National-AI-Strategy-2025.pdf","source_title":"Bhutan National AI Strategy 2025 (NAIS 2025)","source_publisher":"GovTech Agency, Royal Government of Bhutan","source_document_date":"2025-10-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Generated from the source-backed legacy dataset; overview composed from the listed instruments. Reviewer to add regulators and refine.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"bolivia","name":"Bolivia","short_name":"Bolivia","iso_code":"BO","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"South America","overview":"Bolivia's e-government agency has published AI ethics guidance for the public sector; no AI-specific law recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"Bolivia's e-government agency has published AI ethics guidance for the public sector; no AI-specific law recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"AGETIC","url":"https://www.agetic.gob.bo/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"AGETIC","publisher":"Government of Bolivia","url":"https://www.agetic.gob.bo/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["peru","chile"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/bolivia","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.agetic.gob.bo/","source_title":"AGETIC","source_publisher":"Government of Bolivia","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"bosnia-and-herzegovina","name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","short_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","iso_code":"BA","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Communications and Transport","url":"https://www.mkt.gov.ba/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Communications and Transport","publisher":"Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://www.mkt.gov.ba/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","serbia","croatia"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/bosnia-and-herzegovina","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.mkt.gov.ba/","source_title":"Ministry of Communications and Transport","source_publisher":"Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"botswana","name":"Botswana","short_name":"Botswana","iso_code":"BW","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Southern Africa","overview":"Botswana's Ministry of Communications has consulted on a national AI strategy; adoption not confirmed. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"Botswana's Ministry of Communications has consulted on a national AI strategy; adoption not confirmed. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Government of Botswana","url":"https://www.gov.bw/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Botswana","publisher":"Government of Botswana","url":"https://www.gov.bw/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","south-africa"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/botswana","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.bw/","source_title":"Government of Botswana","source_publisher":"Government of Botswana","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"brazil","name":"Brazil","short_name":"Brazil","iso_code":"BR","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"South America","overview":"PL 2338/2023 is Brazil's flagship AI bill, introduced in the Senate in May 2023 and approved by the Senate plenary on 10 December 2024 after extensive amendment. The PBIA is a four-year national plan that commits around R$23 billion to AI infrastructure, skills, public-sector applications, business innovation and governance.","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: Projeto de Lei nº 2338/2023 (2023, bill, proposed); Plano Brasileiro de Inteligência Artificial 2024-2028 (2024, strategy, adopted). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Projeto de Lei nº 2338/2023, Plano Brasileiro de Inteligência Artificial 2024-2028.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Projeto de Lei nº 2338/2023 – Dispõe sobre o uso da Inteligência Artificial (Bill No. 2338/2023 – On the use of Artificial Intelligence)","publisher":"Senado Federal","url":"https://www25.senado.leg.br/web/atividade/materias/-/materia/157233","document_date":"2023-05-03","document_type":"legislation","tier":1},{"title":"Plano Brasileiro de Inteligência Artificial 2024-2028 – PBIA (Brazilian Artificial Intelligence Plan 2024-2028)","publisher":"Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação (gov.br)","url":"https://www.gov.br/mcti/pt-br/acompanhe-o-mcti/transformacaodigital/plano-brasileiro-de-inteligencia-artificial","document_date":"2024-07-30","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":[],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/ai-regulation-brazil","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www25.senado.leg.br/web/atividade/materias/-/materia/157233","source_title":"Projeto de Lei nº 2338/2023 – Dispõe sobre o uso da Inteligência Artificial (Bill No. 2338/2023 – On the use of Artificial Intelligence)","source_publisher":"Senado Federal","source_document_date":"2023-05-03","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Generated from the source-backed legacy dataset; overview composed from the listed instruments. Reviewer to add regulators and refine.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"ca-british-columbia","name":"British Columbia (Canada)","short_name":"British Columbia","iso_code":"CA-BC","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Americas","subregion":"Northern America","overview":"British Columbia is recorded here for its own AI instruments, which apply within its territory alongside Canada's national rules. On record: British Columbia public service generative AI policy. This page was added in the October 2026 sub-national research round; see each instrument for what it requires.","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: British Columbia public service generative AI policy. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Policy on the use of generative AI","publisher":"Government of British Columbia","url":"https://digital.gov.bc.ca/ai/gen-ai-policy/","document_date":"2025-05-09","document_type":"guidance","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["canada"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/ca-british-columbia","source":{"official_source_url":"https://digital.gov.bc.ca/ai/gen-ai-policy/","source_title":"Policy on the use of generative AI","source_publisher":"Government of British Columbia","source_document_date":"2025-05-09","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-10-15","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the October 2026 sub-national research round. Recorded on 15 October 2026 from search-engine extracts of the official pages listed; the official text could not be opened from the research environment, so every date and duty here is pending review against it.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"brunei","name":"Brunei","short_name":"Brunei","iso_code":"BN","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"South-East Asia","overview":"Brunei's Digital Economy Masterplan 2025 references AI; the ASEAN guides apply as regional reference. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"Brunei's Digital Economy Masterplan 2025 references AI; the ASEAN guides apply as regional reference. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Government of Brunei","url":"https://www.gov.bn/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Brunei","publisher":"Government of Brunei","url":"https://www.gov.bn/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["asean","singapore","malaysia"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/brunei","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.bn/","source_title":"Government of Brunei","source_publisher":"Government of Brunei","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"ar-buenos-aires-province","name":"Buenos Aires Province (Argentina)","short_name":"Buenos Aires Province","iso_code":"AR-B","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Americas","subregion":"South America","overview":"Buenos Aires Province is recorded here for its own AI instruments, which apply within its territory alongside Argentina's national rules. On record: Buenos Aires Province AI framework decree. This page was added in the October 2026 sub-national research round; see each instrument for what it requires.","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Buenos Aires Province AI framework decree. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Decreto 742/2026","publisher":"Normas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires","url":"https://normas.gba.gob.ar/documentos/B11QWLI4.html","document_date":"2026-07-06","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["argentina"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/ar-buenos-aires-province","source":{"official_source_url":"https://normas.gba.gob.ar/documentos/B11QWLI4.html","source_title":"Decreto 742/2026","source_publisher":"Normas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires","source_document_date":"2026-07-06","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-10-15","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the October 2026 sub-national research round. Recorded on 15 October 2026 from search-engine extracts of the official pages listed; the official text could not be opened from the research environment, so every date and duty here is pending review against it.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"bulgaria","name":"Bulgaria","short_name":"Bulgaria","iso_code":"BG","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Eastern Europe","overview":"Bulgaria applies the EU AI Act and adopted a \"Concept for the development of artificial intelligence in Bulgaria until 2030\" in December 2020, coordinated by the Ministry of Transport, Information Technology and Communications (now the Ministry of e-Government). The Commission for Personal Data Protection is the data-protection authority; AI Act authority designation is in progress.","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; AI concept to 2030 (2020) as policy.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Concept for the development of AI until 2030.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Министерство на електронното управление (Ministry of e-Government)","url":"https://egov.government.bg/","role":"Digital and AI policy"},{"name":"Комисия за защита на личните данни","url":"https://www.cpdp.bg/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Concept for the development of artificial intelligence in Bulgaria until 2030","publisher":"Council of Ministers of Bulgaria","url":"https://egov.government.bg/","document_date":"2020-12-16","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","romania","greece"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/bulgaria","source":{"official_source_url":"https://egov.government.bg/","source_title":"Concept for the development of artificial intelligence in Bulgaria until 2030","source_publisher":"Council of Ministers of Bulgaria","source_document_date":"2020-12-16","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"burkina-faso","name":"Burkina Faso","short_name":"Burkina Faso","iso_code":"BF","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Gouvernement du Burkina Faso","url":"https://www.gouvernement.gov.bf/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Gouvernement du Burkina Faso","publisher":"Government of Burkina Faso","url":"https://www.gouvernement.gov.bf/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","cote-d-ivoire"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/burkina-faso","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gouvernement.gov.bf/","source_title":"Gouvernement du Burkina Faso","source_publisher":"Government of Burkina Faso","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"burundi","name":"Burundi","short_name":"Burundi","iso_code":"BI","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Présidence du Burundi","url":"https://www.presidence.gov.bi/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Présidence du Burundi","publisher":"Government of Burundi","url":"https://www.presidence.gov.bi/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","rwanda"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/burundi","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.presidence.gov.bi/","source_title":"Présidence du Burundi","source_publisher":"Government of Burundi","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"cabo-verde","name":"Cabo Verde","short_name":"Cabo Verde","iso_code":"CV","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","overview":"Cabo Verde launched a national AI strategy process in 2024; adoption not confirmed. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"Cabo Verde launched a national AI strategy process in 2024; adoption not confirmed. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Governo de Cabo Verde","url":"https://www.governo.cv/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Governo de Cabo Verde","publisher":"Government of Cabo Verde","url":"https://www.governo.cv/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","senegal"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/cabo-verde","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.governo.cv/","source_title":"Governo de Cabo Verde","source_publisher":"Government of Cabo Verde","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"it-calabria","name":"Calabria (Italy)","short_name":"Calabria","iso_code":"IT-78","jurisdiction_type":"region","region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","overview":"Calabria is recorded here for its own AI instruments, which apply within its territory alongside Italy's national rules. On record: Calabria AI law (Regional Law 4/2026). This page was added in the October 2026 sub-national research round; see each instrument for what it requires.","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Calabria AI law (Regional Law 4/2026). Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Consiglio regionale della Calabria: Legge regionale n. 4/2026","publisher":"Consiglio regionale della Calabria","url":"https://www.consiglioregionale.calabria.it/bdf/api/BDF?numero=4&anno=2026","document_date":"2026-02-02","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["italy"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/it-calabria","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.consiglioregionale.calabria.it/bdf/api/BDF?numero=4&anno=2026","source_title":"Consiglio regionale della Calabria: Legge regionale n. 4/2026","source_publisher":"Consiglio regionale della Calabria","source_document_date":"2026-02-02","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-10-15","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the October 2026 sub-national research round. Recorded on 15 October 2026 from search-engine extracts of the official pages listed; the official text could not be opened from the research environment, so every date and duty here is pending review against it.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"us-california","name":"California (United States)","short_name":"California","iso_code":"US-CA","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Americas","subregion":"Northern America","overview":"California regulates AI through a set of targeted statutes and privacy rules rather than one AI act. Senate Bill 53, the Transparency in Frontier Artificial Intelligence Act signed in September 2025, requires large frontier-model developers to publish safety frameworks and report critical safety incidents. The California Privacy Protection Agency has adopted regulations on automated decision-making technology under the CCPA, and earlier laws cover AI-generated content disclosure, training-data transparency (AB 2013) and AI in healthcare communications.\n","regulatory_status_summary":"Several binding statutes in force or with 2026 effective dates; SB 53 operative from 1 January 2026. The state's privacy regulator also enforces automated-decision-making rules. A reviewer must confirm current effective dates and any federal pre-emption disputes.\n","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: SB 53 (frontier models), AB 2013 (training-data transparency), CCPA and CPPA regulations on automated decision-making technology, and sector laws. Guidance: Attorney General advisories on AI and existing law.\n","current_priorities":"Frontier-model safety transparency, automated decision-making rules under the CCPA, and AI-generated content provenance.","regulators":[{"name":"California Privacy Protection Agency","url":"https://cppa.ca.gov/","role":"CCPA and automated decision-making regulations"},{"name":"California Attorney General","url":"https://oag.ca.gov/","role":"Enforcement of SB 53 and consumer law"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"SB 53 Transparency in Frontier Artificial Intelligence Act","publisher":"California Legislative Information","url":"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260SB53","document_date":"2025-09-29","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["us","us-colorado","eu"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/us-california","source":{"official_source_url":"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260SB53","source_title":"SB 53 Transparency in Frontier Artificial Intelligence Act","source_publisher":"California Legislative Information","source_document_date":"2025-09-29","source_reference":"California Business and Professions Code, Chapter 25.1","source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Initial structured record.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"cambodia","name":"Cambodia","short_name":"Cambodia","iso_code":"KH","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"South-East Asia","overview":"Cambodia's Ministry of Post and Telecommunications and the Ministry of Industry, Science, Technology and Innovation have prepared a national AI strategy and AI ethics guidance (2024–2025) with UNESCO and ASEAN support; no AI-specific law exists and the ASEAN guides apply as regional reference.","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI strategy in preparation; ASEAN guides as reference; no AI-specific law.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI strategy (in preparation).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Post and Telecommunications","url":"https://www.mptc.gov.kh/","role":"Digital policy lead"},{"name":"Ministry of Industry, Science, Technology and Innovation (MISTI)","url":"https://www.misti.gov.kh/","role":"Science and technology policy"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Post and Telecommunications","publisher":"Government of Cambodia","url":"https://www.mptc.gov.kh/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["thailand","vietnam","asean"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/cambodia","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.mptc.gov.kh/","source_title":"Ministry of Post and Telecommunications","source_publisher":"Government of Cambodia","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"cameroon","name":"Cameroon","short_name":"Cameroon","iso_code":"CM","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Middle Africa","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Services du Premier Ministre","url":"https://www.spm.gov.cm/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Services du Premier Ministre","publisher":"Government of Cameroon","url":"https://www.spm.gov.cm/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","nigeria"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/cameroon","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.spm.gov.cm/","source_title":"Services du Premier Ministre","source_publisher":"Government of Cameroon","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"canada","name":"Canada","short_name":"Canada","iso_code":"CA","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Northern America","overview":"The Pan-Canadian AI Strategy is Canada's national AI strategy, first funded in Budget 2017 with $125 million and delivered largely through CIFAR and three national AI institutes. The Artificial Intelligence and Data Act (AIDA) was proposed as Part 3 of Bill C-27 and would have required organisations designing, developing or deploying high-impact AI systems to assess and mitigate risks of harm and bias, keep records and publish information, with enforcement by an AI and Data Commissioner and penalties for serious offences. This voluntary code asks Canadian developers and managers of advanced generative AI systems to commit to measures under six principles: accountability, safety, fairness and equity, transparency, human oversight and monitoring, and validity and robustness.","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: Pan-Canadian Artificial Intelligence Strategy (2017, strategy, adopted); Artificial Intelligence and Data Act (2022, bill, archived); Voluntary Code of Conduct on the Responsible Development and Management of Advanced Generative AI Systems (2023, guidance). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Pan-Canadian Artificial Intelligence Strategy, Artificial Intelligence and Data Act, Voluntary Code of Conduct on the Responsible Development and Management of Advanced Generative AI Systems.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Pan-Canadian Artificial Intelligence Strategy","publisher":"Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada","url":"https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/ai-strategy/en","document_date":"2017-03-22","document_type":"strategy","tier":1},{"title":"Artificial Intelligence and Data Act (Part 3 of Bill C-27, Digital Charter Implementation Act, 2022)","publisher":"Parliament of Canada (LEGISinfo)","url":"https://www.parl.ca/legisinfo/en/bill/44-1/c-27","document_date":"2022-06-16","document_type":"legislation","tier":1},{"title":"Voluntary Code of Conduct on the Responsible Development and Management of Advanced Generative AI Systems","publisher":"Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada","url":"https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/ised/en/voluntary-code-conduct-responsible-development-and-management-advanced-generative-ai-systems","document_date":"2023-09-27","document_type":"guidance","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":[],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/ai-regulation-canada","source":{"official_source_url":"https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/ai-strategy/en","source_title":"Pan-Canadian Artificial Intelligence Strategy","source_publisher":"Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada","source_document_date":"2017-03-22","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Generated from the source-backed legacy dataset; overview composed from the listed instruments. Reviewer to add regulators and refine.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"es-catalonia","name":"Catalonia (Spain)","short_name":"Catalonia","iso_code":"ES-CT","jurisdiction_type":"region","region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","overview":"Catalonia is recorded here for its own AI instruments, which apply within its territory alongside Spain's national rules. On record: Catalonia AI Strategy 2030. This page was added in the October 2026 sub-national research round; see each instrument for what it requires.","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Catalonia AI Strategy 2030.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Portal Jurídic de Catalunya: Estratègia Catalunya IA 2030 (DOGC)","publisher":"Generalitat de Catalunya","url":"https://portaljuridic.gencat.cat/ca/detalls/noticia/estrategia_catalunya_ia_2030_dogc","document_date":"2025-11-13","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["spain"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/es-catalonia","source":{"official_source_url":"https://portaljuridic.gencat.cat/ca/detalls/noticia/estrategia_catalunya_ia_2030_dogc","source_title":"Portal Jurídic de Catalunya: Estratègia Catalunya IA 2030 (DOGC)","source_publisher":"Generalitat de Catalunya","source_document_date":"2025-11-13","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-10-15","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the October 2026 sub-national research round. Recorded on 15 October 2026 from search-engine extracts of the official pages listed; the official text could not be opened from the research environment, so every date and duty here is pending review against it.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"central-african-republic","name":"Central African Republic","short_name":"Central African Republic","iso_code":"CF","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Middle Africa","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/central-african-republic","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"chad","name":"Chad","short_name":"Chad","iso_code":"TD","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Middle Africa","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/chad","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"chile","name":"Chile","short_name":"Chile","iso_code":"CL","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"South America","overview":"Chile updated its 2021 National AI Policy in 2024, keeping the ten-year horizon to 2031 but reorienting it around ethics, governance and inclusion after a participatory process across the country's regions. Introduced by presidential message in May 2024 and merged with an earlier parliamentary motion (Boletín 15869-19), the bill classifies AI system uses into unacceptable, high, limited and no-evident-risk categories, prohibits certain practices, and sets obligations, incident reporting and sanctions.","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: Política Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial (2024, strategy, adopted); Proyecto de ley que regula los sistemas de inteligencia artificial, Boletín 16821-19 (2024, bill, proposed). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Política Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial, Proyecto de ley que regula los sistemas de inteligencia artificial, Boletín 16821-19.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Política Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial – Actualización 2024 y Plan de Acción (National Artificial Intelligence Policy – 2024 Update and Action Plan)","publisher":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología, Conocimiento e Innovación","url":"https://www.minciencia.gob.cl/areas/inteligencia-artificial/Inteligencia-Artificial/","document_date":"2024-05-02","document_type":"strategy","tier":1},{"title":"Proyecto de ley que regula los sistemas de inteligencia artificial, Boletín 16821-19 (Bill regulating artificial intelligence systems, Bulletin 16821-19)","publisher":"Senado de la República de Chile","url":"https://www.senado.cl/comunicaciones/noticias/proyecto-que-regula-sistemas-de-inteligencia-artificial-sera-estudiado-por","document_date":"2024-05-07","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":[],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/chile","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.minciencia.gob.cl/areas/inteligencia-artificial/Inteligencia-Artificial/","source_title":"Política Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial – Actualización 2024 y Plan de Acción (National Artificial Intelligence Policy – 2024 Update and Action Plan)","source_publisher":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología, Conocimiento e Innovación","source_document_date":"2024-05-02","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Generated from the source-backed legacy dataset; overview composed from the listed instruments. Reviewer to add regulators and refine.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"china","name":"China","short_name":"China","iso_code":"CN","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Eastern Asia","overview":"These measures govern generative AI services offered to the public in China, whether producing text, images, audio or video. These measures require providers of AI generation and synthesis services to attach explicit labels (visible text, audio or graphic notices) and implicit labels (embedded metadata) to generated text, images, audio, video and virtual scenes. This State Council policy document (Guofa [2025] No.","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: Interim Measures for the Management of Generative Artificial Intelligence Services (2023, regulation, in force); Measures for Labeling Artificial Intelligence-Generated and Synthetic Content (2025, regulation, in force); Opinions of the State Council on Deepening the Implementation of the 'AI Plus' Action (2025, strategy, adopted). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Interim Measures for the Management of Generative Artificial Intelligence Services, Measures for Labeling Artificial Intelligence-Generated and Synthetic Content. Strategy or guidance: Opinions of the State Council on Deepening the Implementation of the 'AI Plus' Action.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Interim Measures for the Management of Generative Artificial Intelligence Services","publisher":"Cyberspace Administration of China","url":"https://www.cac.gov.cn/2023-07/13/c_1690898327029107.htm","document_date":"2023-07-13","document_type":"legislation","tier":1},{"title":"Measures for Labeling Artificial Intelligence-Generated and Synthetic Content","publisher":"Cyberspace Administration of China","url":"https://www.cac.gov.cn/2025-03/14/c_1743654684782215.htm","document_date":"2025-03-14","document_type":"legislation","tier":1},{"title":"Opinions of the State Council on Deepening the Implementation of the 'AI Plus' Action","publisher":"Central People's Government of the PRC (gov.cn)","url":"https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/202508/content_7037861.htm","document_date":"2025-08-26","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":[],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/china","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.cac.gov.cn/2023-07/13/c_1690898327029107.htm","source_title":"Interim Measures for the Management of Generative Artificial Intelligence Services","source_publisher":"Cyberspace Administration of China","source_document_date":"2023-07-13","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Generated from the source-backed legacy dataset; overview composed from the listed instruments. Reviewer to add regulators and refine.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"colombia","name":"Colombia","short_name":"Colombia","iso_code":"CO","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"South America","overview":"CONPES 4144, approved on 14 February 2025, is Colombia's national AI policy and roadmap through 2030.","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: Documento CONPES 4144 (2025, strategy, adopted). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Documento CONPES 4144.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Documento CONPES 4144 – Política Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial (CONPES Document 4144 – National Artificial Intelligence Policy)","publisher":"Ministerio de Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones (normograma) – DNP document","url":"https://normograma.mintic.gov.co/mintic/compilacion/docs/CONPES_DNP_4144_2025.htm","document_date":"2025-02-14","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":[],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/colombia","source":{"official_source_url":"https://normograma.mintic.gov.co/mintic/compilacion/docs/CONPES_DNP_4144_2025.htm","source_title":"Documento CONPES 4144 – Política Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial (CONPES Document 4144 – National Artificial Intelligence Policy)","source_publisher":"Ministerio de Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones (normograma) – DNP document","source_document_date":"2025-02-14","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Generated from the source-backed legacy dataset; overview composed from the listed instruments. Reviewer to add regulators and refine.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"us-colorado","name":"Colorado (United States)","short_name":"Colorado","iso_code":"US-CO","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Americas","subregion":"Northern America","overview":"Colorado enacted the first comprehensive US state law on algorithmic discrimination, Senate Bill 24-205 (the Colorado Artificial Intelligence Act), signed on 17 May 2024. It imposes a duty of reasonable care on developers and deployers of \"high-risk\" AI systems that make or substantially influence consequential decisions in areas such as employment, lending, housing, education, healthcare, insurance and government services. Its effective date was postponed by a 2025 special-session bill and, before it arrived, SB 26-189 (signed 14 May 2026) repealed and re-enacted the framework as a narrower automated-decision-making-technology law applying from 1 January 2027.\n","regulatory_status_summary":"SB 24-205 was repealed and replaced by SB 26-189 on 14 May 2026, before its delayed 30 June 2026 effective date. The replacement law, built around automated decision-making technology in consequential decisions, applies from 1 January 2027 and is enforced by the Colorado Attorney General. Recorded from secondary reporting on 26 September 2026, pending review against the enrolled bill.\n","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: SB 24-205 as amended. The Attorney General may adopt rules; none were confirmed at the last check.\n","current_priorities":"Implementation guidance, rulemaking authority of the Attorney General, and possible amendments.","regulators":[{"name":"Colorado Attorney General","url":"https://coag.gov/","role":"Exclusive enforcement authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"SB24-205 Consumer Protections for Artificial Intelligence","publisher":"Colorado General Assembly","url":"https://leg.colorado.gov/bills/sb24-205","document_date":"2024-05-17","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["us","us-california","eu"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/us-colorado","source":{"official_source_url":"https://leg.colorado.gov/bills/sb24-205","source_title":"SB24-205 Consumer Protections for Artificial Intelligence","source_publisher":"Colorado General Assembly","source_document_date":"2024-05-17","source_reference":"Colorado Revised Statutes 6-1-1701 et seq.","source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":2,"change_summary":"SB 26-189 repeal and replacement recorded from secondary reporting; pending review.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"comoros","name":"Comoros","short_name":"Comoros","iso_code":"KM","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/comoros","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"congo-democratic-republic","name":"Congo (Democratic Republic)","short_name":"Congo (Democratic Republic)","iso_code":"CD","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Middle Africa","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Primature de la RDC","url":"https://www.primature.gouv.cd/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Primature de la RDC","publisher":"Government of Congo (Democratic Republic)","url":"https://www.primature.gouv.cd/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","rwanda"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/congo-democratic-republic","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.primature.gouv.cd/","source_title":"Primature de la RDC","source_publisher":"Government of Congo (Democratic Republic)","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"congo-republic","name":"Congo (Republic)","short_name":"Congo (Republic)","iso_code":"CG","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Middle Africa","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/congo-republic","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"us-connecticut","name":"Connecticut (United States)","short_name":"Connecticut","iso_code":"US-CT","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Americas","subregion":"Northern America","overview":"Connecticut is recorded here for its own AI instruments, which apply within its territory alongside US's national rules. On record: Connecticut online safety and frontier AI law (SB 5). This page was added in the October 2026 sub-national research round; see each instrument for what it requires.","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Connecticut online safety and frontier AI law (SB 5). Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Public Act 26-15 (SB 5)","publisher":"Connecticut General Assembly","url":"https://www.cga.ct.gov/2026/act/Pa/pdf/2026PA-00015-R00SB-00005-PA.PDF","document_date":"2026-05-27","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["us"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/us-connecticut","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.cga.ct.gov/2026/act/Pa/pdf/2026PA-00015-R00SB-00005-PA.PDF","source_title":"Public Act 26-15 (SB 5)","source_publisher":"Connecticut General Assembly","source_document_date":"2026-05-27","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-10-15","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the October 2026 sub-national research round. Recorded on 15 October 2026 from search-engine extracts of the official pages listed; the official text could not be opened from the research environment, so every date and duty here is pending review against it.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"costa-rica","name":"Costa Rica","short_name":"Costa Rica","iso_code":"CR","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Central America","overview":"Costa Rica launched its National Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2024–2027 in October 2024 through the Ministry of Science, Innovation, Technology and Telecommunications (MICITT), built on the UNESCO readiness assessment and OECD principles, and a draft AI regulation bill (Expediente 23.771) is before the Legislative Assembly. Costa Rica was the first Central American country to complete UNESCO's Readiness Assessment Methodology.","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI strategy 2024–2027 adopted; AI bill under consideration in the Legislative Assembly.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI Strategy 2024–2027.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación, Tecnología y Telecomunicaciones (MICITT)","url":"https://www.micitt.go.cr/","role":"AI strategy lead"},{"name":"Agencia de Protección de Datos de los Habitantes (PRODHAB)","url":"https://www.prodhab.go.cr/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Estrategia Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial 2024–2027","publisher":"MICITT","url":"https://www.micitt.go.cr/","document_date":"2024-10-01","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["mexico","colombia","chile"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/costa-rica","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.micitt.go.cr/","source_title":"Estrategia Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial 2024–2027","source_publisher":"MICITT","source_document_date":"2024-10-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"council-of-europe","name":"Council of Europe","short_name":"CoE","iso_code":null,"jurisdiction_type":"supranational","region":"Europe","subregion":"Continental","overview":"The Council of Europe adopted the first legally binding international treaty on AI, the Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law (CETS No. 225), on 17 May 2024; it opened for signature in Vilnius on 5 September 2024 and has been signed by the EU, the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Japan, Israel and others. It requires parties to adopt measures so that AI activities are consistent with human rights, democracy and the rule of law, using a risk- and impact-based approach, and is supplemented by the HUDERIA risk and impact assessment methodology (2024).","regulatory_status_summary":"Framework Convention adopted and open for signature; entry into force depends on ratifications; HUDERIA methodology adopted.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Framework Convention on AI (CETS 225). Strategy or guidance: HUDERIA risk and impact assessment methodology.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Council of Europe Committee on Artificial Intelligence (CAI)","url":"https://www.coe.int/en/web/artificial-intelligence/cai","role":"Negotiated the Convention and follow-up instruments"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law (CETS No. 225)","publisher":"Council of Europe","url":"https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list?module=treaty-detail&treatynum=225","document_date":"2024-05-17","document_type":"legislation","tier":1},{"title":"The Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence","publisher":"Council of Europe","url":"https://www.coe.int/en/web/artificial-intelligence/the-framework-convention-on-artificial-intelligence","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","uk","switzerland","us","canada","japan"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/council-of-europe","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list?module=treaty-detail&treatynum=225","source_title":"Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law (CETS No. 225)","source_publisher":"Council of Europe","source_document_date":"2024-05-17","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"croatia","name":"Croatia","short_name":"Croatia","iso_code":"HR","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","overview":"Croatia applies the EU AI Act; the Central State Office for the Development of the Digital Society prepared a National Plan for the Development of AI, and the Croatian Personal Data Protection Agency (AZOP) is the data-protection authority. AI Act authority designation is in progress.","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; national AI plan in preparation/adopted; authority designation in progress.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National Plan for the Development of AI.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Središnji državni ured za razvoj digitalnog društva","url":"https://rdd.gov.hr/","role":"Digital society and AI policy"},{"name":"Agencija za zaštitu osobnih podataka (AZOP)","url":"https://azop.hr/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Central State Office for the Development of the Digital Society","publisher":"Government of Croatia","url":"https://rdd.gov.hr/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","slovenia","serbia"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/croatia","source":{"official_source_url":"https://rdd.gov.hr/","source_title":"Central State Office for the Development of the Digital Society","source_publisher":"Government of Croatia","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"cuba","name":"Cuba","short_name":"Cuba","iso_code":"CU","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Caribbean","overview":"Cuba adopted a national strategy for the development and use of artificial intelligence and, in 2024, a Ministry of Communications resolution on AI ethics and use in the public sector; implementation is led by the Ministry of Communications and the University of Informatics Sciences.","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI strategy and ministerial resolution (2024) as policy.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI strategy (2024).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministerio de Comunicaciones","url":"https://www.mincom.gob.cu/","role":"AI strategy and regulation lead"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministerio de Comunicaciones de Cuba","publisher":"Government of Cuba","url":"https://www.mincom.gob.cu/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["mexico"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/cuba","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.mincom.gob.cu/","source_title":"Ministerio de Comunicaciones de Cuba","source_publisher":"Government of Cuba","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"cyprus","name":"Cyprus","short_name":"Cyprus","iso_code":"CY","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","overview":"Cyprus applies the EU AI Act and adopted a National AI Strategy in 2020, updated with an AI action plan in 2024 under the Deputy Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digital Policy; the Commissioner for Personal Data Protection is the data-protection authority.","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; national AI strategy (2020) and action plan (2024) as policy.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI Strategy (2020, action plan 2024).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Deputy Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digital Policy","url":"https://www.dmrid.gov.cy/","role":"AI strategy lead"},{"name":"Commissioner for Personal Data Protection","url":"https://www.dataprotection.gov.cy/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"National Artificial Intelligence Strategy","publisher":"Deputy Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digital Policy","url":"https://www.dmrid.gov.cy/","document_date":"2020-01-01","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","greece"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/cyprus","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.dmrid.gov.cy/","source_title":"National Artificial Intelligence Strategy","source_publisher":"Deputy Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digital Policy","source_document_date":"2020-01-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"czechia","name":"Czechia","short_name":"Czechia","iso_code":"CZ","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Eastern Europe","overview":"Czechia applies the EU AI Act, has adopted a National AI Strategy 2030 (July 2024) replacing the 2019 strategy, and has proposed the Czech Telecommunication Office (ČTÚ) as the AI Act market-surveillance authority with the Office for Personal Data Protection and sector bodies in their fields.","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; National AI Strategy 2030 (2024); authority designation in progress.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI Strategy 2030.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministerstvo průmyslu a obchodu (Ministry of Industry and Trade)","url":"https://www.mpo.gov.cz/","role":"Lead ministry for the national AI strategy and AI Act implementation"},{"name":"Český telekomunikační úřad (ČTÚ)","url":"https://www.ctu.cz/","role":"Proposed market-surveillance authority for the AI Act"},{"name":"Úřad pro ochranu osobních údajů (ÚOOÚ)","url":"https://uoou.gov.cz/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Národní strategie umělé inteligence České republiky 2030","publisher":"Ministry of Industry and Trade","url":"https://www.mpo.gov.cz/","document_date":"2024-07-24","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","poland","slovakia","austria"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/czechia","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.mpo.gov.cz/","source_title":"Národní strategie umělé inteligence České republiky 2030","source_publisher":"Ministry of Industry and Trade","source_document_date":"2024-07-24","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"cote-d-ivoire","name":"Côte d'Ivoire","short_name":"Côte d'Ivoire","iso_code":"CI","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","overview":"Côte d'Ivoire adopted a National Artificial Intelligence Strategy and a data-governance strategy in 2025 through the Ministry of Digital Transition and Digitalisation, with priorities on public services, agriculture, health, talent and ethics; Law 2013-450 on personal data and ARTCI apply.","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI strategy (2025) as policy; data-protection law applies; no AI-specific law.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI Strategy (2025).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministère de la Transition Numérique et de la Digitalisation","url":"https://numerique.gouv.ci/","role":"AI strategy lead"},{"name":"Autorité de Régulation des Télécommunications/TIC de Côte d'Ivoire (ARTCI)","url":"https://www.artci.ci/","role":"Telecoms and data-protection regulator"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministère de la Transition Numérique et de la Digitalisation","publisher":"Government of Côte d'Ivoire","url":"https://numerique.gouv.ci/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","ghana","senegal"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/cote-d-ivoire","source":{"official_source_url":"https://numerique.gouv.ci/","source_title":"Ministère de la Transition Numérique et de la Digitalisation","source_publisher":"Government of Côte d'Ivoire","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"denmark","name":"Denmark","short_name":"Denmark","iso_code":"DK","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Northern Europe","overview":"Denmark applies the EU AI Act and has designated the Agency for Digital Government (Digitaliseringsstyrelsen) as the coordinating national authority, with the Danish Data Protection Agency and sector supervisors competent in their fields. A 2019 national AI strategy, a 2024 digitalisation strategy and public-sector \"signature projects\" on AI in health and administration shape practice; Denmark also participates in the Nordic-Baltic AI cooperation.","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; coordinating authority designated; national AI strategy (2019) and digital strategy as policy.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (2019).","current_priorities":"AI Act supervision set-up, public-sector AI signature projects, health data and AI in welfare services.","regulators":[{"name":"Digitaliseringsstyrelsen (Agency for Digital Government)","url":"https://en.digst.dk/","role":"Coordinating national authority for the AI Act; runs public-sector AI programmes"},{"name":"Datatilsynet","url":"https://www.datatilsynet.dk/english","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Agency for Digital Government","publisher":"Digitaliseringsstyrelsen","url":"https://en.digst.dk/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","sweden","norway"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/denmark","source":{"official_source_url":"https://en.digst.dk/","source_title":"Agency for Digital Government","source_publisher":"Digitaliseringsstyrelsen","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"djibouti","name":"Djibouti","short_name":"Djibouti","iso_code":"DJ","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Présidence de Djibouti","url":"https://www.presidence.dj/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Présidence de Djibouti","publisher":"Government of Djibouti","url":"https://www.presidence.dj/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","ethiopia"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/djibouti","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.presidence.dj/","source_title":"Présidence de Djibouti","source_publisher":"Government of Djibouti","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"dominica","name":"Dominica","short_name":"Dominica","iso_code":"DM","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Caribbean","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Government of Dominica","url":"https://dominica.gov.dm/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Dominica","publisher":"Government of Dominica","url":"https://dominica.gov.dm/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["barbados"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/dominica","source":{"official_source_url":"https://dominica.gov.dm/","source_title":"Government of Dominica","source_publisher":"Government of Dominica","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"dominican-republic","name":"Dominican Republic","short_name":"Dominican Republic","iso_code":"DO","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Caribbean","overview":"The Dominican Republic adopted a National Artificial Intelligence Strategy (ENIA) in 2023 through the Government Office of Information and Communication Technologies (OGTIC), positioning the country as a regional AI hub with priorities in public services, talent and ethics, and joined the Latin American AI index and UNESCO readiness processes.","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI strategy (2023) as policy; no AI-specific law.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI Strategy (ENIA).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Oficina Gubernamental de Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación (OGTIC)","url":"https://ogtic.gob.do/","role":"AI strategy lead"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Estrategia Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial de la República Dominicana","publisher":"OGTIC","url":"https://ogtic.gob.do/","document_date":"2023-10-01","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["costa-rica","colombia"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/dominican-republic","source":{"official_source_url":"https://ogtic.gob.do/","source_title":"Estrategia Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial de la República Dominicana","source_publisher":"OGTIC","source_document_date":"2023-10-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"ae-dubai","name":"Dubai (United Arab Emirates)","short_name":"Dubai","iso_code":"AE-DU","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Asia","subregion":"Western Asia","overview":"Dubai is recorded here for its own AI instruments, which apply within its territory alongside UAE's national rules. On record: DIFC Regulation 10 (AI and personal data); Dubai Universal Blueprint for AI. This page was added in the October 2026 sub-national research round; see each instrument for what it requires.","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: DIFC Regulation 10 (AI and personal data). Strategy or guidance: Dubai Universal Blueprint for AI.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Regulation 10","publisher":"DIFC Commissioner of Data Protection","url":"https://www.difc.com/business/registrars-and-commissioners/commissioner-of-data-protection/regulation-10","document_date":"2023-09-01","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["uae"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/ae-dubai","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.difc.com/business/registrars-and-commissioners/commissioner-of-data-protection/regulation-10","source_title":"Regulation 10","source_publisher":"DIFC Commissioner of Data Protection","source_document_date":"2023-09-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-10-15","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the October 2026 sub-national research round. Recorded on 15 October 2026 from search-engine extracts of the official pages listed; the official text could not be opened from the research environment, so every date and duty here is pending review against it.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"ecuador","name":"Ecuador","short_name":"Ecuador","iso_code":"EC","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"South America","overview":"Ecuador's National Assembly has been considering an Organic Law for the Regulation and Promotion of Artificial Intelligence (introduced 2024) that would set a risk-based framework, and the Ministry of Telecommunications published an AI policy framework in 2025; the Personal Data Protection Law (2021) and its Superintendency apply to AI processing personal data.","regulatory_status_summary":"AI bill under consideration; data-protection law applies; national AI policy in development.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Draft Organic Law on AI. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministerio de Telecomunicaciones y de la Sociedad de la Información (MINTEL)","url":"https://www.telecomunicaciones.gob.ec/","role":"Digital and AI policy lead"},{"name":"Superintendencia de Protección de Datos Personales","url":"https://www.spdp.gob.ec/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Asamblea Nacional del Ecuador","publisher":"Asamblea Nacional","url":"https://www.asambleanacional.gob.ec/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["colombia","peru","chile"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/ecuador","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.asambleanacional.gob.ec/","source_title":"Asamblea Nacional del Ecuador","source_publisher":"Asamblea Nacional","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"egypt","name":"Egypt","short_name":"Egypt","iso_code":"EG","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Northern Africa","overview":"Egypt's first national AI strategy framed AI as a tool for the country's sustainable development goals and for positioning Egypt as an active contributor to AI in Africa and the Arab region. The second edition updates Egypt's 2021 strategy for 2025-2030 around six pillars: governance, data, infrastructure, technology, talent and ecosystem.","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: Egypt National Artificial Intelligence Strategy (2021, strategy, adopted); National AI Strategy (2025, strategy, adopted). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Egypt National Artificial Intelligence Strategy, National AI Strategy.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Egypt National Artificial Intelligence Strategy","publisher":"Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, Egypt","url":"https://mcit.gov.eg/en/Publication/Publication_Summary/9283","document_date":"2021-07-01","document_type":"strategy","tier":1},{"title":"National AI Strategy - Second Edition 2025-2030","publisher":"Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, Egypt","url":"https://mcit.gov.eg/en/Publication/Publication_Summary/10550","document_date":"2025-01-01","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":[],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/ai-regulation-egypt","source":{"official_source_url":"https://mcit.gov.eg/en/Publication/Publication_Summary/9283","source_title":"Egypt National Artificial Intelligence Strategy","source_publisher":"Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, Egypt","source_document_date":"2021-07-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Generated from the source-backed legacy dataset; overview composed from the listed instruments. Reviewer to add regulators and refine.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"el-salvador","name":"El Salvador","short_name":"El Salvador","iso_code":"SV","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Central America","overview":"El Salvador enacted a Law for the Promotion of Artificial Intelligence and Emerging Technologies in February 2025, one of the first AI-specific laws in Latin America, creating an Agency for AI (ANIA) and liability safe harbours for developers acting in good faith. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"El Salvador enacted a Law for the Promotion of Artificial Intelligence and Emerging Technologies in February 2025, one of the first AI-specific laws in Latin America, creating an Agency for AI (ANIA) and liability safe harbours for developers acting in good faith. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Law for the Promotion of AI and Emerging Technologies. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Asamblea Legislativa","url":"https://www.asamblea.gob.sv/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Asamblea Legislativa","publisher":"Government of El Salvador","url":"https://www.asamblea.gob.sv/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["guatemala","honduras","costa-rica"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/el-salvador","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.asamblea.gob.sv/","source_title":"Asamblea Legislativa","source_publisher":"Government of El Salvador","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"equatorial-guinea","name":"Equatorial Guinea","short_name":"Equatorial Guinea","iso_code":"GQ","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Middle Africa","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/equatorial-guinea","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"eritrea","name":"Eritrea","short_name":"Eritrea","iso_code":"ER","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/eritrea","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"estonia","name":"Estonia","short_name":"Estonia","iso_code":"EE","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Northern Europe","overview":"Estonia applies the EU AI Act and pursues AI through its \"kratt\" programme: successive national AI strategies (2019–2021, 2022–2023, 2024–2026) focused on AI in public services, the Bürokratt virtual-assistant network and open-source components, with the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Communications and the Information System Authority (RIA) leading. Estonia has proposed the Consumer Protection and Technical Regulatory Authority (TTJA) as AI Act market-surveillance authority.","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; national AI strategy 2024–2026 as policy; authority designation in progress.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI strategy 2024–2026.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Majandus- ja Kommunikatsiooniministeerium (Ministry of Economic Affairs and Communications)","url":"https://www.mkm.ee/en","role":"AI strategy lead"},{"name":"Tarbijakaitse ja Tehnilise Järelevalve Amet (TTJA)","url":"https://www.ttja.ee/en","role":"Proposed market-surveillance authority for the AI Act"},{"name":"Andmekaitse Inspektsioon","url":"https://www.aki.ee/en","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Estonia's national AI strategy (kratid)","publisher":"Ministry of Economic Affairs and Communications","url":"https://www.kratid.ee/en","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","finland","latvia","lithuania"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/estonia","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.kratid.ee/en","source_title":"Estonia's national AI strategy (kratid)","source_publisher":"Ministry of Economic Affairs and Communications","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"eswatini","name":"Eswatini","short_name":"Eswatini","iso_code":"SZ","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Southern Africa","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Government of Eswatini","url":"https://www.gov.sz/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Eswatini","publisher":"Government of Eswatini","url":"https://www.gov.sz/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","south-africa"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/eswatini","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.sz/","source_title":"Government of Eswatini","source_publisher":"Government of Eswatini","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"ethiopia","name":"Ethiopia","short_name":"Ethiopia","iso_code":"ET","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","overview":"Ethiopia approved a National Artificial Intelligence Policy in 2024, implemented by the Ethiopian Artificial Intelligence Institute (established 2020), covering AI in agriculture, health, security and public services, talent, data and ethics; the Personal Data Protection Proclamation (2024) applies.","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI policy (2024) as policy; AI Institute leads; data-protection law applies.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI Policy (2024).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ethiopian Artificial Intelligence Institute","url":"https://www.aii.et/","role":"National AI research and policy implementation body"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ethiopian Artificial Intelligence Institute","publisher":"Government of Ethiopia","url":"https://www.aii.et/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","kenya","rwanda"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/ethiopia","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.aii.et/","source_title":"Ethiopian Artificial Intelligence Institute","source_publisher":"Government of Ethiopia","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"eu","name":"European Union","short_name":"EU","iso_code":"EU","jurisdiction_type":"supranational","region":"Europe","subregion":null,"overview":"The European Union has the world's first comprehensive, binding, cross-sector AI law: Regulation (EU) 2024/1689, the Artificial Intelligence Act. It entered into force on 1 August 2024 and applies in phases between February 2025 and August 2027. The AI Act sits alongside the GDPR, product-safety law, the Digital Services Act and sector rules, all of which continue to apply to AI systems. The European Commission's AI Office supervises general-purpose AI models, while national market-surveillance authorities supervise most other obligations.\n","regulatory_status_summary":"Binding regulation in force and partially applicable. Prohibited practices and AI-literacy duties apply since 2 February 2025; general-purpose AI model obligations and the governance and penalties chapters since 2 August 2025; most remaining obligations, including Annex III high-risk requirements, are scheduled from 2 August 2026, with high-risk AI embedded in Annex I regulated products from 2 August 2027. A Commission \"Digital Omnibus\" proposal published in November 2025 would adjust some high-risk application dates; its adoption status must be checked against the official sources linked below.\n","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: the AI Act, the GDPR, the Product Liability Directive (as revised in 2024), and sector legislation. Non-binding but official: Commission guidelines on prohibited practices and on general-purpose AI, the General-Purpose AI Code of Practice, and harmonised standards being drafted by CEN-CENELEC JTC 21.\n","current_priorities":"Harmonised standards for high-risk AI, guidance on high-risk classification, the AI Office's supervision of general-purpose models, designation of national competent authorities and notified bodies, regulatory sandboxes in every Member State, and the legislative debate on the Digital Omnibus timing adjustments.\n","regulators":[{"name":"European Commission AI Office","url":"https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/ai-office","role":"Supervises general-purpose AI models and coordinates implementation"},{"name":"European Artificial Intelligence Board","url":"https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai","role":"Coordination body of Member State authorities"},{"name":"European Data Protection Board","url":"https://www.edpb.europa.eu/","role":"GDPR coordination; AI and data-protection guidance"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (Artificial Intelligence Act) — Official Journal","publisher":"Publications Office of the European Union","url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","document_date":"2024-07-12","document_type":"legislation","tier":1},{"title":"AI Act — European Commission policy page","publisher":"European Commission","url":"https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"European AI Office","publisher":"European Commission","url":"https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/ai-office","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["uk","us","india","singapore"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/eu","source":{"official_source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","source_title":"Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 of the European Parliament and of the Council (Artificial Intelligence Act)","source_publisher":"Official Journal of the European Union","source_document_date":"2024-07-12","source_reference":"OJ L, 2024/1689, 12.7.2024","source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Initial structured record.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"es-extremadura","name":"Extremadura (Spain)","short_name":"Extremadura","iso_code":"ES-EX","jurisdiction_type":"region","region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","overview":"Extremadura is recorded here for its own AI instruments, which apply within its territory alongside Spain's national rules. On record: Extremadura AI decree-law 2/2023. This page was added in the October 2026 sub-national research round; see each instrument for what it requires.","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Extremadura AI decree-law 2/2023. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Diario Oficial de Extremadura No. 48: Decreto-ley 2/2023","publisher":"Junta de Extremadura","url":"https://doe.juntaex.es/pdfs/doe/2023/480o/23DE0002.pdf","document_date":"2023-03-10","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["spain"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/es-extremadura","source":{"official_source_url":"https://doe.juntaex.es/pdfs/doe/2023/480o/23DE0002.pdf","source_title":"Diario Oficial de Extremadura No. 48: Decreto-ley 2/2023","source_publisher":"Junta de Extremadura","source_document_date":"2023-03-10","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-10-15","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the October 2026 sub-national research round. Recorded on 15 October 2026 from search-engine extracts of the official pages listed; the official text could not be opened from the research environment, so every date and duty here is pending review against it.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"fiji","name":"Fiji","short_name":"Fiji","iso_code":"FJ","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Oceania","subregion":null,"overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Fijian Government","url":"https://www.fiji.gov.fj/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Fijian Government","publisher":"Government of Fiji","url":"https://www.fiji.gov.fj/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["australia","new-zealand"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/fiji","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.fiji.gov.fj/","source_title":"Fijian Government","source_publisher":"Government of Fiji","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"finland","name":"Finland","short_name":"Finland","iso_code":"FI","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Northern Europe","overview":"Finland was among the first countries with a national AI programme (\"Finland's Age of Artificial Intelligence\", 2017) and followed with the AI 4.0 programme for industry. It applies the EU AI Act; the government proposed the Finnish Transport and Communications Agency (Traficom) as the coordinating market-surveillance authority, with the Data Protection Ombudsman and sector authorities in their fields. The Finnish Center for Artificial Intelligence and the free \"Elements of AI\" course are internationally known public-education initiatives.","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; national implementing act proposed; AI programmes since 2017 as policy.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Finland's Age of Artificial Intelligence (2017).","current_priorities":"AI Act implementation act and Traficom set-up, industrial AI (AI 4.0), public-sector AI and data spaces.","regulators":[{"name":"Liikenne- ja viestintävirasto Traficom","url":"https://www.traficom.fi/en","role":"Proposed coordinating market-surveillance authority for the AI Act"},{"name":"Tietosuojavaltuutetun toimisto (Data Protection Ombudsman)","url":"https://tietosuoja.fi/en/home","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Finland's Age of Artificial Intelligence: turning Finland into a leading country in the application of AI","publisher":"Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment","url":"https://julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi/handle/10024/160391","document_date":"2017-10-23","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","sweden","estonia"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/finland","source":{"official_source_url":"https://julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi/handle/10024/160391","source_title":"Finland's Age of Artificial Intelligence: turning Finland into a leading country in the application of AI","source_publisher":"Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment","source_document_date":"2017-10-23","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"be-flanders","name":"Flanders (Belgium)","short_name":"Flanders","iso_code":"BE-VLG","jurisdiction_type":"region","region":"Europe","subregion":"Western Europe","overview":"Flanders is recorded here for its own AI instruments, which apply within its territory alongside Belgium's national rules. On record: Flanders AI policy plan. This page was added in the October 2026 sub-national research round; see each instrument for what it requires.","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Flanders AI policy plan.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"AI programme Flanders","publisher":"Department of Economy, Science and Innovation (Flanders)","url":"https://www.ewi-vlaanderen.be/onze-opdracht/excellerend-onderzoek/ai-voor-vlaanderen/ai-programma-vlaanderen","document_date":null,"document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["belgium"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/be-flanders","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.ewi-vlaanderen.be/onze-opdracht/excellerend-onderzoek/ai-voor-vlaanderen/ai-programma-vlaanderen","source_title":"AI programme Flanders","source_publisher":"Department of Economy, Science and Innovation (Flanders)","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-10-15","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the October 2026 sub-national research round. Recorded on 15 October 2026 from search-engine extracts of the official pages listed; the official text could not be opened from the research environment, so every date and duty here is pending review against it.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"france","name":"France","short_name":"France","iso_code":"FR","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Western Europe","overview":"France applies the EU AI Act and has built its national approach around a national AI strategy launched in 2018 (successive phases to 2025), strong involvement of the data-protection authority CNIL, which publishes practical how-to sheets on AI and data protection, and the AI Action Summit hosted in Paris in February 2025. France has proposed CNIL, the competition and consumer authority (DGCCRF) and ARCOM among its AI Act competent authorities.","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; national AI strategy (phases since 2018) as policy; CNIL AI guidance; competent-authority designation in progress.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI strategy; CNIL AI how-to sheets.","current_priorities":"AI Act authority designation, compute and sovereign model investment, public-sector AI use, CNIL guidance on training data and GDPR compliance.","regulators":[{"name":"Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés (CNIL)","url":"https://www.cnil.fr/en/ai-how-sheets","role":"Data-protection authority; publishes AI and GDPR guidance"},{"name":"Direction générale des Entreprises","url":"https://www.entreprises.gouv.fr/","role":"Ministry of the Economy directorate leading the national AI strategy"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"CNIL: AI how-to sheets","publisher":"CNIL","url":"https://www.cnil.fr/en/ai-how-sheets","document_type":"guidance","tier":1},{"title":"Stratégie nationale pour l'intelligence artificielle","publisher":"Ministère de l'Économie","url":"https://www.economie.gouv.fr/strategie-nationale-intelligence-artificielle","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","germany","uk"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/france","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.cnil.fr/en/ai-how-sheets","source_title":"CNIL: AI how-to sheets","source_publisher":"CNIL","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"gabon","name":"Gabon","short_name":"Gabon","iso_code":"GA","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Middle Africa","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Gouvernement du Gabon","url":"https://www.gouvernement.ga/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Gouvernement du Gabon","publisher":"Government of Gabon","url":"https://www.gouvernement.ga/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/gabon","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gouvernement.ga/","source_title":"Gouvernement du Gabon","source_publisher":"Government of Gabon","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"es-galicia","name":"Galicia (Spain)","short_name":"Galicia","iso_code":"ES-GA","jurisdiction_type":"region","region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","overview":"Galicia is recorded here for its own AI instruments, which apply within its territory alongside Spain's national rules. On record: Galicia AI law (Law 2/2025). This page was added in the October 2026 sub-national research round; see each instrument for what it requires.","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Galicia AI law (Law 2/2025). Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Diario Oficial de Galicia No. 66: Ley 2/2025","publisher":"Xunta de Galicia","url":"https://www.xunta.gal/dog/Publicados/2025/20250404/AnuncioC3B0-030425-0001_es.html","document_date":"2025-04-04","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["spain"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/es-galicia","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.xunta.gal/dog/Publicados/2025/20250404/AnuncioC3B0-030425-0001_es.html","source_title":"Diario Oficial de Galicia No. 66: Ley 2/2025","source_publisher":"Xunta de Galicia","source_document_date":"2025-04-04","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-10-15","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the October 2026 sub-national research round. Recorded on 15 October 2026 from search-engine extracts of the official pages listed; the official text could not be opened from the research environment, so every date and duty here is pending review against it.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"gambia","name":"Gambia","short_name":"Gambia","iso_code":"GM","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Government of The Gambia","url":"https://www.gov.gm/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of The Gambia","publisher":"Government of Gambia","url":"https://www.gov.gm/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","senegal"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/gambia","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.gm/","source_title":"Government of The Gambia","source_publisher":"Government of Gambia","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"georgia","name":"Georgia","short_name":"Georgia","iso_code":"GE","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Western Asia","overview":"Georgia signed the Council of Europe Framework Convention on AI (2024) and has drafted a national AI strategy; adoption not confirmed from an official source. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"Georgia signed the Council of Europe Framework Convention on AI (2024) and has drafted a national AI strategy; adoption not confirmed from an official source. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Government of Georgia","url":"https://www.gov.ge/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Georgia","publisher":"Government of Georgia","url":"https://www.gov.ge/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["armenia","azerbaijan","council-of-europe"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/georgia","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.ge/","source_title":"Government of Georgia","source_publisher":"Government of Georgia","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"germany","name":"Germany","short_name":"Germany","iso_code":"DE","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Western Europe","overview":"Germany applies the EU AI Act directly and is putting national implementation in place through a draft market-surveillance and innovation act that makes the Federal Network Agency (Bundesnetzagentur) the central market surveillance authority. The federal government has run a national AI strategy since 2018 (updated 2020) and the Federal Network Agency operates an AI service desk for companies. General law applies alongside: the Federal Data Protection Act, product safety, non-discrimination and works-council co-determination rules on algorithmic tools at work.","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; national implementing act (KI-Marktüberwachungs- und Innovationsförderungsgesetz) proposed; national AI strategy in force as policy.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: AI Act implementation act (KI-MIG, draft). Strategy or guidance: AI Strategy of the Federal Government.","current_priorities":"Adopting the AI Act implementation act, staffing the Bundesnetzagentur as coordinating market-surveillance authority, regulatory sandboxes and AI compute capacity.","regulators":[{"name":"Bundesnetzagentur (Federal Network Agency)","url":"https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/EN/Areas/Digital-Services/AI/start.html","role":"Designated coordinating market-surveillance authority for the AI Act; runs the KI-Service-Desk"},{"name":"Der Bundesbeauftragte für den Datenschutz und die Informationsfreiheit (BfDI)","url":"https://www.bfdi.bund.de/EN/Home/home_node.html","role":"Federal data-protection supervision"},{"name":"Bundesministerium für Digitales und Staatsmodernisierung","url":"https://www.bmds.bund.de/","role":"Lead ministry for AI Act implementation and digital policy"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Bundesnetzagentur: Artificial Intelligence","publisher":"Bundesnetzagentur","url":"https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/EN/Areas/Digital-Services/AI/start.html","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Strategie Künstliche Intelligenz der Bundesregierung","publisher":"Die Bundesregierung","url":"https://www.ki-strategie-deutschland.de/","document_date":"2020-12-01","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","france","austria"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/germany","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/EN/Areas/Digital-Services/AI/start.html","source_title":"Bundesnetzagentur: Artificial Intelligence","source_publisher":"Bundesnetzagentur","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"ghana","name":"Ghana","short_name":"Ghana","iso_code":"GH","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","overview":"A ten-year national roadmap launched by President Mahama that treats data as a national asset and sets out pillars covering education and skills, infrastructure and compute, data governance, ecosystem development, sector adoption, applied research and public-sector AI.","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: Ghana National Artificial Intelligence Strategy (2026, strategy, adopted). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Ghana National Artificial Intelligence Strategy.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ghana National Artificial Intelligence Strategy (2025-2035)","publisher":"Ministry of Communication, Digital Technology and Innovations, Ghana","url":"https://moc.gov.gh/2026/04/24/ghana-launches-national-ai-strategy-to-drive-digital-transformation-and-economic-growth/","document_date":"2026-04-24","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":[],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/ai-regulation-ghana","source":{"official_source_url":"https://moc.gov.gh/2026/04/24/ghana-launches-national-ai-strategy-to-drive-digital-transformation-and-economic-growth/","source_title":"Ghana National Artificial Intelligence Strategy (2025-2035)","source_publisher":"Ministry of Communication, Digital Technology and Innovations, Ghana","source_document_date":"2026-04-24","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Generated from the source-backed legacy dataset; overview composed from the listed instruments. Reviewer to add regulators and refine.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"br-goias","name":"Goiás (Brazil)","short_name":"Goiás","iso_code":"BR-GO","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Americas","subregion":"South America","overview":"Goiás is recorded here for its own AI instruments, which apply within its territory alongside Brazil's national rules. On record: Goiás state AI law (LC 205/2025). This page was added in the October 2026 sub-national research round; see each instrument for what it requires.","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Goiás state AI law (LC 205/2025). Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Lei Complementar nº 205/2025","publisher":"Casa Civil do Estado de Goiás","url":"https://legisla.casacivil.go.gov.br/api/v2/pesquisa/legislacoes/110694/pdf","document_date":"2025-05-19","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["brazil"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/br-goias","source":{"official_source_url":"https://legisla.casacivil.go.gov.br/api/v2/pesquisa/legislacoes/110694/pdf","source_title":"Lei Complementar nº 205/2025","source_publisher":"Casa Civil do Estado de Goiás","source_document_date":"2025-05-19","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-10-15","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the October 2026 sub-national research round. Recorded on 15 October 2026 from search-engine extracts of the official pages listed; the official text could not be opened from the research environment, so every date and duty here is pending review against it.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"greece","name":"Greece","short_name":"Greece","iso_code":"GR","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","overview":"Greece applies the EU AI Act, has an AI Advisory Committee to the Prime Minister that delivered a \"Blueprint for Greece's AI transformation\" in November 2024, and adopted AI provisions in Law 4961/2022 on emerging technologies, which set transparency and governance duties for public-sector AI and obligations for large companies using AI in employment. The Hellenic Data Protection Authority and the National Cybersecurity Authority are among the proposed AI Act authorities.","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; Law 4961/2022 provisions on AI in the public sector and employment in force; AI blueprint (2024) as policy.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Law 4961/2022 (emerging technologies, AI chapter). Strategy or guidance: Blueprint for Greece's AI transformation (2024).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Hellenic Data Protection Authority","url":"https://www.dpa.gr/en","role":"Data-protection authority"},{"name":"Ministry of Digital Governance","url":"https://mindigital.gr/","role":"Lead ministry for digital and AI policy"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Law 4961/2022 on emerging information and communication technologies","publisher":"Hellenic Parliament / Government Gazette","url":"https://mindigital.gr/","document_date":"2022-07-27","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","cyprus","bulgaria"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/greece","source":{"official_source_url":"https://mindigital.gr/","source_title":"Law 4961/2022 on emerging information and communication technologies","source_publisher":"Hellenic Parliament / Government Gazette","source_document_date":"2022-07-27","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"grenada","name":"Grenada","short_name":"Grenada","iso_code":"GD","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Caribbean","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Government of Grenada","url":"https://www.gov.gd/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Grenada","publisher":"Government of Grenada","url":"https://www.gov.gd/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["barbados"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/grenada","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.gd/","source_title":"Government of Grenada","source_publisher":"Government of Grenada","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"guatemala","name":"Guatemala","short_name":"Guatemala","iso_code":"GT","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Central America","overview":"An AI regulation bill has been introduced in Congress; no adopted AI-specific instrument recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"An AI regulation bill has been introduced in Congress; no adopted AI-specific instrument recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Gobierno de Guatemala","url":"https://www.guatemala.gob.gt/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Gobierno de Guatemala","publisher":"Government of Guatemala","url":"https://www.guatemala.gob.gt/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["el-salvador","mexico"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/guatemala","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.guatemala.gob.gt/","source_title":"Gobierno de Guatemala","source_publisher":"Government of Guatemala","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"guinea","name":"Guinea","short_name":"Guinea","iso_code":"GN","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","senegal"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/guinea","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"guinea-bissau","name":"Guinea-Bissau","short_name":"Guinea-Bissau","iso_code":"GW","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","senegal"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/guinea-bissau","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"guyana","name":"Guyana","short_name":"Guyana","iso_code":"GY","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"South America","overview":"Guyana announced a national AI strategy process with UNESCO in 2025; adoption not confirmed. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"Guyana announced a national AI strategy process with UNESCO in 2025; adoption not confirmed. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Government of Guyana","url":"https://www.gov.gy/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Guyana","publisher":"Government of Guyana","url":"https://www.gov.gy/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["brazil"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/guyana","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.gy/","source_title":"Government of Guyana","source_publisher":"Government of Guyana","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"haiti","name":"Haiti","short_name":"Haiti","iso_code":"HT","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Caribbean","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["dominican-republic"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/haiti","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"holy-see","name":"Holy See (Vatican)","short_name":"Holy See (Vatican)","iso_code":"VA","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","overview":"The Holy See is the home of the Rome Call for AI Ethics (2020) promoted by the Pontifical Academy for Life, and issued the doctrinal note \"Antiqua et Nova\" on AI and human intelligence (January 2025); Vatican City State adopted guidelines on AI use in 2024. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"The Holy See is the home of the Rome Call for AI Ethics (2020) promoted by the Pontifical Academy for Life, and issued the doctrinal note \"Antiqua et Nova\" on AI and human intelligence (January 2025); Vatican City State adopted guidelines on AI use in 2024. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Rome Call for AI Ethics.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"The Holy See","url":"https://www.vatican.va/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"The Holy See","publisher":"Government of Holy See (Vatican)","url":"https://www.vatican.va/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["italy","international"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/holy-see","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.vatican.va/","source_title":"The Holy See","source_publisher":"Government of Holy See (Vatican)","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"honduras","name":"Honduras","short_name":"Honduras","iso_code":"HN","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Central America","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Gobierno de Honduras","url":"https://www.gob.hn/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Gobierno de Honduras","publisher":"Government of Honduras","url":"https://www.gob.hn/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["el-salvador","guatemala"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/honduras","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gob.hn/","source_title":"Gobierno de Honduras","source_publisher":"Government of Honduras","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"hong-kong","name":"Hong Kong SAR","short_name":"Hong Kong","iso_code":"HK","jurisdiction_type":"territory","region":"Asia","subregion":"Eastern Asia","overview":"Hong Kong has no AI-specific statute. The Office of the Privacy Commissioner for Personal Data (PCPD) issued the Model Personal Data Protection Framework for AI (June 2024) and Guidance on Ethical Development and Use of AI (2021); the Digital Policy Office published the Ethical AI Framework for government (updated 2024) and a Generative AI Technical and Application Guideline (April 2025); the Securities and Futures Commission and Hong Kong Monetary Authority issued circulars on generative-AI use in financial services. The Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance applies.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law; PCPD AI frameworks and Digital Policy Office guidance; financial-regulator circulars.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: PCPD Model Personal Data Protection Framework for AI (2024); Generative AI Technical and Application Guideline (2025).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Office of the Privacy Commissioner for Personal Data (PCPD)","url":"https://www.pcpd.org.hk/","role":"Data-protection authority; AI guidance"},{"name":"Digital Policy Office","url":"https://www.digitalpolicy.gov.hk/","role":"Government AI ethics framework and generative-AI guideline"},{"name":"Hong Kong Monetary Authority","url":"https://www.hkma.gov.hk/","role":"Banking supervision; generative-AI guidance for banks"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Artificial Intelligence: Model Personal Data Protection Framework","publisher":"PCPD","url":"https://www.pcpd.org.hk/english/resources_centre/publications/files/ai_protection_framework.pdf","document_date":"2024-06-11","document_type":"guidance","tier":1},{"title":"Ethical Artificial Intelligence Framework","publisher":"Digital Policy Office","url":"https://www.digitalpolicy.gov.hk/en/our_work/data_governance/policies_standards/ethical_ai_framework/","document_type":"guidance","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["china","singapore"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/hong-kong","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.pcpd.org.hk/english/resources_centre/publications/files/ai_protection_framework.pdf","source_title":"Artificial Intelligence: Model Personal Data Protection Framework","source_publisher":"PCPD","source_document_date":"2024-06-11","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"hungary","name":"Hungary","short_name":"Hungary","iso_code":"HU","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Eastern Europe","overview":"Hungary applies the EU AI Act and adopted a national AI Strategy in 2020 coordinated by the AI Coalition and the Ministry for Innovation and Technology (now the Ministry for National Economy and the Digital Hungary Agency). The National Authority for Data Protection and Freedom of Information (NAIH) is the data-protection authority; AI Act authority designation is in progress.","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; national AI strategy (2020) as policy.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: AI Strategy 2020–2030.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Nemzeti Adatvédelmi és Információszabadság Hatóság (NAIH)","url":"https://www.naih.hu/","role":"Data-protection authority"},{"name":"Mesterséges Intelligencia Koalíció","url":"https://ai-hungary.com/","role":"AI Coalition coordinating the national strategy"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Hungary's Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2020–2030","publisher":"Ministry for Innovation and Technology / AI Coalition","url":"https://ai-hungary.com/","document_date":"2020-09-08","document_type":"strategy","tier":2}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","austria","slovakia","romania"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/hungary","source":{"official_source_url":"https://ai-hungary.com/","source_title":"Hungary's Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2020–2030","source_publisher":"Ministry for Innovation and Technology / AI Coalition","source_document_date":"2020-09-08","source_reference":null,"source_tier":2,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"iceland","name":"Iceland","short_name":"Iceland","iso_code":"IS","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Northern Europe","overview":"Iceland, an EEA member, will incorporate the EU AI Act through the EEA Agreement. The government adopted an AI policy in 2021 and an AI action plan for 2024–2026 focused on public services, the Icelandic language, skills and ethics; the Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Innovation leads.","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act to be incorporated via the EEA; AI policy (2021) and action plan 2024–2026 as policy.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: AI action plan 2024–2026.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Háskóla-, iðnaðar- og nýsköpunarráðuneytið (Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Innovation)","url":"https://www.stjornarradid.is/en/ministries/ministry-of-higher-education-science-and-innovation/","role":"AI policy lead"},{"name":"Persónuvernd","url":"https://www.personuvernd.is/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Iceland: artificial intelligence policy and action plan","publisher":"Government of Iceland","url":"https://www.stjornarradid.is/en/ministries/ministry-of-higher-education-science-and-innovation/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["norway","denmark","eu"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/iceland","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.stjornarradid.is/en/ministries/ministry-of-higher-education-science-and-innovation/","source_title":"Government of Iceland: artificial intelligence policy and action plan","source_publisher":"Government of Iceland","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"us-illinois","name":"Illinois (United States)","short_name":"Illinois","iso_code":"US-IL","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Americas","subregion":"Northern America","overview":"Illinois regulates AI in employment through two laws: the Artificial Intelligence Video Interview Act (2020), which requires notice, explanation and consent before AI analyses video interviews, and HB 3773 (Public Act 103-0804, signed August 2024, effective 1 January 2026), which amends the Illinois Human Rights Act to make it a civil-rights violation for employers to use AI that has a discriminatory effect on protected classes or to use zip codes as a proxy, and requires notice to employees when AI is used in employment decisions. The Biometric Information Privacy Act (BIPA, 2008) remains the strictest US biometric consent law.","regulatory_status_summary":"AI Video Interview Act in force (2020); HB 3773 employment-AI amendments effective 1 January 2026; BIPA applies to biometric AI.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Illinois HB 3773 (AI in employment, Human Rights Act amendment); Illinois AI Video Interview Act. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Illinois Department of Human Rights","url":"https://dhr.illinois.gov/","role":"Enforces the Human Rights Act, including HB 3773 AI provisions"},{"name":"Illinois General Assembly","url":"https://www.ilga.gov/","role":"Legislative texts"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"HB 3773, 103rd General Assembly (Public Act 103-0804)","publisher":"Illinois General Assembly","url":"https://www.ilga.gov/legislation/BillStatus.asp?DocNum=3773&GAID=17&DocTypeID=HB&SessionID=112","document_date":"2024-08-09","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["us","us-colorado","us-new-york"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/us-illinois","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.ilga.gov/legislation/BillStatus.asp?DocNum=3773&GAID=17&DocTypeID=HB&SessionID=112","source_title":"HB 3773, 103rd General Assembly (Public Act 103-0804)","source_publisher":"Illinois General Assembly","source_document_date":"2024-08-09","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"india","name":"India","short_name":"India","iso_code":"IN","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"South Asia","overview":"India has no dedicated AI statute. AI governance rests on the Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023 and its 2025 Rules, the Information Technology Act 2000 and the IT (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules 2021 as applied to AI and synthetic media, sector regulators such as the RBI and SEBI, and a series of policy documents: NITI Aayog's Responsible AI approach papers, the IndiaAI Mission approved in March 2024, and the India AI Governance Guidelines released by MeitY in November 2025. The stated approach favours enabling innovation with light-touch, principle-based governance and existing-law enforcement.\n","regulatory_status_summary":"No binding cross-sector AI law. Binding obligations arise from the DPDP Act 2023 (phased commencement under the November 2025 Rules), the IT Act and intermediary rules, and sector regulation. The India AI Governance Guidelines (November 2025) are non-binding. A reviewer must confirm the commencement schedule of the DPDP Rules.\n","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: DPDP Act 2023 and DPDP Rules 2025 (phased), IT Act 2000 and IT Rules 2021, Consumer Protection Act 2019, sector rules (RBI, SEBI, IRDAI). Guidance: India AI Governance Guidelines 2025, NITI Aayog Responsible AI papers, MeitY advisories to intermediaries on AI models and deepfakes.\n","current_priorities":"Implementing the IndiaAI Mission (compute, datasets, safety institute), operationalising DPDP consent and breach rules, addressing deepfakes and synthetic media through intermediary rules, and the AI Safety Institute.\n","regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY)","url":"https://www.meity.gov.in/","role":"IT Act, DPDP Act, IndiaAI Mission, AI governance"},{"name":"IndiaAI (Independent Business Division under Digital India Corporation)","url":"https://indiaai.gov.in/","role":"IndiaAI Mission implementation"},{"name":"NITI Aayog","url":"https://www.niti.gov.in/","role":"National AI strategy and Responsible AI papers"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023","publisher":"Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology","url":"https://www.meity.gov.in/data-protection-framework","document_date":"2023-08-11","document_type":"legislation","tier":1},{"title":"IndiaAI Mission","publisher":"IndiaAI / MeitY","url":"https://indiaai.gov.in/","document_date":"2024-03-07","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["nepal","singapore","eu","uae"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/india","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.meity.gov.in/","source_title":"Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology — official site","source_publisher":"Government of India","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Initial structured record.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"indonesia","name":"Indonesia","short_name":"Indonesia","iso_code":"ID","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"South-East Asia","overview":"Indonesia's long-range national AI strategy, prepared by a BPPT-led multi-stakeholder working group. A ministerial circular that lays out ethical values for developing and using AI, such as inclusivity, humanity, security, accessibility, transparency, accountability, personal data protection, sustainability and respect for intellectual property. A draft presidential regulation, prepared under Presidential Decree No.","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: Strategi Nasional Kecerdasan Artifisial Indonesia 2020-2045 (2020, strategy, adopted); Surat Edaran Menteri Komunikasi dan Informatika Nomor 9 Tahun 2023 tentang Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial (2023, regulation, in force); Rancangan Peraturan Presiden tentang Peta Jalan Kecerdasan Artifisial Nasional 2026-2029 (2026, strategy, proposed). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Surat Edaran Menteri Komunikasi dan Informatika Nomor 9 Tahun 2023 tentang Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial. Strategy or guidance: Strategi Nasional Kecerdasan Artifisial Indonesia 2020-2045, Rancangan Peraturan Presiden tentang Peta Jalan Kecerdasan Artifisial Nasional 2026-2029.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Strategi Nasional Kecerdasan Artifisial Indonesia 2020-2045 (National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence)","publisher":"National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) repository / BPPT Press","url":"https://karya.brin.go.id/id/eprint/13918/","document_date":"2020-08-10","document_type":"strategy","tier":1},{"title":"Surat Edaran Menteri Komunikasi dan Informatika Nomor 9 Tahun 2023 tentang Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial (Circular Letter No. 9 of 2023 on AI Ethics)","publisher":"JDIH Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital","url":"https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023","document_date":"2023-12-19","document_type":"legislation","tier":1},{"title":"Rancangan Peraturan Presiden tentang Peta Jalan Kecerdasan Artifisial Nasional 2026-2029 (Draft Presidential Regulation on the National AI Roadmap)","publisher":"JDIH Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital","url":"https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/berita/view/113","document_date":"2026-02-11","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":[],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/ai-regulation-indonesia","source":{"official_source_url":"https://karya.brin.go.id/id/eprint/13918/","source_title":"Strategi Nasional Kecerdasan Artifisial Indonesia 2020-2045 (National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence)","source_publisher":"National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) repository / BPPT Press","source_document_date":"2020-08-10","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Generated from the source-backed legacy dataset; overview composed from the listed instruments. Reviewer to add regulators and refine.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"international","name":"International organisations (OECD, UNESCO, UN, G7, ISO)","short_name":"International","iso_code":null,"jurisdiction_type":"supranational","region":"International","subregion":null,"overview":"Cross-border instruments that shape national AI policy without being national law: the OECD Recommendation on AI (2019, revised 2024) whose definition of an AI system is used by the EU AI Act; the UNESCO Recommendation on the Ethics of AI (2021) adopted by 193 states; the UN General Assembly's first AI resolution (March 2024) and the 2025 resolution creating a Global Dialogue on AI Governance and an Independent International Scientific Panel; the G7 Hiroshima Process code of conduct for advanced AI developers (2023); the Bletchley Declaration from the first AI Safety Summit (2023); and ISO/IEC 42001, the certifiable AI management-system standard (2023).","regulatory_status_summary":"Non-binding recommendations, declarations and a voluntary standard; binding effect arises only through national implementation or contractual adoption.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: OECD AI Principles (Recommendation on AI); UNESCO Recommendation on the Ethics of AI; UN General Assembly resolution 78/265 on safe, secure and trustworthy AI; G7 Hiroshima AI Process code of conduct; Bletchley Declaration (AI Safety Summit 2023); ISO/IEC 42001:2023 AI management system.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"OECD.AI Policy Observatory","url":"https://oecd.ai/","role":"Tracks national AI policies and OECD instruments"},{"name":"UNESCO – Ethics of Artificial Intelligence","url":"https://www.unesco.org/en/artificial-intelligence/recommendation-ethics","role":"Implements the 2021 Recommendation"},{"name":"UN Office for Digital and Emerging Technologies","url":"https://www.un.org/digital-emerging-technologies/","role":"Secretariat for the Global Dialogue on AI Governance"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"OECD Recommendation of the Council on Artificial Intelligence (OECD/LEGAL/0449)","publisher":"OECD","url":"https://legalinstruments.oecd.org/en/instruments/OECD-LEGAL-0449","document_date":"2024-05-03","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence","publisher":"UNESCO","url":"https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000381137","document_date":"2021-11-23","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","council-of-europe","us","uk","japan","asean"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/international","source":{"official_source_url":"https://legalinstruments.oecd.org/en/instruments/OECD-LEGAL-0449","source_title":"OECD Recommendation of the Council on Artificial Intelligence (OECD/LEGAL/0449)","source_publisher":"OECD","source_document_date":"2024-05-03","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"iran","name":"Iran","short_name":"Iran","iso_code":"IR","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Western Asia","overview":"Iran approved a national AI document in 2024 and created a National AI Organisation; texts were not verified from an official source. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"Iran approved a national AI document in 2024 and created a National AI Organisation; texts were not verified from an official source. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["turkiye"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/iran","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"iraq","name":"Iraq","short_name":"Iraq","iso_code":"IQ","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Western Asia","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["jordan"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/iraq","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"ireland","name":"Ireland","short_name":"Ireland","iso_code":"IE","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Northern Europe","overview":"Ireland applies the EU AI Act and hosts the European headquarters of many large AI and platform companies, which gives the Irish Data Protection Commission a central role in GDPR enforcement affecting AI training. The national AI strategy \"AI – Here for Good\" (2021, refreshed 2024) frames a people-centred approach; the government designated an initial set of competent authorities for the AI Act in 2024–2025 and is establishing a national AI office within the Department of Enterprise.","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; competent authorities designated in phases; national AI strategy refreshed 2024.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: AI – Here for Good (National AI Strategy).","current_priorities":"Setting up the national AI office and distributed supervision model, public-sector AI guidelines, GDPR enforcement on AI training data.","regulators":[{"name":"Department of Enterprise, Tourism and Employment","url":"https://enterprise.gov.ie/en/publications/national-ai-strategy.html","role":"Lead department for AI policy and AI Act implementation"},{"name":"Data Protection Commission","url":"https://www.dataprotection.ie/","role":"Data-protection authority; lead supervisor for many AI companies under the GDPR"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"National AI Strategy: AI – Here for Good (2021, refresh 2024)","publisher":"Department of Enterprise, Trade and Employment","url":"https://enterprise.gov.ie/en/publications/national-ai-strategy.html","document_date":"2024-11-05","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","uk"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/ireland","source":{"official_source_url":"https://enterprise.gov.ie/en/publications/national-ai-strategy.html","source_title":"National AI Strategy: AI – Here for Good (2021, refresh 2024)","source_publisher":"Department of Enterprise, Trade and Employment","source_document_date":"2024-11-05","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"israel","name":"Israel","short_name":"Israel","iso_code":"IL","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Western Asia","overview":"Israel published its national AI regulation and ethics policy in December 2023 (Ministry of Innovation, Science and Technology with the Ministry of Justice), choosing a sector-based, risk-based and voluntary approach with common ethical principles, soft regulation tools and a government AI policy coordination centre rather than a horizontal AI law. The Privacy Protection Authority issued guidance on AI and privacy, and Israel signed the Council of Europe Framework Convention.","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI policy (2023) as policy; sector regulators act within existing law; no horizontal AI statute.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: AI regulation and ethics policy (2023).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Innovation, Science and Technology","url":"https://www.gov.il/en/departments/ministry_of_science_and_technology","role":"AI policy lead; AI policy coordination centre"},{"name":"Privacy Protection Authority","url":"https://www.gov.il/en/departments/the_privacy_protection_authority","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Israel's policy on artificial intelligence regulation and ethics","publisher":"Ministry of Innovation, Science and Technology","url":"https://www.gov.il/en/pages/ai_2023","document_date":"2023-12-17","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","us","uk"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/israel","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.il/en/pages/ai_2023","source_title":"Israel's policy on artificial intelligence regulation and ethics","source_publisher":"Ministry of Innovation, Science and Technology","source_document_date":"2023-12-17","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"italy","name":"Italy","short_name":"Italy","iso_code":"IT","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","overview":"Italy is the first EU member state with a comprehensive national AI law: Law No. 132 of 23 September 2025 lays down principles and delegations for AI, designates the Agency for Digital Italy (AgID) and the National Cybersecurity Agency (ACN) as national authorities, adds sector rules for health, work, professions, justice and public administration, restricts access for children under 14 and creates new criminal offences for harmful deepfakes. It sits alongside the EU AI Act and the Italian AI strategy 2024–2026. The Garante (data-protection authority) has been active on generative AI, including its 2023 order against ChatGPT and a 2024 fine.","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; national AI law in force since 10 October 2025; AI strategy 2024–2026 as policy; active data-protection enforcement.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Law No. 132/2025 on artificial intelligence. Strategy or guidance: Italian AI Strategy 2024–2026.","current_priorities":"Implementing the delegated decrees under Law 132/2025, AgID/ACN supervision, health and public-administration use, deepfake offences.","regulators":[{"name":"Agenzia per l'Italia Digitale (AgID)","url":"https://www.agid.gov.it/","role":"National AI authority for notification, promotion and sandboxes under Law 132/2025"},{"name":"Agenzia per la Cybersicurezza Nazionale (ACN)","url":"https://www.acn.gov.it/","role":"National AI authority for supervision, inspection and sanctions"},{"name":"Garante per la protezione dei dati personali","url":"https://www.garanteprivacy.it/","role":"Data-protection authority; generative-AI enforcement"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Legge 23 settembre 2025, n. 132","publisher":"Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana","url":"https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/eli/id/2025/09/25/25G00146/sg","document_date":"2025-09-25","document_type":"legislation","tier":1},{"title":"Strategia Italiana per l'Intelligenza Artificiale 2024-2026","publisher":"Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri / AgID","url":"https://www.agid.gov.it/sites/agid/files/2024-07/Strategia_italiana_per_l_Intelligenza_artificiale_2024-2026.pdf","document_date":"2024-07-22","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","spain","france"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/italy","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/eli/id/2025/09/25/25G00146/sg","source_title":"Legge 23 settembre 2025, n. 132","source_publisher":"Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana","source_document_date":"2025-09-25","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"jamaica","name":"Jamaica","short_name":"Jamaica","iso_code":"JM","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Caribbean","overview":"Jamaica's National AI Task Force delivered a national AI policy framework in 2024 covering governance, ethics, skills and public-sector use, and the government committed to a national AI policy under the Ministry of Science, Energy, Telecommunications and Transport; the Data Protection Act 2020 (in force December 2023) applies to AI processing personal data.","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI policy framework (2024) as policy; data-protection law applies.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI policy framework (2024).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Science, Energy, Telecommunications and Transport","url":"https://www.mset.gov.jm/","role":"AI policy lead"},{"name":"Office of the Information Commissioner","url":"https://oic.gov.jm/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Science, Energy, Telecommunications and Transport","publisher":"Government of Jamaica","url":"https://www.mset.gov.jm/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["dominican-republic","uk"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/jamaica","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.mset.gov.jm/","source_title":"Ministry of Science, Energy, Telecommunications and Transport","source_publisher":"Government of Jamaica","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"japan","name":"Japan","short_name":"Japan","iso_code":"JP","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Eastern Asia","overview":"The AI Guidelines for Business consolidate Japan's previous AI R&D, utilisation and governance guidelines into a single non-binding document addressed to AI developers, providers and business users. Japan's first AI-specific statute establishes basic principles and a governmental framework for promoting AI research, development and use. The AI Basic Plan is the national strategy required under Article 18 of the 2025 AI Act.","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: AI Guidelines for Business (2024, guidance); Act on Promotion of Research and Development, and Utilization of Artificial Intelligence-related Technology (2025, act, in force); Artificial Intelligence Basic Plan (2025, strategy, adopted). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Act on Promotion of Research and Development, and Utilization of Artificial Intelligence-related Technology. Strategy or guidance: AI Guidelines for Business, Artificial Intelligence Basic Plan.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"AI Guidelines for Business","publisher":"Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry","url":"https://www.meti.go.jp/shingikai/mono_info_service/ai_shakai_jisso/index.html","document_date":"2024-04-19","document_type":"guidance","tier":1},{"title":"Act on Promotion of Research and Development, and Utilization of Artificial Intelligence-related Technology (Act No. 53 of 2025)","publisher":"Japanese Law Translation Database (Ministry of Justice)","url":"https://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/en/laws/view/5066/en","document_date":"2025-06-04","document_type":"legislation","tier":1},{"title":"Artificial Intelligence Basic Plan","publisher":"Cabinet Office, Government of Japan","url":"https://www8.cao.go.jp/cstp/ai/ai_plan/ai_plan.html","document_date":"2025-12-23","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":[],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/ai-regulation-japan","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.meti.go.jp/shingikai/mono_info_service/ai_shakai_jisso/index.html","source_title":"AI Guidelines for Business","source_publisher":"Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry","source_document_date":"2024-04-19","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Generated from the source-backed legacy dataset; overview composed from the listed instruments. Reviewer to add regulators and refine.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"jordan","name":"Jordan","short_name":"Jordan","iso_code":"JO","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Western Asia","overview":"Jordan adopted a Jordanian Artificial Intelligence Strategy and Implementation Roadmap 2023–2027 (August 2023) and a Charter of AI Ethics (2022) under the Ministry of Digital Economy and Entrepreneurship, with the Personal Data Protection Law No. 24 of 2023 applying to AI processing personal data.","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI strategy 2023–2027 and AI ethics charter as policy; data-protection law applies.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: AI Strategy and Implementation Roadmap 2023–2027; Charter of AI Ethics (2022).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Digital Economy and Entrepreneurship (MoDEE)","url":"https://www.modee.gov.jo/","role":"AI strategy and ethics charter lead"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Digital Economy and Entrepreneurship","publisher":"Government of Jordan","url":"https://www.modee.gov.jo/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["uae","saudi-arabia","egypt"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/jordan","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.modee.gov.jo/","source_title":"Ministry of Digital Economy and Entrepreneurship","source_publisher":"Government of Jordan","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"kazakhstan","name":"Kazakhstan","short_name":"Kazakhstan","iso_code":"KZ","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Central Asia","overview":"Kazakhstan adopted a Law on Artificial Intelligence in November 2025, the first dedicated AI law in Central Asia, setting principles, a risk-based classification, obligations for owners and operators of AI systems, transparency for AI-generated content and a national AI platform, implemented by the Ministry of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Development. It follows the Concept for AI development 2024–2029 (July 2024).","regulatory_status_summary":"Law on AI adopted (2025); AI development concept 2024–2029 as policy.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Law on Artificial Intelligence (2025). Strategy or guidance: Concept for AI development 2024–2029.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Development","url":"https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/mdai","role":"AI policy and regulation lead"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Development of the Republic of Kazakhstan","publisher":"Government of Kazakhstan","url":"https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/mdai","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["uzbekistan","russia","china"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/kazakhstan","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/mdai","source_title":"Ministry of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Development of the Republic of Kazakhstan","source_publisher":"Government of Kazakhstan","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"us-kentucky","name":"Kentucky (United States)","short_name":"Kentucky","iso_code":"US-KY","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Americas","subregion":"Northern America","overview":"Kentucky is recorded here for its own AI instruments, which apply within its territory alongside US's national rules. On record: Kentucky state-government AI law (SB 4). This page was added in the October 2026 sub-national research round; see each instrument for what it requires.","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Kentucky state-government AI law (SB 4). Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Kentucky General Assembly: 25RS SB 4","publisher":"Kentucky General Assembly","url":"https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/record/25rs/sb4.html","document_date":"2025-03-24","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["us"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/us-kentucky","source":{"official_source_url":"https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/record/25rs/sb4.html","source_title":"Kentucky General Assembly: 25RS SB 4","source_publisher":"Kentucky General Assembly","source_document_date":"2025-03-24","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-10-15","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the October 2026 sub-national research round. Recorded on 15 October 2026 from search-engine extracts of the official pages listed; the official text could not be opened from the research environment, so every date and duty here is pending review against it.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"kenya","name":"Kenya","short_name":"Kenya","iso_code":"KE","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","overview":"Kenya's first national AI strategy sets a five-year agenda built on three pillars: AI digital infrastructure, data and AI governance, and AI research, innovation and commercialisation.","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: Kenya Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2025-2030 (2025, strategy, adopted). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Kenya Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2025-2030.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Kenya Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2025-2030","publisher":"Ministry of Information, Communications and the Digital Economy","url":"https://www.ict.go.ke/kenyas-artificial-intelligence-ai-strategy-2025-2030-launched-kicc-nairobi","document_date":"2025-03-27","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":[],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/ai-regulation-kenya","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.ict.go.ke/kenyas-artificial-intelligence-ai-strategy-2025-2030-launched-kicc-nairobi","source_title":"Kenya Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2025-2030","source_publisher":"Ministry of Information, Communications and the Digital Economy","source_document_date":"2025-03-27","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Generated from the source-backed legacy dataset; overview composed from the listed instruments. Reviewer to add regulators and refine.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"kiribati","name":"Kiribati","short_name":"Kiribati","iso_code":"KI","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Oceania","subregion":null,"overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["australia"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/kiribati","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"kosovo","name":"Kosovo","short_name":"Kosovo","iso_code":"XK","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Office of the Prime Minister","url":"https://kryeministri.rks-gov.net/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Office of the Prime Minister","publisher":"Government of Kosovo","url":"https://kryeministri.rks-gov.net/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","albania","serbia"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/kosovo","source":{"official_source_url":"https://kryeministri.rks-gov.net/","source_title":"Office of the Prime Minister","source_publisher":"Government of Kosovo","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"kuwait","name":"Kuwait","short_name":"Kuwait","iso_code":"KW","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Gulf Cooperation Council","overview":"Kuwait launched a National Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2025–2028 through the Central Agency for Information Technology and the Communication and Information Technology Regulatory Authority, focused on government services, talent, data and ethical AI, and CITRA issued guidelines on AI use; the Data Privacy Protection Regulation applies.","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI strategy 2025–2028 as policy; CITRA guidelines; no AI-specific law.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI Strategy 2025–2028.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Central Agency for Information Technology (CAIT)","url":"https://www.cait.gov.kw/","role":"National AI strategy"},{"name":"Communication and Information Technology Regulatory Authority (CITRA)","url":"https://www.citra.gov.kw/","role":"ICT regulation and data-privacy regulation"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Central Agency for Information Technology","publisher":"Government of Kuwait","url":"https://www.cait.gov.kw/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["saudi-arabia","uae","qatar","bahrain"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/kuwait","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.cait.gov.kw/","source_title":"Central Agency for Information Technology","source_publisher":"Government of Kuwait","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"kyrgyzstan","name":"Kyrgyzstan","short_name":"Kyrgyzstan","iso_code":"KG","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Central Asia","overview":"Kyrgyzstan adopted a Digital Code in 2025 and has announced AI regulation work; no adopted AI-specific instrument recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"Kyrgyzstan adopted a Digital Code in 2025 and has announced AI regulation work; no adopted AI-specific instrument recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Cabinet of Ministers of the Kyrgyz Republic","url":"https://www.gov.kg/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Cabinet of Ministers of the Kyrgyz Republic","publisher":"Government of Kyrgyzstan","url":"https://www.gov.kg/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["kazakhstan","uzbekistan"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/kyrgyzstan","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.kg/","source_title":"Cabinet of Ministers of the Kyrgyz Republic","source_publisher":"Government of Kyrgyzstan","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"laos","name":"Laos","short_name":"Laos","iso_code":"LA","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"South-East Asia","overview":"The ASEAN guides apply as regional reference; no national AI instrument recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"The ASEAN guides apply as regional reference; no national AI instrument recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["asean","vietnam","thailand"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/laos","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"latvia","name":"Latvia","short_name":"Latvia","iso_code":"LV","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Northern Europe","overview":"Latvia applies the EU AI Act; the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Regional Development coordinates digital and AI policy, and the government approved an informational report on AI development in 2020 followed by AI measures in the Digital Transformation Guidelines 2021–2027. A national AI centre (2025) and the designation of AI Act authorities are in progress.","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; AI development report (2020) and digital transformation guidelines as policy.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Informational report on AI development (2020).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Vides aizsardzības un reģionālās attīstības ministrija (VARAM)","url":"https://www.varam.gov.lv/en","role":"Digital and AI policy coordination"},{"name":"Datu valsts inspekcija","url":"https://www.dvi.gov.lv/en","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Environmental Protection and Regional Development","publisher":"Government of Latvia","url":"https://www.varam.gov.lv/en","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","estonia","lithuania"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/latvia","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.varam.gov.lv/en","source_title":"Ministry of Environmental Protection and Regional Development","source_publisher":"Government of Latvia","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"lebanon","name":"Lebanon","short_name":"Lebanon","iso_code":"LB","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Western Asia","overview":"Lebanon's Office of the Minister of State for Administrative Reform (OMSAR) and the Ministry of Telecommunications published a National AI Strategy 2024–2030 (2024) with UNESCO and UNDP support, covering governance, skills, public services and the digital economy; no AI-specific law exists.","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI strategy 2024–2030 as policy; no AI-specific law.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI Strategy 2024–2030.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Office of the Minister of State for Administrative Reform (OMSAR)","url":"https://www.omsar.gov.lb/","role":"AI strategy lead"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"OMSAR","publisher":"Government of Lebanon","url":"https://www.omsar.gov.lb/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["jordan","egypt"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/lebanon","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.omsar.gov.lb/","source_title":"OMSAR","source_publisher":"Government of Lebanon","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"lesotho","name":"Lesotho","short_name":"Lesotho","iso_code":"LS","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Southern Africa","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Government of Lesotho","url":"https://www.gov.ls/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Lesotho","publisher":"Government of Lesotho","url":"https://www.gov.ls/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","south-africa"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/lesotho","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.ls/","source_title":"Government of Lesotho","source_publisher":"Government of Lesotho","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"liberia","name":"Liberia","short_name":"Liberia","iso_code":"LR","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Executive Mansion","url":"https://www.emansion.gov.lr/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Executive Mansion","publisher":"Government of Liberia","url":"https://www.emansion.gov.lr/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","sierra-leone"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/liberia","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.emansion.gov.lr/","source_title":"Executive Mansion","source_publisher":"Government of Liberia","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"libya","name":"Libya","short_name":"Libya","iso_code":"LY","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Northern Africa","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","tunisia"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/libya","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"liechtenstein","name":"Liechtenstein","short_name":"Liechtenstein","iso_code":"LI","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Western Europe","overview":"As an EEA member, Liechtenstein will incorporate the EU AI Act through the EEA Agreement; no domestic AI instrument recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"As an EEA member, Liechtenstein will incorporate the EU AI Act through the EEA Agreement; no domestic AI instrument recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Liechtenstein National Administration","url":"https://www.llv.li/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Liechtenstein National Administration","publisher":"Government of Liechtenstein","url":"https://www.llv.li/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","switzerland","austria"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/liechtenstein","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.llv.li/","source_title":"Liechtenstein National Administration","source_publisher":"Government of Liechtenstein","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"lithuania","name":"Lithuania","short_name":"Lithuania","iso_code":"LT","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Northern Europe","overview":"Lithuania applies the EU AI Act, adopted a Lithuanian Artificial Intelligence Strategy in 2019 and updated AI measures through its 2023–2025 digital agenda; the Communications Regulatory Authority (RRT) has been proposed as market-surveillance authority and the Ministry of the Economy and Innovation leads policy.","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; AI strategy (2019) as policy; authority designation in progress.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Lithuanian Artificial Intelligence Strategy (2019).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ekonomikos ir inovacijų ministerija (Ministry of the Economy and Innovation)","url":"https://eimin.lrv.lt/en/","role":"AI strategy lead"},{"name":"Ryšių reguliavimo tarnyba (RRT)","url":"https://www.rrt.lt/en/","role":"Proposed market-surveillance authority for the AI Act"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministry of the Economy and Innovation","publisher":"Government of Lithuania","url":"https://eimin.lrv.lt/en/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","latvia","estonia","poland"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/lithuania","source":{"official_source_url":"https://eimin.lrv.lt/en/","source_title":"Ministry of the Economy and Innovation","source_publisher":"Government of Lithuania","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"luxembourg","name":"Luxembourg","short_name":"Luxembourg","iso_code":"LU","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Western Europe","overview":"Luxembourg applies the EU AI Act and published \"Artificial Intelligence: a strategic vision for Luxembourg\" in 2019, followed by public-sector AI programmes (AI4Gov) and the national data-protection authority CNPD's guidance. Luxembourg has proposed the CNPD and sector regulators (CSSF for finance) as AI Act authorities.","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; AI strategic vision (2019) as policy; authority designation in progress.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: AI: a strategic vision for Luxembourg (2019).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Commission nationale pour la protection des données (CNPD)","url":"https://cnpd.public.lu/en.html","role":"Data-protection authority; proposed AI Act authority"},{"name":"Ministry of Digitalisation","url":"https://digital.gouvernement.lu/en.html","role":"Public-sector digital and AI programmes"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Artificial Intelligence: a strategic vision for Luxembourg","publisher":"Government of Luxembourg","url":"https://digital.gouvernement.lu/en.html","document_date":"2019-05-01","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","belgium","france","germany"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/luxembourg","source":{"official_source_url":"https://digital.gouvernement.lu/en.html","source_title":"Artificial Intelligence: a strategic vision for Luxembourg","source_publisher":"Government of Luxembourg","source_document_date":"2019-05-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"madagascar","name":"Madagascar","short_name":"Madagascar","iso_code":"MG","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Présidence de Madagascar","url":"https://www.presidence.gov.mg/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Présidence de Madagascar","publisher":"Government of Madagascar","url":"https://www.presidence.gov.mg/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","mauritius"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/madagascar","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.presidence.gov.mg/","source_title":"Présidence de Madagascar","source_publisher":"Government of Madagascar","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"in-maharashtra","name":"Maharashtra (India)","short_name":"Maharashtra","iso_code":"IN-MH","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Asia","subregion":"South Asia","overview":"Maharashtra is recorded here for its own AI instruments, which apply within its territory alongside India's national rules. On record: Maharashtra AI Policy 2026. This page was added in the October 2026 sub-national research round; see each instrument for what it requires.","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Maharashtra AI Policy 2026.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Maharashtra government announces Artificial Intelligence Policy 2026","publisher":"All India Radio (News on AIR)","url":"https://newsonair.gov.in/maharashtra-government-announces-artificial-intelligence-policy-2026-to-boost-investment-and-jobs/","document_date":null,"document_type":"press_release","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["india"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/in-maharashtra","source":{"official_source_url":"https://newsonair.gov.in/maharashtra-government-announces-artificial-intelligence-policy-2026-to-boost-investment-and-jobs/","source_title":"Maharashtra government announces Artificial Intelligence Policy 2026","source_publisher":"All India Radio (News on AIR)","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-10-15","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the October 2026 sub-national research round. Recorded on 15 October 2026 from search-engine extracts of the official pages listed; the official text could not be opened from the research environment, so every date and duty here is pending review against it.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"malawi","name":"Malawi","short_name":"Malawi","iso_code":"MW","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","overview":"Malawi has drafted a national AI strategy with UNESCO support; adoption not confirmed. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"Malawi has drafted a national AI strategy with UNESCO support; adoption not confirmed. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Government of Malawi","url":"https://www.malawi.gov.mw/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Malawi","publisher":"Government of Malawi","url":"https://www.malawi.gov.mw/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","zambia"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/malawi","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.malawi.gov.mw/","source_title":"Government of Malawi","source_publisher":"Government of Malawi","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"malaysia","name":"Malaysia","short_name":"Malaysia","iso_code":"MY","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"South-East Asia","overview":"Malaysia's five-year AI roadmap developed by MOSTI through a quadruple-helix consultation. Voluntary national guidelines that set out seven principles for responsible AI: fairness; reliability, safety and control; privacy and security; inclusiveness; transparency; accountability; and human-centricity. A proposed horizontal AI law announced for stakeholder engagement and public consultation by the Ministry of Digital through the National AI Office.","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: National Artificial Intelligence Roadmap 2021-2025 (2021, strategy, adopted); The National Guidelines on AI Governance & Ethics (2024, guidance); Artificial Intelligence (2026, bill, proposed). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National Artificial Intelligence Roadmap 2021-2025, The National Guidelines on AI Governance & Ethics, Artificial Intelligence.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"National Artificial Intelligence Roadmap 2021-2025 (AI-Rmap)","publisher":"Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia","url":"https://www.mosti.gov.my/en/berita/malaysias-national-artificial-intelligence-ai-roadmap-2021-2025/","document_date":"2021-12-01","document_type":"strategy","tier":1},{"title":"The National Guidelines on AI Governance & Ethics (AIGE)","publisher":"Malaysian Science, Technology Information Centre (MASTIC), MOSTI","url":"https://mastic.mosti.gov.my/publication/the-national-guidelines-on-ai-governance-ethics/","document_date":"2024-09-01","document_type":"guidance","tier":1},{"title":"Artificial Intelligence (AI) Governance Bill (proposed)","publisher":"Ministry of Digital, Malaysia","url":"https://www.digital.gov.my/en-GB/siaran/Kementerian-Digital-Mulakan-Libat-Urus-Cadangan-Rang-Undang-Undang-Tadbir-Urus-Kecerdasan-Buatan-(AI)","document_date":"2026-07-10","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":[],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/ai-regulation-malaysia","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.mosti.gov.my/en/berita/malaysias-national-artificial-intelligence-ai-roadmap-2021-2025/","source_title":"National Artificial Intelligence Roadmap 2021-2025 (AI-Rmap)","source_publisher":"Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia","source_document_date":"2021-12-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Generated from the source-backed legacy dataset; overview composed from the listed instruments. Reviewer to add regulators and refine.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"maldives","name":"Maldives","short_name":"Maldives","iso_code":"MV","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"South Asia","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"The President's Office","url":"https://presidency.gov.mv/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"The President's Office","publisher":"Government of Maldives","url":"https://presidency.gov.mv/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["india","sri-lanka"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/maldives","source":{"official_source_url":"https://presidency.gov.mv/","source_title":"The President's Office","source_publisher":"Government of Maldives","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"mali","name":"Mali","short_name":"Mali","iso_code":"ML","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Primature du Mali","url":"https://www.primature.ml/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Primature du Mali","publisher":"Government of Mali","url":"https://www.primature.ml/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","senegal"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/mali","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.primature.ml/","source_title":"Primature du Mali","source_publisher":"Government of Mali","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"malta","name":"Malta","short_name":"Malta","iso_code":"MT","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","overview":"Malta applies the EU AI Act and adopted the \"Malta: The Ultimate AI Launchpad\" strategy and vision for 2030 in 2019, with the Malta Digital Innovation Authority (MDIA) running a voluntary AI certification framework and proposed as national AI Act authority.","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; AI strategy 2030 (2019) as policy; MDIA certification voluntary.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Malta AI Strategy and Vision 2030.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Malta Digital Innovation Authority (MDIA)","url":"https://www.mdia.gov.mt/","role":"Technology assurance and proposed AI Act authority"},{"name":"Information and Data Protection Commissioner","url":"https://idpc.org.mt/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Malta: The Ultimate AI Launchpad – A Strategy and Vision for Artificial Intelligence in Malta 2030","publisher":"Office of the Prime Minister / MDIA","url":"https://malta.ai/","document_date":"2019-10-01","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","italy"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/malta","source":{"official_source_url":"https://malta.ai/","source_title":"Malta: The Ultimate AI Launchpad – A Strategy and Vision for Artificial Intelligence in Malta 2030","source_publisher":"Office of the Prime Minister / MDIA","source_document_date":"2019-10-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"marshall-islands","name":"Marshall Islands","short_name":"Marshall Islands","iso_code":"MH","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Oceania","subregion":null,"overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["us"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/marshall-islands","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"us-maryland","name":"Maryland (United States)","short_name":"Maryland","iso_code":"US-MD","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Americas","subregion":"Northern America","overview":"Maryland is recorded here for its own AI instruments, which apply within its territory alongside US's national rules. On record: Maryland AI Governance Act 2024. This page was added in the October 2026 sub-national research round; see each instrument for what it requires.","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Maryland AI Governance Act 2024. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Maryland General Assembly: SB 818 (2024 Regular Session)","publisher":"Maryland General Assembly","url":"https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/mgawebsite/Legislation/Details/SB0818?ys=2024rs","document_date":"2024-05-09","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["us"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/us-maryland","source":{"official_source_url":"https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/mgawebsite/Legislation/Details/SB0818?ys=2024rs","source_title":"Maryland General Assembly: SB 818 (2024 Regular Session)","source_publisher":"Maryland General Assembly","source_document_date":"2024-05-09","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-10-15","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the October 2026 sub-national research round. Recorded on 15 October 2026 from search-engine extracts of the official pages listed; the official text could not be opened from the research environment, so every date and duty here is pending review against it.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"mauritania","name":"Mauritania","short_name":"Mauritania","iso_code":"MR","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","overview":"Mauritania adopted a national AI strategy in 2024 according to government announcements; the text was not verified from an official source. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"Mauritania adopted a national AI strategy in 2024 according to government announcements; the text was not verified from an official source. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Gouvernement de Mauritanie","url":"https://www.mauritania.mr/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Gouvernement de Mauritanie","publisher":"Government of Mauritania","url":"https://www.mauritania.mr/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","senegal","morocco"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/mauritania","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.mauritania.mr/","source_title":"Gouvernement de Mauritanie","source_publisher":"Government of Mauritania","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"mauritius","name":"Mauritius","short_name":"Mauritius","iso_code":"MU","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","overview":"Mauritius published one of Africa's first national AI strategies in 2018 (Mauritius Artificial Intelligence Strategy) and an AI Council; the Data Protection Act 2017 and the Data Protection Office apply to AI processing personal data, and the 2024–2025 digital transformation blueprint updates AI priorities.","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI strategy (2018) as policy; data-protection law applies; no AI-specific law.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Mauritius AI Strategy (2018).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Information Technology, Communication and Innovation","url":"https://mitci.govmu.org/","role":"Digital and AI policy lead"},{"name":"Data Protection Office","url":"https://dataprotection.govmu.org/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Mauritius Artificial Intelligence Strategy","publisher":"Ministry of Technology, Communication and Innovation","url":"https://ncb.govmu.org/","document_date":"2018-11-01","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","south-africa","india"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/mauritius","source":{"official_source_url":"https://ncb.govmu.org/","source_title":"Mauritius Artificial Intelligence Strategy","source_publisher":"Ministry of Technology, Communication and Innovation","source_document_date":"2018-11-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"mexico","name":"Mexico","short_name":"Mexico","iso_code":"MX","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Central America","overview":"This initiative, signed by a bloc of Morena and PVEM deputies and published in the Gaceta Parlamentaria on 30 April 2025, would create Mexico's first general federal AI law. Mexico's National AI Plan, prepared by the ATDT and presented in April 2026, organises federal AI efforts around three pillars: an ethical and legal framework, talent and public software, and strategic compute infrastructure.","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: Iniciativa con proyecto de decreto por el que se expide la Ley Federal para el Desarrollo Ético, Soberano e Inclusivo de (2025, bill, proposed); Plan Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial (2026, strategy, adopted). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Iniciativa con proyecto de decreto por el que se expide la Ley Federal para el Desarrollo Ético, Soberano e Inclusivo de, Plan Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Iniciativa con proyecto de decreto por el que se expide la Ley Federal para el Desarrollo Ético, Soberano e Inclusivo de la Inteligencia Artificial (Initiative to enact the Federal Law for the Ethical, Sovereign and Inclusive Development of Artificial…","publisher":"Sistema de Información Legislativa, Secretaría de Gobernación","url":"https://sil.gobernacion.gob.mx/Archivos/Documentos/2025/04/asun_4896460_20250430_1747757009.pdf","document_date":"2025-04-30","document_type":"legislation","tier":1},{"title":"Plan Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial (National Artificial Intelligence Plan)","publisher":"Agencia de Transformación Digital y Telecomunicaciones (gob.mx)","url":"https://www.gob.mx/atdt/agendas/2030/inteligencia-artificial","document_date":"2026-04-01","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":[],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/ai-regulation-mexico","source":{"official_source_url":"https://sil.gobernacion.gob.mx/Archivos/Documentos/2025/04/asun_4896460_20250430_1747757009.pdf","source_title":"Iniciativa con proyecto de decreto por el que se expide la Ley Federal para el Desarrollo Ético, Soberano e Inclusivo de la Inteligencia Artificial (Initiative to enact the Federal Law for the Ethical, Sovereign and Inclusive Development of Artificial…","source_publisher":"Sistema de Información Legislativa, Secretaría de Gobernación","source_document_date":"2025-04-30","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Generated from the source-backed legacy dataset; overview composed from the listed instruments. Reviewer to add regulators and refine.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"micronesia","name":"Micronesia","short_name":"Micronesia","iso_code":"FM","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Oceania","subregion":null,"overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["us"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/micronesia","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"moldova","name":"Moldova","short_name":"Moldova","iso_code":"MD","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Eastern Europe","overview":"Moldova signed the Council of Europe Framework Convention on AI (2024) and is aligning with the EU acquis as a candidate; no adopted AI-specific instrument recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"Moldova signed the Council of Europe Framework Convention on AI (2024) and is aligning with the EU acquis as a candidate; no adopted AI-specific instrument recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Government of Moldova","url":"https://gov.md/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Moldova","publisher":"Government of Moldova","url":"https://gov.md/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","romania","council-of-europe"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/moldova","source":{"official_source_url":"https://gov.md/","source_title":"Government of Moldova","source_publisher":"Government of Moldova","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"monaco","name":"Monaco","short_name":"Monaco","iso_code":"MC","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Western Europe","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Gouvernement Princier","url":"https://www.gouv.mc/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Gouvernement Princier","publisher":"Government of Monaco","url":"https://www.gouv.mc/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["france","council-of-europe"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/monaco","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gouv.mc/","source_title":"Gouvernement Princier","source_publisher":"Government of Monaco","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"mongolia","name":"Mongolia","short_name":"Mongolia","iso_code":"MN","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Eastern Asia","overview":"Mongolia's Ministry of Digital Development, Innovation and Communications adopted a national AI strategy and action plan (2024) as part of the Vision 2050 and digital-nation programmes; no AI-specific law exists and the Personal Data Protection Law (2021) applies.","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI strategy (2024) as policy; no AI-specific law.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI strategy (2024).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Digital Development, Innovation and Communications","url":"https://mddc.gov.mn/","role":"AI strategy lead"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Digital Development, Innovation and Communications","publisher":"Government of Mongolia","url":"https://mddc.gov.mn/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["china","russia","south-korea"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/mongolia","source":{"official_source_url":"https://mddc.gov.mn/","source_title":"Ministry of Digital Development, Innovation and Communications","source_publisher":"Government of Mongolia","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"us-montana","name":"Montana (United States)","short_name":"Montana","iso_code":"US-MT","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Americas","subregion":"Northern America","overview":"Montana is recorded here for its own AI instruments, which apply within its territory alongside US's national rules. On record: Montana Right to Compute Act. This page was added in the October 2026 sub-national research round; see each instrument for what it requires.","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Montana Right to Compute Act. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Montana Legislature: SB 212 session law (69th Legislature)","publisher":"Montana Legislature","url":"https://archive.legmt.gov/content/Sessions/69th/Contractor_index/CH0150.pdf","document_date":null,"document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["us"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/us-montana","source":{"official_source_url":"https://archive.legmt.gov/content/Sessions/69th/Contractor_index/CH0150.pdf","source_title":"Montana Legislature: SB 212 session law (69th Legislature)","source_publisher":"Montana Legislature","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-10-15","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the October 2026 sub-national research round. Recorded on 15 October 2026 from search-engine extracts of the official pages listed; the official text could not be opened from the research environment, so every date and duty here is pending review against it.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"montenegro","name":"Montenegro","short_name":"Montenegro","iso_code":"ME","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","overview":"Montenegro, an EU candidate, has prepared an AI strategy within its digital transformation strategy; adoption not confirmed from an official source. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"Montenegro, an EU candidate, has prepared an AI strategy within its digital transformation strategy; adoption not confirmed from an official source. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Government of Montenegro","url":"https://www.gov.me/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Montenegro","publisher":"Government of Montenegro","url":"https://www.gov.me/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","serbia"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/montenegro","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.me/","source_title":"Government of Montenegro","source_publisher":"Government of Montenegro","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"morocco","name":"Morocco","short_name":"Morocco","iso_code":"MA","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Northern Africa","overview":"Morocco launched the \"Digital Morocco 2030\" strategy in September 2024 with AI as a pillar (national AI centre, talent, public-sector use) and the Ministry of Digital Transition and Administrative Reform has been preparing a national AI strategy and a draft AI law; the CNDP (data-protection commission) applies Law 09-08 to AI processing personal data.","regulatory_status_summary":"Digital Morocco 2030 with AI pillar as policy; national AI strategy and AI bill in preparation; data-protection law applies.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Digital Morocco 2030 (AI pillar).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministère de la Transition Numérique et de la Réforme de l'Administration","url":"https://www.mmps.gov.ma/","role":"Digital and AI strategy lead"},{"name":"Commission Nationale de contrôle de la protection des Données à caractère Personnel (CNDP)","url":"https://www.cndp.ma/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Digital Morocco 2030","publisher":"Ministry of Digital Transition and Administrative Reform","url":"https://www.mmps.gov.ma/","document_date":"2024-09-25","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","egypt","tunisia","algeria"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/morocco","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.mmps.gov.ma/","source_title":"Digital Morocco 2030","source_publisher":"Ministry of Digital Transition and Administrative Reform","source_document_date":"2024-09-25","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"mozambique","name":"Mozambique","short_name":"Mozambique","iso_code":"MZ","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Portal do Governo","url":"https://www.portaldogoverno.gov.mz/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Portal do Governo","publisher":"Government of Mozambique","url":"https://www.portaldogoverno.gov.mz/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","south-africa"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/mozambique","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.portaldogoverno.gov.mz/","source_title":"Portal do Governo","source_publisher":"Government of Mozambique","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"myanmar","name":"Myanmar","short_name":"Myanmar","iso_code":"MM","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"South-East Asia","overview":"The ASEAN guides apply as regional reference; no national AI instrument recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"The ASEAN guides apply as regional reference; no national AI instrument recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["asean","thailand"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/myanmar","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"namibia","name":"Namibia","short_name":"Namibia","iso_code":"NA","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Southern Africa","overview":"Namibia's Ministry of Information and Communication Technology has been developing a national AI policy under the Fourth Industrial Revolution task-force recommendations (2022), and a Data Protection Bill is before Parliament; no AI-specific law exists.","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI policy in development; data-protection bill pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI policy (in development).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Information and Communication Technology","url":"https://mict.gov.na/","role":"AI policy lead"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Information and Communication Technology","publisher":"Government of Namibia","url":"https://mict.gov.na/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","south-africa"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/namibia","source":{"official_source_url":"https://mict.gov.na/","source_title":"Ministry of Information and Communication Technology","source_publisher":"Government of Namibia","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"nauru","name":"Nauru","short_name":"Nauru","iso_code":"NR","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Oceania","subregion":null,"overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["australia"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/nauru","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"nepal","name":"Nepal","short_name":"Nepal","iso_code":"NP","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"South Asia","overview":"Nepal is at an early stage of AI governance. The Ministry of Communication and Information Technology (MoCIT) published a concept paper on the use and practice of AI in 2024 and the Council of Ministers approved a National AI Policy in 2025 that sets objectives for AI development, ethics, data and institutional arrangements. There is no AI-specific legislation. Applicable law comes from the Electronic Transactions Act 2063 (2008), the Individual Privacy Act 2075 (2018) and its regulations, the National Cyber Security Policy 2080 (2023) and sector rules, alongside the Digital Nepal Framework.\n","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI policy adopted (2025); no binding AI-specific law; privacy and electronic-transaction laws apply. Source certainty for policy documents is medium because official English-language texts and stable document URLs are limited; every record here must be verified against MoCIT publications.\n","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Electronic Transactions Act 2063, Individual Privacy Act 2075 and the Individual Privacy Regulation 2077, sector rules from Nepal Rastra Bank and the Nepal Telecommunications Authority. Guidance / policy: National AI Policy 2082 (2025), the 2024 AI concept paper, Digital Nepal Framework 2019, National Cyber Security Policy 2080.\n","current_priorities":"Implementing the National AI Policy's institutional arrangements, drafting AI-related legislation and standards, data governance and digital public infrastructure, and capacity building.\n","regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Communication and Information Technology (MoCIT)","url":"https://mocit.gov.np/","role":"ICT and AI policy lead"},{"name":"Nepal Law Commission","url":"https://lawcommission.gov.np/","role":"Official repository of Acts and regulations"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Communication and Information Technology — publications","publisher":"Government of Nepal, MoCIT","url":"https://mocit.gov.np/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Nepal Law Commission — Acts and Regulations","publisher":"Government of Nepal","url":"https://lawcommission.gov.np/","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["india","singapore","eu"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/ai-regulation-nepal","source":{"official_source_url":"https://mocit.gov.np/","source_title":"Ministry of Communication and Information Technology, Government of Nepal","source_publisher":"Government of Nepal","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":"Policy document URLs to be confirmed by reviewer","source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Initial structured record; document-level links to be added.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"netherlands","name":"Netherlands","short_name":"Netherlands","iso_code":"NL","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Western Europe","overview":"The Netherlands applies the EU AI Act and has an unusually developed public-sector algorithm governance practice: a public Algorithm Register for government algorithms, the Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens (Dutch DPA) with a dedicated Directorate for the Coordination of Algorithms, a government-wide vision on generative AI (January 2024) and an impact assessment for fundamental rights and algorithms (IAMA) used by public bodies. The childcare-benefits scandal shaped a strong emphasis on non-discrimination and transparency in automated decision-making.","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; Dutch DPA coordinates algorithm supervision; public-sector algorithm register and generative-AI vision as policy.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Government Algorithm Register; Government-wide vision on generative AI.","current_priorities":"AI Act authority designation (Dutch DPA and Rijksinspectie Digitale Infrastructuur proposed), algorithm register coverage, responsible generative-AI use in government.","regulators":[{"name":"Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens (Dutch Data Protection Authority)","url":"https://www.autoriteitpersoonsgegevens.nl/en/themes/algorithms-ai","role":"Data-protection authority; Directorate for the Coordination of Algorithms; proposed AI Act coordinator"},{"name":"Rijksinspectie Digitale Infrastructuur (RDI)","url":"https://www.rdi.nl/","role":"Proposed market-surveillance authority for product-related AI"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Algorithms and AI","publisher":"Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens","url":"https://www.autoriteitpersoonsgegevens.nl/en/themes/algorithms-ai","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"The Algorithm Register of the Dutch government","publisher":"Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations","url":"https://algoritmes.overheid.nl/en","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","belgium","germany"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/netherlands","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.autoriteitpersoonsgegevens.nl/en/themes/algorithms-ai","source_title":"Algorithms and AI","source_publisher":"Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"au-new-south-wales","name":"New South Wales (Australia)","short_name":"New South Wales","iso_code":"AU-NSW","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Oceania","subregion":null,"overview":"New South Wales is recorded here for its own AI instruments, which apply within its territory alongside Australia's national rules. On record: NSW AI Operational Policy; NSW AI Assessment Framework; NSW digital work systems act 2026. This page was added in the October 2026 sub-national research round; see each instrument for what it requires.","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: NSW AI Operational Policy; NSW AI Assessment Framework; NSW digital work systems act 2026. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"DCS-2026-02 Use of Artificial Intelligence by NSW Government Agencies","publisher":"NSW Government","url":"https://arp.nsw.gov.au/dcs-2026-02-use-of-artificial-intelligence-by-nsw-government-agencies","document_date":"2026-07-30","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["australia"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/au-new-south-wales","source":{"official_source_url":"https://arp.nsw.gov.au/dcs-2026-02-use-of-artificial-intelligence-by-nsw-government-agencies","source_title":"DCS-2026-02 Use of Artificial Intelligence by NSW Government Agencies","source_publisher":"NSW Government","source_document_date":"2026-07-30","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-10-15","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the October 2026 sub-national research round. Recorded on 15 October 2026 from search-engine extracts of the official pages listed; the official text could not be opened from the research environment, so every date and duty here is pending review against it.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"us-new-york","name":"New York (United States)","short_name":"New York","iso_code":"US-NY","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Americas","subregion":"Northern America","overview":"New York City's Local Law 144 of 2021 (enforced since 5 July 2023) requires bias audits and notices for automated employment decision tools used to hire or promote in the city. At state level, New York enacted the Responsible AI Safety and Education (RAISE) Act in December 2025 imposing safety-protocol and incident-reporting duties on developers of frontier models, with amendments to align with California's SB 53, and a 2025 law requiring disclosure of AI companion safeguards. The Department of Financial Services issued a 2024 letter on AI cybersecurity risks.","regulatory_status_summary":"NYC Local Law 144 enforced since July 2023; RAISE Act enacted December 2025 (effective 2027); DFS guidance for regulated entities.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: NYC Local Law 144 (automated employment decision tools); New York RAISE Act (frontier model safety). Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"NYC Department of Consumer and Worker Protection","url":"https://www.nyc.gov/site/dca/about/automated-employment-decision-tools.page","role":"Enforces Local Law 144 on automated employment decision tools"},{"name":"New York State Department of Financial Services","url":"https://www.dfs.ny.gov/","role":"Cybersecurity and AI guidance for regulated financial entities"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Automated Employment Decision Tools (Local Law 144 of 2021)","publisher":"NYC Department of Consumer and Worker Protection","url":"https://www.nyc.gov/site/dca/about/automated-employment-decision-tools.page","document_date":"2023-07-05","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["us","us-california","us-illinois"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/us-new-york","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.nyc.gov/site/dca/about/automated-employment-decision-tools.page","source_title":"Automated Employment Decision Tools (Local Law 144 of 2021)","source_publisher":"NYC Department of Consumer and Worker Protection","source_document_date":"2023-07-05","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"new-zealand","name":"New Zealand","short_name":"New Zealand","iso_code":"NZ","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Oceania","subregion":null,"overview":"New Zealand released its first national AI Strategy in July 2025 (Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment), taking a light-touch, principles-based approach that relies on existing law rather than a dedicated AI act, alongside Responsible AI Guidance for Businesses. Public-sector use is guided by the Algorithm Charter for Aotearoa New Zealand (2020) and the Public Service AI Framework (2025); the Privacy Act 2020 and the Office of the Privacy Commissioner's AI guidance apply to personal data.","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI Strategy (2025) and responsible-AI guidance as policy; Algorithm Charter for government agencies; no AI-specific law.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: New Zealand AI Strategy (2025); Algorithm Charter for Aotearoa New Zealand.","current_priorities":"Adoption in small businesses and the public sector, skills, privacy-compliant use of generative AI, international interoperability.","regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (MBIE)","url":"https://www.mbie.govt.nz/","role":"AI strategy lead"},{"name":"Office of the Privacy Commissioner","url":"https://www.privacy.org.nz/","role":"Privacy Act 2020; AI and privacy guidance"},{"name":"Stats NZ (Government Chief Data Steward)","url":"https://www.data.govt.nz/","role":"Algorithm Charter stewardship"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"New Zealand's Strategy for Artificial Intelligence","publisher":"Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment","url":"https://www.mbie.govt.nz/business-and-employment/business/support-for-business/artificial-intelligence-strategy","document_date":"2025-07-08","document_type":"strategy","tier":1},{"title":"Algorithm Charter for Aotearoa New Zealand","publisher":"Stats NZ","url":"https://www.data.govt.nz/toolkit/data-ethics/government-algorithm-transparency-and-accountability/algorithm-charter/","document_date":"2020-07-28","document_type":"guidance","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["australia","singapore","uk"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/ai-regulation-new-zealand","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.mbie.govt.nz/business-and-employment/business/support-for-business/artificial-intelligence-strategy","source_title":"New Zealand's Strategy for Artificial Intelligence","source_publisher":"Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment","source_document_date":"2025-07-08","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"nicaragua","name":"Nicaragua","short_name":"Nicaragua","iso_code":"NI","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Central America","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["costa-rica"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/nicaragua","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"niger","name":"Niger","short_name":"Niger","iso_code":"NE","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","nigeria"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/niger","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"nigeria","name":"Nigeria","short_name":"Nigeria","iso_code":"NG","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","overview":"The draft strategy sets out Nigeria's vision for AI across five pillars: infrastructure, a thriving AI ecosystem, sectoral adoption, responsible and ethical AI, and governance.","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: National Artificial Intelligence Strategy (2024, strategy, proposed). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National Artificial Intelligence Strategy.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"National Artificial Intelligence Strategy","publisher":"National Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (NITDA)","url":"https://ncair.nitda.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/National-AI-Strategy_01082024-copy.pdf","document_date":"2024-08-01","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":[],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/ai-regulation-nigeria","source":{"official_source_url":"https://ncair.nitda.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/National-AI-Strategy_01082024-copy.pdf","source_title":"National Artificial Intelligence Strategy","source_publisher":"National Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (NITDA)","source_document_date":"2024-08-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Generated from the source-backed legacy dataset; overview composed from the listed instruments. Reviewer to add regulators and refine.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"north-korea","name":"North Korea","short_name":"North Korea","iso_code":"KP","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Eastern Asia","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["south-korea","china"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/north-korea","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"north-macedonia","name":"North Macedonia","short_name":"North Macedonia","iso_code":"MK","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","overview":"North Macedonia announced a national AI strategy process in 2025; adoption not confirmed from an official source. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"North Macedonia announced a national AI strategy process in 2025; adoption not confirmed from an official source. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Digital Transformation","url":"https://www.mioa.gov.mk/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Digital Transformation","publisher":"Government of North Macedonia","url":"https://www.mioa.gov.mk/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","serbia"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/north-macedonia","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.mioa.gov.mk/","source_title":"Ministry of Digital Transformation","source_publisher":"Government of North Macedonia","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"uk-northern-ireland","name":"Northern Ireland (United Kingdom)","short_name":"Northern Ireland","iso_code":"GB-NIR","jurisdiction_type":"region","region":"Europe","subregion":null,"overview":"Northern Ireland is recorded here for its own AI instruments, which apply within its territory alongside UK's national rules. On record: Northern Ireland draft AI strategy. This page was added in the October 2026 sub-national research round; see each instrument for what it requires.","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Northern Ireland draft AI strategy.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Consultation: Northern Ireland's draft Artificial Intelligence Strategy","publisher":"The Executive Office","url":"https://www.executiveoffice-ni.gov.uk/consultations/northern-irelands-draft-artificial-intelligence-strategy","document_date":"2026-08-12","document_type":"consultation","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["uk"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/uk-northern-ireland","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.executiveoffice-ni.gov.uk/consultations/northern-irelands-draft-artificial-intelligence-strategy","source_title":"Consultation: Northern Ireland's draft Artificial Intelligence Strategy","source_publisher":"The Executive Office","source_document_date":"2026-08-12","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-10-15","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the October 2026 sub-national research round. Recorded on 15 October 2026 from search-engine extracts of the official pages listed; the official text could not be opened from the research environment, so every date and duty here is pending review against it.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"norway","name":"Norway","short_name":"Norway","iso_code":"NO","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Northern Europe","overview":"Norway is not an EU member but is in the European Economic Area and is incorporating the EU AI Act through the EEA Agreement, with the Norwegian Communications Authority (Nkom) proposed as coordinating market-surveillance authority. The 2020 National Strategy for AI, the Norwegian Digitalisation Agency's guidance and the Data Protection Authority's regulatory sandbox for responsible AI shape practice; a new national AI strategy is being prepared.","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act being incorporated via the EEA; national AI strategy (2020) as policy; DPA sandbox operating.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National Strategy for AI (2020).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Nasjonal kommunikasjonsmyndighet (Nkom)","url":"https://www.nkom.no/","role":"Proposed coordinating market-surveillance authority for the AI Act"},{"name":"Datatilsynet","url":"https://www.datatilsynet.no/en/","role":"Data-protection authority; regulatory sandbox for responsible AI"},{"name":"Digitaliseringsdirektoratet (Digdir)","url":"https://www.digdir.no/","role":"Public-sector digitalisation and AI guidance"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence","publisher":"Norwegian Ministry of Local Government and Modernisation","url":"https://www.regjeringen.no/en/dokumenter/nasjonal-strategi-for-kunstig-intelligens/id2685594/","document_date":"2020-01-14","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","sweden","denmark","iceland"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/norway","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.regjeringen.no/en/dokumenter/nasjonal-strategi-for-kunstig-intelligens/id2685594/","source_title":"National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence","source_publisher":"Norwegian Ministry of Local Government and Modernisation","source_document_date":"2020-01-14","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"in-odisha","name":"Odisha (India)","short_name":"Odisha","iso_code":null,"jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Asia","subregion":"South Asia","overview":"Odisha is recorded here for its own AI instruments, which apply within its territory alongside India's national rules. On record: Odisha AI Policy 2025. This page was added in the October 2026 sub-national research round; see each instrument for what it requires.","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Odisha AI Policy 2025.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Policies and publications","publisher":"Government of Odisha","url":"https://odisha.gov.in/policies-publications","document_date":null,"document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["india"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/in-odisha","source":{"official_source_url":"https://odisha.gov.in/policies-publications","source_title":"Policies and publications","source_publisher":"Government of Odisha","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-10-15","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the October 2026 sub-national research round. Recorded on 15 October 2026 from search-engine extracts of the official pages listed; the official text could not be opened from the research environment, so every date and duty here is pending review against it.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"oman","name":"Oman","short_name":"Oman","iso_code":"OM","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Gulf Cooperation Council","overview":"Oman's Ministry of Transport, Communications and Information Technology launched the National Programme for Artificial Intelligence and Advanced Digital Technologies (2024) and an AI policy for government entities, within the Digital Economy Programme; the Personal Data Protection Law (Royal Decree 6/2022) applies.","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI programme and government AI policy (2024) as policy; data-protection law applies.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI programme and government AI policy (2024).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Transport, Communications and Information Technology (MTCIT)","url":"https://www.mtcit.gov.om/","role":"AI programme lead"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Transport, Communications and Information Technology","publisher":"Government of Oman","url":"https://www.mtcit.gov.om/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["uae","saudi-arabia","qatar"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/oman","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.mtcit.gov.om/","source_title":"Ministry of Transport, Communications and Information Technology","source_publisher":"Government of Oman","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"ca-ontario","name":"Ontario (Canada)","short_name":"Ontario","iso_code":"CA-ON","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Americas","subregion":"Northern America","overview":"Ontario enacted the Enhancing Digital Security and Trust Act, 2024 (Bill 194), which lets the government regulate public-sector use of AI (disclosure, accountability frameworks, risk management, prohibited uses) and the Working for Workers Four Act, 2024, which from 1 January 2026 requires employers with 25 or more employees to state in publicly advertised job postings whether AI is used to screen, assess or select applicants.","regulatory_status_summary":"Public-sector AI framework act (2024) with regulations to follow; job-posting AI disclosure in force from January 2026.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Ontario Enhancing Digital Security and Trust Act, 2024 (Bill 194); Ontario Working for Workers Four Act (AI disclosure in job postings). Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ontario Ministry of Public and Business Service Delivery and Procurement","url":"https://www.ontario.ca/page/ministry-public-and-business-service-delivery-and-procurement","role":"Public-sector AI rules under Bill 194"},{"name":"Ontario Ministry of Labour, Immigration, Training and Skills Development","url":"https://www.ontario.ca/page/ministry-labour-immigration-training-skills-development","role":"Employment Standards Act, including AI disclosure in job postings"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Bill 194, Strengthening Cyber Security and Building Trust in the Public Sector Act, 2024","publisher":"Legislative Assembly of Ontario","url":"https://www.ola.org/en/legislative-business/bills/parliament-43/session-1/bill-194","document_date":"2024-11-25","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["canada","ca-quebec"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/ca-ontario","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.ola.org/en/legislative-business/bills/parliament-43/session-1/bill-194","source_title":"Bill 194, Strengthening Cyber Security and Building Trust in the Public Sector Act, 2024","source_publisher":"Legislative Assembly of Ontario","source_document_date":"2024-11-25","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"pakistan","name":"Pakistan","short_name":"Pakistan","iso_code":"PK","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"South Asia","overview":"Pakistan's first national AI policy, organised around six pillars: innovation ecosystem, awareness and readiness, secure AI, transformation of sectors, AI infrastructure, and international partnerships.","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: National Artificial Intelligence Policy 2025 (2025, policy, adopted). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National Artificial Intelligence Policy 2025.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"National Artificial Intelligence Policy 2025","publisher":"Ministry of Information Technology and Telecommunication, Government of Pakistan","url":"https://www.moitt.gov.pk/SiteImage/Policies/National%20AI%20Policy.pdf","document_date":"2025-07-30","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":[],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/ai-regulation-pakistan","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.moitt.gov.pk/SiteImage/Policies/National%20AI%20Policy.pdf","source_title":"National Artificial Intelligence Policy 2025","source_publisher":"Ministry of Information Technology and Telecommunication, Government of Pakistan","source_document_date":"2025-07-30","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Generated from the source-backed legacy dataset; overview composed from the listed instruments. Reviewer to add regulators and refine.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"palau","name":"Palau","short_name":"Palau","iso_code":"PW","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Oceania","subregion":null,"overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["us"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/palau","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"palestine","name":"Palestine","short_name":"Palestine","iso_code":"PS","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Western Asia","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["jordan"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/palestine","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"panama","name":"Panama","short_name":"Panama","iso_code":"PA","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Central America","overview":"Panama's National Authority for Government Innovation (AIG) leads AI policy under the Digital Agenda; a bill to regulate AI (2024) was introduced in the National Assembly, and the Personal Data Protection Law 81 of 2019 applies to AI processing personal data. UNESCO's readiness assessment informed a national AI strategy process in 2024–2025.","regulatory_status_summary":"AI bill under consideration; national AI strategy in development; data-protection law applies.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI strategy (in development).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Autoridad Nacional para la Innovación Gubernamental (AIG)","url":"https://aig.gob.pa/","role":"Government innovation and AI policy lead"},{"name":"Autoridad Nacional de Transparencia y Acceso a la Información (ANTAI)","url":"https://www.antai.gob.pa/","role":"Data-protection supervision"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Autoridad Nacional para la Innovación Gubernamental","publisher":"Government of Panama","url":"https://aig.gob.pa/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["costa-rica","colombia"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/panama","source":{"official_source_url":"https://aig.gob.pa/","source_title":"Autoridad Nacional para la Innovación Gubernamental","source_publisher":"Government of Panama","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"papua-new-guinea","name":"Papua New Guinea","short_name":"Papua New Guinea","iso_code":"PG","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Oceania","subregion":null,"overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Department of ICT","url":"https://www.ict.gov.pg/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Department of ICT","publisher":"Government of Papua New Guinea","url":"https://www.ict.gov.pg/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["australia"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/papua-new-guinea","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.ict.gov.pg/","source_title":"Department of ICT","source_publisher":"Government of Papua New Guinea","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"paraguay","name":"Paraguay","short_name":"Paraguay","iso_code":"PY","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"South America","overview":"Paraguay's Ministry of Information and Communication Technologies (MITIC) presented a National Artificial Intelligence Policy in 2024 based on UNESCO's readiness assessment, and bills on AI have been introduced in Congress; the Personal Data Protection Law (2024) applies to AI processing personal data.","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI policy (2024) as policy; AI bills under consideration.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI Policy (2024).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministerio de Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación (MITIC)","url":"https://www.mitic.gov.py/","role":"Digital and AI policy lead"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"MITIC","publisher":"Government of Paraguay","url":"https://www.mitic.gov.py/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["argentina","brazil","uruguay"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/paraguay","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.mitic.gov.py/","source_title":"MITIC","source_publisher":"Government of Paraguay","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"br-parana","name":"Paraná (Brazil)","short_name":"Paraná","iso_code":"BR-PR","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Americas","subregion":"South America","overview":"Paraná is recorded here for its own AI instruments, which apply within its territory alongside Brazil's national rules. On record: Paraná AI in public administration law. This page was added in the October 2026 sub-national research round; see each instrument for what it requires.","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Paraná AI in public administration law. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Lei nº 22.324/2025","publisher":"Casa Civil do Paraná","url":"https://www.legislacao.pr.gov.br/legislacao/exibirAto.do?action=iniciarProcesso&codAto=356786&codItemAto=2253463","document_date":"2025-04-02","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["brazil"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/br-parana","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.legislacao.pr.gov.br/legislacao/exibirAto.do?action=iniciarProcesso&codAto=356786&codItemAto=2253463","source_title":"Lei nº 22.324/2025","source_publisher":"Casa Civil do Paraná","source_document_date":"2025-04-02","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-10-15","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the October 2026 sub-national research round. Recorded on 15 October 2026 from search-engine extracts of the official pages listed; the official text could not be opened from the research environment, so every date and duty here is pending review against it.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"peru","name":"Peru","short_name":"Peru","iso_code":"PE","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"South America","overview":"Law 31814, promulgated on 4 July 2023 and published on 5 July 2023, declares AI development of national interest and frames its use within Peru's digital transformation process. This regulation, published on 9 September 2025, develops Law 31814 with six titles and 36 articles.","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: Ley N° 31814 (2023, act, in force); Decreto Supremo N° 115-2025-PCM (2025, act, in force). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Ley N° 31814, Decreto Supremo N° 115-2025-PCM. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ley N° 31814 – Ley que promueve el uso de la inteligencia artificial en favor del desarrollo económico y social del país (Law No. 31814 – Law promoting the use of artificial intelligence for the country's economic and social development)","publisher":"Diario Oficial El Peruano","url":"https://busquedas.elperuano.pe/dispositivo/NL/2192926-1","document_date":"2023-07-05","document_type":"legislation","tier":1},{"title":"Decreto Supremo N° 115-2025-PCM – Reglamento de la Ley N° 31814 (Supreme Decree No. 115-2025-PCM – Regulation of Law No. 31814)","publisher":"Diario Oficial El Peruano","url":"https://busquedas.elperuano.pe/dispositivo/NL/2436426-1","document_date":"2025-09-09","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":[],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/ai-regulation-peru","source":{"official_source_url":"https://busquedas.elperuano.pe/dispositivo/NL/2192926-1","source_title":"Ley N° 31814 – Ley que promueve el uso de la inteligencia artificial en favor del desarrollo económico y social del país (Law No. 31814 – Law promoting the use of artificial intelligence for the country's economic and social development)","source_publisher":"Diario Oficial El Peruano","source_document_date":"2023-07-05","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Generated from the source-backed legacy dataset; overview composed from the listed instruments. Reviewer to add regulators and refine.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"philippines","name":"Philippines","short_name":"Philippines","iso_code":"PH","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"South-East Asia","overview":"An updated national AI roadmap launched by DTI together with the Center for AI Research, building on the 2021 roadmap and adding generative AI. A national AI strategy proposed by DOST at National Innovation Day 2025, structured around five core strategies: infrastructure, workforce, innovation, ethics and policy, and deployment, phased from 2024 to 2028.","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: National AI Strategy Roadmap 2.0 (2024, strategy, adopted); National AI Strategy for the Philippines (2025, strategy, proposed). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI Strategy Roadmap 2.0, National AI Strategy for the Philippines.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"National AI Strategy Roadmap 2.0 (NAISR 2.0)","publisher":"Department of Trade and Industry, Philippines","url":"https://www.dti.gov.ph/dti-archives/dti-news-archived/dti-dti-launches-national-ai-strategy-roadmap-2-0-center-ai-research-positioning-philippines-center-excellence-ai-rampd","document_date":"2024-07-03","document_type":"strategy","tier":1},{"title":"National AI Strategy for the Philippines (NAIS-PH)","publisher":"Department of Science and Technology, Philippines","url":"https://www.dost.gov.ph/knowledge-resources/news/86-2025-news/3989-dost-builds-on-ai-national-strategy.html","document_date":"2025-04-30","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":[],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/ai-regulation-philippines","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.dti.gov.ph/dti-archives/dti-news-archived/dti-dti-launches-national-ai-strategy-roadmap-2-0-center-ai-research-positioning-philippines-center-excellence-ai-rampd","source_title":"National AI Strategy Roadmap 2.0 (NAISR 2.0)","source_publisher":"Department of Trade and Industry, Philippines","source_document_date":"2024-07-03","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Generated from the source-backed legacy dataset; overview composed from the listed instruments. Reviewer to add regulators and refine.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"poland","name":"Poland","short_name":"Poland","iso_code":"PL","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Eastern Europe","overview":"Poland applies the EU AI Act and has drafted a national implementing act creating a new Commission for the Development and Safety of Artificial Intelligence (Komisja Rozwoju i Bezpieczeństwa Sztucznej Inteligencji) as market-surveillance authority. The 2020 \"Policy for the development of AI in Poland from 2020\" is the national strategy; the Ministry of Digital Affairs leads implementation.","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; national implementing bill proposed (2024–2025); AI development policy (2020).","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Draft act on AI systems (AI Act implementation). Strategy or guidance: Policy for the development of AI in Poland (2020).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministerstwo Cyfryzacji (Ministry of Digital Affairs)","url":"https://www.gov.pl/web/cyfryzacja","role":"Lead ministry for AI policy and AI Act implementation"},{"name":"Urząd Ochrony Danych Osobowych (UODO)","url":"https://uodo.gov.pl/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Polityka dla rozwoju sztucznej inteligencji w Polsce od roku 2020","publisher":"Council of Ministers","url":"https://www.gov.pl/web/ai/polityka-dla-rozwoju-sztucznej-inteligencji-w-polsce-od-roku-2020","document_date":"2020-12-28","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","czechia","germany"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/poland","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.pl/web/ai/polityka-dla-rozwoju-sztucznej-inteligencji-w-polsce-od-roku-2020","source_title":"Polityka dla rozwoju sztucznej inteligencji w Polsce od roku 2020","source_publisher":"Council of Ministers","source_document_date":"2020-12-28","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"portugal","name":"Portugal","short_name":"Portugal","iso_code":"PT","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","overview":"Portugal applies the EU AI Act and adopted the \"AI Portugal 2030\" strategy in 2019 within the INCoDe.2030 digital-skills initiative, followed by a 2025 national AI agenda focused on public administration, language models in Portuguese and computing. The government has proposed the national communications regulator ANACOM and sector authorities for AI Act supervision, with the CNPD as data-protection authority.","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; AI Portugal 2030 (2019) and 2025 AI agenda as policy; authority designation in progress.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: AI Portugal 2030.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Comissão Nacional de Proteção de Dados (CNPD)","url":"https://www.cnpd.pt/","role":"Data-protection authority"},{"name":"Agência para a Modernização Administrativa (AMA)","url":"https://www.ama.gov.pt/","role":"Public-sector digital transformation and AI in administration"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"AI Portugal 2030","publisher":"INCoDe.2030 / Government of Portugal","url":"https://www.incode2030.gov.pt/","document_date":"2019-06-01","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","spain","brazil"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/portugal","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.incode2030.gov.pt/","source_title":"AI Portugal 2030","source_publisher":"INCoDe.2030 / Government of Portugal","source_document_date":"2019-06-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"qatar","name":"Qatar","short_name":"Qatar","iso_code":"QA","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Gulf Cooperation Council","overview":"Developed by the Qatar Center for Artificial Intelligence and adopted by the government as the national strategy, the document sets out six pillars: education, data access, employment, business, research, and ethics.","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: National Artificial Intelligence Strategy for Qatar 2019 (2019, strategy, adopted). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National Artificial Intelligence Strategy for Qatar 2019.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"National Artificial Intelligence Strategy for Qatar 2019","publisher":"Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, Qatar","url":"https://www.mcit.gov.qa/-/media/mcit/documents/strategies/national_artificial_intelligence_strategy_for_qatar_2019_en.pdf","document_date":"2019-10-29","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":[],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/qatar","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.mcit.gov.qa/-/media/mcit/documents/strategies/national_artificial_intelligence_strategy_for_qatar_2019_en.pdf","source_title":"National Artificial Intelligence Strategy for Qatar 2019","source_publisher":"Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, Qatar","source_document_date":"2019-10-29","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Generated from the source-backed legacy dataset; overview composed from the listed instruments. Reviewer to add regulators and refine.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"ca-quebec","name":"Quebec (Canada)","short_name":"Quebec","iso_code":"CA-QC","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Americas","subregion":"Northern America","overview":"Quebec's Law 25 (Act to modernize legislative provisions as regards the protection of personal information, 2021) introduced Canada's first statutory rules on automated decision-making: from September 2023 organisations must inform individuals when a decision is based exclusively on automated processing, on request explain the personal information and principal factors used and allow observations, and must conduct privacy impact assessments and give notice of biometric identification systems. The Commission d'accès à l'information enforces it with GDPR-scale penalties.","regulatory_status_summary":"Law 25 automated-decision and biometric provisions in force since September 2023.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Quebec Law 25 (automated decisions and biometrics). Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Commission d'accès à l'information du Québec (CAI)","url":"https://www.cai.gouv.qc.ca/","role":"Enforces Law 25 and the private-sector privacy act"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Act to modernize legislative provisions as regards the protection of personal information (S.Q. 2021, c. 25)","publisher":"Publications Québec / Assemblée nationale du Québec","url":"https://www.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/fileadmin/Fichiers_client/lois_et_reglements/LoisAnnuelles/en/2021/2021C25A.PDF","document_date":"2021-09-22","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["canada","ca-ontario","eu"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/ca-quebec","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/fileadmin/Fichiers_client/lois_et_reglements/LoisAnnuelles/en/2021/2021C25A.PDF","source_title":"Act to modernize legislative provisions as regards the protection of personal information (S.Q. 2021, c. 25)","source_publisher":"Publications Québec / Assemblée nationale du Québec","source_document_date":"2021-09-22","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"au-queensland","name":"Queensland (Australia)","short_name":"Queensland","iso_code":"AU-QLD","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Oceania","subregion":null,"overview":"Queensland is recorded here for its own AI instruments, which apply within its territory alongside Australia's national rules. On record: Queensland AI governance policy. This page was added in the October 2026 sub-national research round; see each instrument for what it requires.","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Queensland AI governance policy. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Artificial intelligence governance policy","publisher":"Queensland Government","url":"https://www.forgov.qld.gov.au/information-technology/queensland-government-enterprise-architecture-qgea/qgea-directions-and-guidance/qgea-policies-standards-and-guidelines/artificial-intelligence-governance-policy","document_date":null,"document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["australia"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/au-queensland","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.forgov.qld.gov.au/information-technology/queensland-government-enterprise-architecture-qgea/qgea-directions-and-guidance/qgea-policies-standards-and-guidelines/artificial-intelligence-governance-policy","source_title":"Artificial intelligence governance policy","source_publisher":"Queensland Government","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-10-15","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the October 2026 sub-national research round. Recorded on 15 October 2026 from search-engine extracts of the official pages listed; the official text could not be opened from the research environment, so every date and duty here is pending review against it.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"romania","name":"Romania","short_name":"Romania","iso_code":"RO","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Eastern Europe","overview":"Romania applies the EU AI Act and adopted a National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence 2024–2027 by government decision in July 2024, coordinated by the Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitalisation with the Authority for Digitalisation of Romania (ADR). The National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing is the data-protection authority; AI Act market-surveillance designation is in progress.","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; National AI Strategy 2024–2027 adopted; authority designation in progress.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI Strategy 2024–2027.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministerul Cercetării, Inovării și Digitalizării","url":"https://www.mcid.gov.ro/","role":"Lead ministry for the AI strategy"},{"name":"Autoritatea pentru Digitalizarea României (ADR)","url":"https://www.adr.gov.ro/","role":"Digital transformation and AI programmes"},{"name":"ANSPDCP","url":"https://www.dataprotection.ro/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Strategia Națională în domeniul Inteligenței Artificiale 2024–2027","publisher":"Government of Romania (Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitalisation)","url":"https://www.mcid.gov.ro/","document_date":"2024-07-11","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","hungary","bulgaria"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/romania","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.mcid.gov.ro/","source_title":"Strategia Națională în domeniul Inteligenței Artificiale 2024–2027","source_publisher":"Government of Romania (Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitalisation)","source_document_date":"2024-07-11","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"russia","name":"Russia","short_name":"Russia","iso_code":"RU","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Eastern Europe","overview":"Russia's National Strategy for the Development of AI to 2030 was approved by Presidential Decree No. 490 of 10 October 2019 and substantially updated by Decree No. 124 of 15 February 2024. Federal Law No. 123-FZ (2020) created an experimental legal regime for AI in Moscow, and Federal Law No. 258-FZ (2020) provides a general framework for digital-innovation experimental regimes. An industry AI Code of Ethics (2021) has hundreds of signatories. No comprehensive binding AI law exists; personal-data and information laws apply.","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI strategy (2019, updated 2024) as policy; experimental legal regimes in force; AI ethics code voluntary.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Federal Law 123-FZ (Moscow AI experimental regime). Strategy or guidance: National AI Strategy to 2030 (Decree 490, updated 2024).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Digital Development, Communications and Mass Media","url":"https://digital.gov.ru/","role":"AI strategy implementation"},{"name":"Roskomnadzor","url":"https://rkn.gov.ru/","role":"Personal-data and communications supervision"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 490 of 10 October 2019 on the development of artificial intelligence","publisher":"President of Russia","url":"http://kremlin.ru/acts/bank/44731","document_date":"2019-10-10","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["kazakhstan","china"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/russia","source":{"official_source_url":"http://kremlin.ru/acts/bank/44731","source_title":"Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 490 of 10 October 2019 on the development of artificial intelligence","source_publisher":"President of Russia","source_document_date":"2019-10-10","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"rwanda","name":"Rwanda","short_name":"Rwanda","iso_code":"RW","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","overview":"Rwanda's national AI policy sets out six policy areas and fourteen recommendations covering skills and literacy, infrastructure, data, responsible AI governance, public-sector adoption and ecosystem development.","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: The National AI Policy (2023, policy, adopted). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: The National AI Policy.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"The National AI Policy","publisher":"Ministry of ICT and Innovation, Republic of Rwanda","url":"https://www.minict.gov.rw/ai-policy","document_date":"2023-04-20","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":[],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/rwanda","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.minict.gov.rw/ai-policy","source_title":"The National AI Policy","source_publisher":"Ministry of ICT and Innovation, Republic of Rwanda","source_document_date":"2023-04-20","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Generated from the source-backed legacy dataset; overview composed from the listed instruments. Reviewer to add regulators and refine.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"saint-kitts-and-nevis","name":"Saint Kitts and Nevis","short_name":"Saint Kitts and Nevis","iso_code":"KN","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Caribbean","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Government of Saint Kitts and Nevis","url":"https://www.gov.kn/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Saint Kitts and Nevis","publisher":"Government of Saint Kitts and Nevis","url":"https://www.gov.kn/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["barbados"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/saint-kitts-and-nevis","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.kn/","source_title":"Government of Saint Kitts and Nevis","source_publisher":"Government of Saint Kitts and Nevis","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"saint-lucia","name":"Saint Lucia","short_name":"Saint Lucia","iso_code":"LC","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Caribbean","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Government of Saint Lucia","url":"https://www.govt.lc/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Saint Lucia","publisher":"Government of Saint Lucia","url":"https://www.govt.lc/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["barbados"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/saint-lucia","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.govt.lc/","source_title":"Government of Saint Lucia","source_publisher":"Government of Saint Lucia","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"saint-vincent-and-the-grenadines","name":"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","short_name":"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","iso_code":"VC","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Caribbean","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Government of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","url":"https://www.gov.vc/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","publisher":"Government of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","url":"https://www.gov.vc/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["barbados"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/saint-vincent-and-the-grenadines","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.vc/","source_title":"Government of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","source_publisher":"Government of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"samoa","name":"Samoa","short_name":"Samoa","iso_code":"WS","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Oceania","subregion":null,"overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Government of Samoa","url":"https://www.samoagovt.ws/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Samoa","publisher":"Government of Samoa","url":"https://www.samoagovt.ws/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["new-zealand"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/samoa","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.samoagovt.ws/","source_title":"Government of Samoa","source_publisher":"Government of Samoa","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"san-marino","name":"San Marino","short_name":"San Marino","iso_code":"SM","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","overview":"San Marino signed the Council of Europe Framework Convention on AI (2024); no domestic AI instrument recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"San Marino signed the Council of Europe Framework Convention on AI (2024); no domestic AI instrument recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Government of San Marino","url":"https://www.gov.sm/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of San Marino","publisher":"Government of San Marino","url":"https://www.gov.sm/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["italy","council-of-europe"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/san-marino","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.sm/","source_title":"Government of San Marino","source_publisher":"Government of San Marino","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"sao-tome-and-principe","name":"Sao Tome and Principe","short_name":"Sao Tome and Principe","iso_code":"ST","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Middle Africa","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/sao-tome-and-principe","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"saudi-arabia","name":"Saudi Arabia","short_name":"Saudi Arabia","iso_code":"SA","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Gulf Cooperation Council","overview":"The national strategy, approved by royal decision in July 2020, sets an ambition for Saudi Arabia to be among the leading data- and AI-driven economies through phased milestones to 2030. SDAIA's AI Ethics Principles set out ethical principles and associated controls for entities developing, deploying or affected by AI systems in Saudi Arabia, covering fairness, privacy and security, humanity, social and environmental benefit, reliability and safety, transparency, and accountability.","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: National Strategy for Data & AI (2020, strategy, adopted); AI Ethics Principles (2025, guidance). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National Strategy for Data & AI, AI Ethics Principles.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"National Strategy for Data & AI","publisher":"Saudi Data and Artificial Intelligence Authority","url":"https://sdaia.gov.sa/en/SDAIA/SdaiaStrategies/Pages/NationalStrategyForDataAndAI.aspx","document_date":"2020-07-17","document_type":"strategy","tier":1},{"title":"AI Ethics Principles","publisher":"Saudi Data and Artificial Intelligence Authority","url":"https://sdaia.gov.sa/en/SDAIA/about/Documents/ai-principles.pdf","document_date":"2025-05-01","document_type":"guidance","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":[],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/ai-regulation-saudi-arabia","source":{"official_source_url":"https://sdaia.gov.sa/en/SDAIA/SdaiaStrategies/Pages/NationalStrategyForDataAndAI.aspx","source_title":"National Strategy for Data & AI","source_publisher":"Saudi Data and Artificial Intelligence Authority","source_document_date":"2020-07-17","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Generated from the source-backed legacy dataset; overview composed from the listed instruments. Reviewer to add regulators and refine.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"de-schleswig-holstein","name":"Schleswig-Holstein (Germany)","short_name":"Schleswig-Holstein","iso_code":"DE-SH","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Europe","subregion":"Western Europe","overview":"Schleswig-Holstein is recorded here for its own AI instruments, which apply within its territory alongside Germany's national rules. On record: Schleswig-Holstein AI in administration act (ITEG). This page was added in the October 2026 sub-national research round; see each instrument for what it requires.","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Schleswig-Holstein AI in administration act (ITEG). Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Gesetz- und Verordnungsblatt Schleswig-Holstein 2022 No. 5","publisher":"Land Schleswig-Holstein","url":"https://www.schleswig-holstein.de/DE/landesregierung/ministerien-behoerden/IV/Service/GVOBl/GVOBl/2022/gvobl_5_2022.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=2","document_date":"2022-04-14","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["germany"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/de-schleswig-holstein","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.schleswig-holstein.de/DE/landesregierung/ministerien-behoerden/IV/Service/GVOBl/GVOBl/2022/gvobl_5_2022.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=2","source_title":"Gesetz- und Verordnungsblatt Schleswig-Holstein 2022 No. 5","source_publisher":"Land Schleswig-Holstein","source_document_date":"2022-04-14","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-10-15","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the October 2026 sub-national research round. Recorded on 15 October 2026 from search-engine extracts of the official pages listed; the official text could not be opened from the research environment, so every date and duty here is pending review against it.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"uk-scotland","name":"Scotland (United Kingdom)","short_name":"Scotland","iso_code":"GB-SCT","jurisdiction_type":"region","region":"Europe","subregion":null,"overview":"Scotland is recorded here for its own AI instruments, which apply within its territory alongside UK's national rules. On record: Scotland's AI Strategy 2026-2031; Scottish AI Register. This page was added in the October 2026 sub-national research round; see each instrument for what it requires.","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Scotland's AI Strategy 2026-2031; Scottish AI Register.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Scotland's AI Strategy 2026-2031","publisher":"Scottish Government","url":"https://www.gov.scot/publications/scotlands-ai-strategy-2026-2031/","document_date":"2026-03-20","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["uk"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/uk-scotland","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.scot/publications/scotlands-ai-strategy-2026-2031/","source_title":"Scotland's AI Strategy 2026-2031","source_publisher":"Scottish Government","source_document_date":"2026-03-20","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-10-15","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the October 2026 sub-national research round. Recorded on 15 October 2026 from search-engine extracts of the official pages listed; the official text could not be opened from the research environment, so every date and duty here is pending review against it.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"senegal","name":"Senegal","short_name":"Senegal","iso_code":"SN","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","overview":"Senegal adopted a National Artificial Intelligence Strategy in 2025 through the Ministry of Communication, Telecommunications and Digital Affairs within the \"New Technological Deal\" digital strategy, with priorities on public services, agriculture, health, talent and ethics; Law 2008-12 on personal data and the CDP apply.","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI strategy (2025) as policy; data-protection law applies; no AI-specific law.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI Strategy (2025).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministère de la Communication, des Télécommunications et du Numérique","url":"https://numerique.gouv.sn/","role":"AI strategy lead"},{"name":"Commission de protection des Données Personnelles (CDP)","url":"https://www.cdp.sn/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministère de la Communication, des Télécommunications et du Numérique","publisher":"Government of Senegal","url":"https://numerique.gouv.sn/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","ghana","nigeria","benin"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/senegal","source":{"official_source_url":"https://numerique.gouv.sn/","source_title":"Ministère de la Communication, des Télécommunications et du Numérique","source_publisher":"Government of Senegal","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"kr-seoul","name":"Seoul (South Korea)","short_name":"Seoul","iso_code":"KR-11","jurisdiction_type":"region","region":"Asia","subregion":"Eastern Asia","overview":"Seoul is recorded here for its own AI instruments, which apply within its territory alongside South Korea's national rules. On record: Seoul AI literacy ordinance. This page was added in the October 2026 sub-national research round; see each instrument for what it requires.","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Seoul AI literacy ordinance. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Seoul Metropolitan Government approval document (15 September 2025)","publisher":"Seoul Metropolitan Government","url":"https://opengov.seoul.go.kr/sanction/34330710?from=mayor","document_date":"2025-09-15","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["south-korea"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/kr-seoul","source":{"official_source_url":"https://opengov.seoul.go.kr/sanction/34330710?from=mayor","source_title":"Seoul Metropolitan Government approval document (15 September 2025)","source_publisher":"Seoul Metropolitan Government","source_document_date":"2025-09-15","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-10-15","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the October 2026 sub-national research round. Recorded on 15 October 2026 from search-engine extracts of the official pages listed; the official text could not be opened from the research environment, so every date and duty here is pending review against it.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"serbia","name":"Serbia","short_name":"Serbia","iso_code":"RS","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","overview":"Serbia, an EU candidate, adopted the first AI development strategy in the Western Balkans in 2019 (2020–2025), ethical guidelines for AI in 2023, and a new AI Development Strategy 2025–2030 in 2025, and has been drafting a law on artificial intelligence aligned with the EU AI Act. The Office for IT and eGovernment and the Institute for AI Research and Development of Serbia lead implementation.","regulatory_status_summary":"AI strategy 2025–2030 adopted; ethical guidelines (2023); AI law in preparation; EU AI Act alignment as a candidate country.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: AI Development Strategy 2025–2030; Ethical guidelines for trustworthy AI (2023).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Kancelarija za informacione tehnologije i elektronsku upravu","url":"https://www.ite.gov.rs/","role":"Office for IT and eGovernment; AI strategy implementation"},{"name":"Poverenik za informacije od javnog značaja i zaštitu podataka o ličnosti","url":"https://www.poverenik.rs/en/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"AI Serbia – national AI portal","publisher":"Government of the Republic of Serbia","url":"https://www.ai.gov.rs/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","croatia","council-of-europe"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/serbia","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.ai.gov.rs/","source_title":"AI Serbia – national AI portal","source_publisher":"Government of the Republic of Serbia","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"seychelles","name":"Seychelles","short_name":"Seychelles","iso_code":"SC","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Government of Seychelles","url":"https://www.gov.sc/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Seychelles","publisher":"Government of Seychelles","url":"https://www.gov.sc/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","mauritius"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/seychelles","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.sc/","source_title":"Government of Seychelles","source_publisher":"Government of Seychelles","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"cn-shanghai","name":"Shanghai (China)","short_name":"Shanghai","iso_code":"CN-SH","jurisdiction_type":"region","region":"Asia","subregion":"Eastern Asia","overview":"Shanghai is recorded here for its own AI instruments, which apply within its territory alongside China's national rules. On record: Shanghai AI regulations (2022). This page was added in the October 2026 sub-national research round; see each instrument for what it requires.","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Shanghai AI regulations (2022). Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Regulations of Shanghai Municipality on Promoting the Development of the AI Sector (official English translation)","publisher":"Shanghai Municipal People's Government","url":"https://english.shanghai.gov.cn/en-LocalRules/20240913/4395d1563dd548b39406cbe8833c9ef6.html","document_date":"2022-09-22","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["china"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/cn-shanghai","source":{"official_source_url":"https://english.shanghai.gov.cn/en-LocalRules/20240913/4395d1563dd548b39406cbe8833c9ef6.html","source_title":"Regulations of Shanghai Municipality on Promoting the Development of the AI Sector (official English translation)","source_publisher":"Shanghai Municipal People's Government","source_document_date":"2022-09-22","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-10-15","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the October 2026 sub-national research round. Recorded on 15 October 2026 from search-engine extracts of the official pages listed; the official text could not be opened from the research environment, so every date and duty here is pending review against it.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"cn-shenzhen","name":"Shenzhen (China)","short_name":"Shenzhen","iso_code":null,"jurisdiction_type":"region","region":"Asia","subregion":"Eastern Asia","overview":"Shenzhen is recorded here for its own AI instruments, which apply within its territory alongside China's national rules. On record: Shenzhen AI industry regulations (2022). This page was added in the October 2026 sub-national research round; see each instrument for what it requires.","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Shenzhen AI industry regulations (2022). Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"深圳经济特区人工智能产业促进条例","publisher":"Shenzhen Municipal People's Congress","url":"https://www.szrd.gov.cn/v2/zx/szfg/content/post_966197.html","document_date":"2022-09-05","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["china"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/cn-shenzhen","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.szrd.gov.cn/v2/zx/szfg/content/post_966197.html","source_title":"深圳经济特区人工智能产业促进条例","source_publisher":"Shenzhen Municipal People's Congress","source_document_date":"2022-09-05","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-10-15","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the October 2026 sub-national research round. Recorded on 15 October 2026 from search-engine extracts of the official pages listed; the official text could not be opened from the research environment, so every date and duty here is pending review against it.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"sierra-leone","name":"Sierra Leone","short_name":"Sierra Leone","iso_code":"SL","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","overview":"Sierra Leone's Ministry of Communication, Technology and Innovation adopted a National AI Strategy (2024) after UNESCO's readiness assessment, focusing on public services, health, agriculture, education and skills; no AI-specific law exists.","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI strategy (2024) as policy; no AI-specific law.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI Strategy (2024).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Communication, Technology and Innovation","url":"https://mocti.gov.sl/","role":"AI strategy lead"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Communication, Technology and Innovation","publisher":"Government of Sierra Leone","url":"https://mocti.gov.sl/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","ghana","nigeria"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/sierra-leone","source":{"official_source_url":"https://mocti.gov.sl/","source_title":"Ministry of Communication, Technology and Innovation","source_publisher":"Government of Sierra Leone","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"singapore","name":"Singapore","short_name":"Singapore","iso_code":"SG","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"South-East Asia","overview":"Singapore governs AI through voluntary frameworks, sector guidance and existing law rather than an AI statute. The Model AI Governance Framework (second edition, 2020) and the Model AI Governance Framework for Generative AI (2024) set out practical governance expectations; AI Verify provides a testing framework and toolkit; the Personal Data Protection Commission has issued advisory guidelines on personal data in AI systems; and the National AI Strategy 2.0 (December 2023) sets national direction. The Monetary Authority of Singapore, IMDA and other regulators add sector-specific expectations.\n","regulatory_status_summary":"No binding cross-sector AI law. Binding obligations come from the Personal Data Protection Act 2012, the Online Safety framework, sector regulation and consumer law. AI governance frameworks are voluntary but widely referenced.\n","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Personal Data Protection Act 2012 (PDPA), Cybersecurity Act, sector rules (for example MAS requirements for financial institutions). Guidance / voluntary: Model AI Governance Framework, Generative AI framework, AI Verify, PDPC advisory guidelines on AI, MAS FEAT principles and Veritas.\n","current_priorities":"National AI Strategy 2.0 implementation, AI Verify and generative-AI evaluation (Project Moonshot), safety guidelines for model developers and app deployers, and international interoperability of AI governance.\n","regulators":[{"name":"Infocomm Media Development Authority (IMDA)","url":"https://www.imda.gov.sg/","role":"AI governance frameworks and AI Verify"},{"name":"Personal Data Protection Commission (PDPC)","url":"https://www.pdpc.gov.sg/","role":"PDPA and AI advisory guidelines"},{"name":"AI Verify Foundation","url":"https://aiverifyfoundation.sg/","role":"AI Verify testing framework and toolkit"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Model Artificial Intelligence Governance Framework (Second Edition)","publisher":"PDPC and IMDA","url":"https://www.pdpc.gov.sg/help-and-resources/2020/01/model-ai-governance-framework","document_date":"2020-01-21","document_type":"guidance","tier":1},{"title":"Model AI Governance Framework for Generative AI","publisher":"AI Verify Foundation and IMDA","url":"https://aiverifyfoundation.sg/resources/mgf-gen-ai/","document_date":"2024-05-30","document_type":"guidance","tier":1},{"title":"National AI Strategy 2.0","publisher":"Smart Nation Singapore","url":"https://www.smartnation.gov.sg/nais/","document_date":"2023-12-04","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["india","australia","uk","eu"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/singapore","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.pdpc.gov.sg/help-and-resources/2020/01/model-ai-governance-framework","source_title":"Model AI Governance Framework (Second Edition)","source_publisher":"Personal Data Protection Commission Singapore and IMDA","source_document_date":"2020-01-21","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Initial structured record.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"slovakia","name":"Slovakia","short_name":"Slovakia","iso_code":"SK","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Eastern Europe","overview":"Slovakia applies the EU AI Act, set out its AI direction in the 2019 \"Action Plan for the Digital Transformation of Slovakia 2019–2022\" and a 2024 national AI strategy to 2030, and coordinates through the Ministry of Investments, Regional Development and Informatisation. The Office for Personal Data Protection is the data-protection authority.","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; national AI strategy 2030 (2024) as policy.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI Strategy 2030.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministerstvo investícií, regionálneho rozvoja a informatizácie SR (MIRRI)","url":"https://www.mirri.gov.sk/en/","role":"Digital and AI policy lead"},{"name":"Úrad na ochranu osobných údajov","url":"https://dataprotection.gov.sk/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Investments, Regional Development and Informatisation","publisher":"Government of Slovakia","url":"https://www.mirri.gov.sk/en/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","czechia","hungary","poland"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/slovakia","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.mirri.gov.sk/en/","source_title":"Ministry of Investments, Regional Development and Informatisation","source_publisher":"Government of Slovakia","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"slovenia","name":"Slovenia","short_name":"Slovenia","iso_code":"SI","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","overview":"Slovenia applies the EU AI Act, adopted the National Programme for the Promotion of the Development and Use of AI to 2025 (NpUI) in 2021, hosts the UNESCO International Research Centre on AI (IRCAI) in Ljubljana, and coordinates AI policy through the Ministry of Digital Transformation.","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; national AI programme (2021) as policy; IRCAI hosted.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI Programme to 2025 (NpUI).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministrstvo za digitalno preobrazbo (Ministry of Digital Transformation)","url":"https://www.gov.si/en/state-authorities/ministries/ministry-of-digital-transformation/","role":"Digital and AI policy lead"},{"name":"Informacijski pooblaščenec","url":"https://www.ip-rs.si/en/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Nacionalni program spodbujanja razvoja in uporabe umetne inteligence v Republiki Sloveniji do leta 2025 (NpUI)","publisher":"Government of Slovenia","url":"https://www.gov.si/en/state-authorities/ministries/ministry-of-digital-transformation/","document_date":"2021-05-27","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","croatia","austria","italy"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/slovenia","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.si/en/state-authorities/ministries/ministry-of-digital-transformation/","source_title":"Nacionalni program spodbujanja razvoja in uporabe umetne inteligence v Republiki Sloveniji do leta 2025 (NpUI)","source_publisher":"Government of Slovenia","source_document_date":"2021-05-27","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"solomon-islands","name":"Solomon Islands","short_name":"Solomon Islands","iso_code":"SB","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Oceania","subregion":null,"overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Solomon Islands Government","url":"https://solomons.gov.sb/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Solomon Islands Government","publisher":"Government of Solomon Islands","url":"https://solomons.gov.sb/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["australia"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/solomon-islands","source":{"official_source_url":"https://solomons.gov.sb/","source_title":"Solomon Islands Government","source_publisher":"Government of Solomon Islands","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"somalia","name":"Somalia","short_name":"Somalia","iso_code":"SO","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/somalia","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"south-africa","name":"South Africa","short_name":"South Africa","iso_code":"ZA","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Southern Africa","overview":"Approved by Cabinet in March/April 2026 and gazetted for a 60-day comment period, the draft policy proposed guiding principles, institutional arrangements and implementation pathways for AI across the public and private sectors, building on the department's 2024 National AI Policy Framework.","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: Draft South Africa National Artificial Intelligence (2026, policy, archived). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Draft South Africa National Artificial Intelligence.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Draft South Africa National Artificial Intelligence (AI) Policy","publisher":"Government Gazette No. 54477, Notice 3880 of 2026 (DCDT)","url":"https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/202604/54477gen3880.pdf","document_date":"2026-04-10","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":[],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/south-africa","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/202604/54477gen3880.pdf","source_title":"Draft South Africa National Artificial Intelligence (AI) Policy","source_publisher":"Government Gazette No. 54477, Notice 3880 of 2026 (DCDT)","source_document_date":"2026-04-10","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Generated from the source-backed legacy dataset; overview composed from the listed instruments. Reviewer to add regulators and refine.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"au-south-australia","name":"South Australia (Australia)","short_name":"South Australia","iso_code":"AU-SA","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Oceania","subregion":null,"overview":"South Australia is recorded here for its own AI instruments, which apply within its territory alongside Australia's national rules. On record: South Australia AI ethics policy. This page was added in the October 2026 sub-national research round; see each instrument for what it requires.","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: South Australia AI ethics policy. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Artificial Intelligence Ethics Policy","publisher":"Government of South Australia","url":"https://www.treasury.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/1194340/AI_Ethics_Policy.pdf","document_date":"2025-10-10","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["australia"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/au-south-australia","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.treasury.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/1194340/AI_Ethics_Policy.pdf","source_title":"Artificial Intelligence Ethics Policy","source_publisher":"Government of South Australia","source_document_date":"2025-10-10","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-10-15","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the October 2026 sub-national research round. Recorded on 15 October 2026 from search-engine extracts of the official pages listed; the official text could not be opened from the research environment, so every date and duty here is pending review against it.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"south-korea","name":"South Korea","short_name":"South Korea","iso_code":"KR","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Eastern Asia","overview":"Korea's AI Basic Act is a comprehensive framework statute combining industrial promotion with trust and safety rules.","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: Framework Act on the Development of Artificial Intelligence and Establishment of a Foundation for Trust (2025, act, in force). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Framework Act on the Development of Artificial Intelligence and Establishment of a Foundation for Trust. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Framework Act on the Development of Artificial Intelligence and Establishment of a Foundation for Trust (AI Basic Act, Act No. 20676)","publisher":"Korea Ministry of Government Legislation, National Law Information Center","url":"https://www.law.go.kr/lsInfoP.do?lsiSeq=268543","document_date":"2025-01-21","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":[],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/ai-regulation-south-korea","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.law.go.kr/lsInfoP.do?lsiSeq=268543","source_title":"Framework Act on the Development of Artificial Intelligence and Establishment of a Foundation for Trust (AI Basic Act, Act No. 20676)","source_publisher":"Korea Ministry of Government Legislation, National Law Information Center","source_document_date":"2025-01-21","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Generated from the source-backed legacy dataset; overview composed from the listed instruments. Reviewer to add regulators and refine.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"south-sudan","name":"South Sudan","short_name":"South Sudan","iso_code":"SS","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/south-sudan","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"spain","name":"Spain","short_name":"Spain","iso_code":"ES","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","overview":"Spain created the first dedicated national AI supervisory agency in the EU, AESIA, by Royal Decree 729/2023, and ran the first AI Act regulatory sandbox under Royal Decree 817/2023. The government approved a draft law on the good use and governance of AI in March 2025 to implement the AI Act nationally (authorities, penalties, mandatory labelling of AI-generated content), and the 2024 AI Strategy funds compute, language models in Spanish and co-official languages, and public-sector adoption.","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; AESIA operational; national implementation bill proposed (2025); AI Strategy 2024 as policy.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Royal Decree 729/2023 (AESIA statute); Royal Decree 817/2023 (AI regulatory sandbox); Draft law on good use and governance of AI. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":"Passing the AI governance bill, AESIA supervision, the sandbox, Spanish-language foundation models and supercomputing.","regulators":[{"name":"Agencia Española de Supervisión de la Inteligencia Artificial (AESIA)","url":"https://aesia.digital.gob.es/","role":"National AI supervisory agency and market-surveillance authority"},{"name":"Agencia Española de Protección de Datos (AEPD)","url":"https://www.aepd.es/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Real Decreto 729/2023, Estatuto de la AESIA","publisher":"Boletín Oficial del Estado","url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-18911","document_date":"2023-09-07","document_type":"legislation","tier":1},{"title":"AESIA","publisher":"Ministerio para la Transformación Digital y de la Función Pública","url":"https://aesia.digital.gob.es/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","portugal","italy"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/spain","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-18911","source_title":"Real Decreto 729/2023, Estatuto de la AESIA","source_publisher":"Boletín Oficial del Estado","source_document_date":"2023-09-07","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"sri-lanka","name":"Sri Lanka","short_name":"Sri Lanka","iso_code":"LK","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"South Asia","overview":"Sri Lanka published a National AI Strategy in 2024 through the Ministry of Digital Economy (formerly Technology) with a task force and a proposed national AI centre, following UNESCO's readiness assessment; the Personal Data Protection Act No. 9 of 2022 and its Data Protection Authority apply to AI processing personal data.","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI strategy (2024) as policy; data-protection law applies; no AI-specific law.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI Strategy (2024).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Digital Economy","url":"https://www.digitaleconomy.gov.lk/","role":"AI strategy lead"},{"name":"Data Protection Authority of Sri Lanka","url":"https://www.dpa.gov.lk/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Digital Economy","publisher":"Government of Sri Lanka","url":"https://www.digitaleconomy.gov.lk/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["india","bangladesh","singapore"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/ai-regulation-sri-lanka","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.digitaleconomy.gov.lk/","source_title":"Ministry of Digital Economy","source_publisher":"Government of Sri Lanka","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"sudan","name":"Sudan","short_name":"Sudan","iso_code":"SD","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Northern Africa","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","egypt"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/sudan","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"suriname","name":"Suriname","short_name":"Suriname","iso_code":"SR","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"South America","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Government of Suriname","url":"https://www.gov.sr/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Suriname","publisher":"Government of Suriname","url":"https://www.gov.sr/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["guyana"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/suriname","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.sr/","source_title":"Government of Suriname","source_publisher":"Government of Suriname","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"sweden","name":"Sweden","short_name":"Sweden","iso_code":"SE","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Northern Europe","overview":"Sweden applies the EU AI Act and has framed national policy through a 2018 national approach to AI and the AI Commission's roadmap for Sweden (SOU 2024:94, November 2024), which proposed investments, an AI task force, data access and public-sector adoption measures. The Swedish Authority for Privacy Protection (IMY) has published regulatory guidance and run sandboxes on AI; the government has proposed IMY, the Swedish Post and Telecom Authority and other bodies as AI Act authorities.","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; AI Commission roadmap (2024) under implementation as policy; national approach (2018).","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: AI Commission roadmap for Sweden (SOU 2024:94).","current_priorities":"AI Act authority designation, AI investment package following the AI Commission, public-sector AI and data access.","regulators":[{"name":"Integritetsskyddsmyndigheten (IMY)","url":"https://www.imy.se/en/","role":"Data-protection authority; AI regulatory sandbox"},{"name":"Regeringskansliet (Government Offices of Sweden)","url":"https://www.regeringen.se/","role":"Government policy and AI Act implementation"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Färdplan för Sverige (SOU 2024:94)","publisher":"Regeringskansliet, AI-kommissionen","url":"https://www.regeringen.se/rattsliga-dokument/statens-offentliga-utredningar/2024/11/sou-202494/","document_date":"2024-11-26","document_type":"strategy","tier":1},{"title":"IMY: artificial intelligence","publisher":"Integritetsskyddsmyndigheten","url":"https://www.imy.se/en/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","denmark","finland","norway"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/sweden","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.regeringen.se/rattsliga-dokument/statens-offentliga-utredningar/2024/11/sou-202494/","source_title":"Färdplan för Sverige (SOU 2024:94)","source_publisher":"Regeringskansliet, AI-kommissionen","source_document_date":"2024-11-26","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"switzerland","name":"Switzerland","short_name":"Switzerland","iso_code":"CH","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Western Europe","overview":"Switzerland is outside the EU and does not apply the AI Act. In February 2025 the Federal Council decided its approach: ratify the Council of Europe Framework Convention on AI, make targeted sector-specific legal changes (transparency, data protection, non-discrimination) rather than a horizontal AI law, and rely on non-binding measures such as industry self-regulation; a consultation draft was due by the end of 2026. The 2020 guidelines on AI for the Federal Administration and the Competence Network for AI (CNAI) guide public-sector use.","regulatory_status_summary":"No horizontal AI law; Federal Council approach (2025): Council of Europe convention plus sector rules; federal AI guidelines (2020).","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Federal Council AI regulatory approach (2025); Guidelines on AI for the Federal Administration (2020).","current_priorities":"Drafting the ratification and sector-law package, transparency and data-protection rules for AI, CNAI coordination.","regulators":[{"name":"Federal Office of Communications (OFCOM)","url":"https://www.bakom.admin.ch/","role":"Lead office for the AI regulatory approach"},{"name":"Federal Data Protection and Information Commissioner (FDPIC)","url":"https://www.edoeb.admin.ch/en","role":"Data-protection authority; guidance on AI and the FADP"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Federal Council wants to ratify the Council of Europe Convention on AI (press release, 12 February 2025)","publisher":"Swiss Federal Council","url":"https://www.admin.ch/gov/en/start/documentation/media-releases.msg-id-104110.html","document_date":"2025-02-12","document_type":"press_release","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","germany","france","austria","council-of-europe"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/switzerland","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.admin.ch/gov/en/start/documentation/media-releases.msg-id-104110.html","source_title":"Federal Council wants to ratify the Council of Europe Convention on AI (press release, 12 February 2025)","source_publisher":"Swiss Federal Council","source_document_date":"2025-02-12","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"syria","name":"Syria","short_name":"Syria","iso_code":"SY","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Western Asia","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["lebanon"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/syria","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"taiwan","name":"Taiwan","short_name":"Taiwan","iso_code":"TW","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Eastern Asia","overview":"Taiwan's Executive Yuan approved a draft Artificial Intelligence Basic Act in July 2024 setting principles (sustainability, human autonomy, privacy, security, transparency, fairness, accountability) and tasking the National Science and Technology Council to lead, with a risk-classification framework and sector regulation to follow; the Legislative Yuan's consideration continued into 2025. The Personal Data Protection Act and its new independent commission apply, and the Financial Supervisory Commission issued generative-AI guidelines for the financial sector.","regulatory_status_summary":"AI Basic Act adopted by the Executive Yuan (2024) and under legislative process; sector guidance from financial regulators.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Artificial Intelligence Basic Act (draft). Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Council (NSTC)","url":"https://www.nstc.gov.tw/","role":"Lead agency for the AI Basic Act"},{"name":"Ministry of Digital Affairs (moda)","url":"https://moda.gov.tw/en/","role":"AI evaluation centre and digital policy"},{"name":"Personal Data Protection Commission (preparatory office)","url":"https://www.pdpc.gov.tw/","role":"Data-protection supervision"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"National Science and Technology Council: AI Basic Act","publisher":"NSTC","url":"https://www.nstc.gov.tw/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["japan","south-korea","singapore"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/taiwan","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.nstc.gov.tw/","source_title":"National Science and Technology Council: AI Basic Act","source_publisher":"NSTC","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"tajikistan","name":"Tajikistan","short_name":"Tajikistan","iso_code":"TJ","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Central Asia","overview":"Tajikistan approved a Strategy for the Development of Artificial Intelligence until 2040 in 2021. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"Tajikistan approved a Strategy for the Development of Artificial Intelligence until 2040 in 2021. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: AI Development Strategy to 2040.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"President of Tajikistan","url":"https://www.president.tj/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"President of Tajikistan","publisher":"Government of Tajikistan","url":"https://www.president.tj/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["uzbekistan","kazakhstan"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/tajikistan","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.president.tj/","source_title":"President of Tajikistan","source_publisher":"Government of Tajikistan","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"in-tamil-nadu","name":"Tamil Nadu (India)","short_name":"Tamil Nadu","iso_code":"IN-TN","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Asia","subregion":"South Asia","overview":"Tamil Nadu is recorded here for its own AI instruments, which apply within its territory alongside India's national rules. On record: Tamil Nadu Safe and Ethical AI Policy 2020. This page was added in the October 2026 sub-national research round; see each instrument for what it requires.","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Tamil Nadu Safe and Ethical AI Policy 2020.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"G.O. (Ms) No. 24, IT Department, 18 September 2020","publisher":"Government of Tamil Nadu","url":"https://kygcms.tn.gov.in/cms_migrated/document/GO/it_e_24_2020.pdf","document_date":"2020-09-18","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["india"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/in-tamil-nadu","source":{"official_source_url":"https://kygcms.tn.gov.in/cms_migrated/document/GO/it_e_24_2020.pdf","source_title":"G.O. (Ms) No. 24, IT Department, 18 September 2020","source_publisher":"Government of Tamil Nadu","source_document_date":"2020-09-18","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-10-15","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the October 2026 sub-national research round. Recorded on 15 October 2026 from search-engine extracts of the official pages listed; the official text could not be opened from the research environment, so every date and duty here is pending review against it.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"tanzania","name":"Tanzania","short_name":"Tanzania","iso_code":"TZ","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","overview":"Tanzania's Ministry of Information, Communication and Information Technology has been preparing a National AI Strategy and issued AI guidelines for the public sector (2024–2025); the Personal Data Protection Act 2022 and the Personal Data Protection Commission apply.","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI strategy in development; data-protection law applies; no AI-specific law.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI strategy (in development).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Information, Communication and Information Technology","url":"https://www.mictit.go.tz/","role":"AI strategy lead"},{"name":"Personal Data Protection Commission","url":"https://www.pdpc.go.tz/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Information, Communication and Information Technology","publisher":"Government of Tanzania","url":"https://www.mictit.go.tz/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","kenya","uganda"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/tanzania","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.mictit.go.tz/","source_title":"Ministry of Information, Communication and Information Technology","source_publisher":"Government of Tanzania","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"in-telangana","name":"Telangana (India)","short_name":"Telangana","iso_code":null,"jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Asia","subregion":"South Asia","overview":"Telangana is recorded here for its own AI instruments, which apply within its territory alongside India's national rules. On record: Telangana AI framework. This page was added in the October 2026 sub-national research round; see each instrument for what it requires.","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Telangana AI framework.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Telangana's AI Framework","publisher":"Government of Telangana","url":"https://startup.telangana.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/AI-framework.pdf","document_date":null,"document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["india"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/in-telangana","source":{"official_source_url":"https://startup.telangana.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/AI-framework.pdf","source_title":"Telangana's AI Framework","source_publisher":"Government of Telangana","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-10-15","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the October 2026 sub-national research round. Recorded on 15 October 2026 from search-engine extracts of the official pages listed; the official text could not be opened from the research environment, so every date and duty here is pending review against it.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"us-tennessee","name":"Tennessee (United States)","short_name":"Tennessee","iso_code":"US-TN","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Americas","subregion":"Northern America","overview":"Tennessee enacted the ELVIS Act (Ensuring Likeness, Voice and Image Security Act) in March 2024, the first US state law explicitly protecting individuals' voice against unauthorised AI cloning by extending the right of publicity and adding liability for distributing tools whose primary purpose is producing unauthorised voice or likeness.","regulatory_status_summary":"ELVIS Act (voice and likeness protection against unauthorised AI cloning) in force since 1 July 2024; no general AI statute.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Tennessee ELVIS Act. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Tennessee General Assembly","url":"https://www.capitol.tn.gov/","role":"Legislative texts"},{"name":"Tennessee Attorney General","url":"https://www.tn.gov/attorneygeneral.html","role":"Consumer protection"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"ELVIS Act (Public Chapter 588, HB 2091 / SB 2096)","publisher":"Tennessee General Assembly","url":"https://www.capitol.tn.gov/Bills/113/Bill/HB2091.pdf","document_date":"2024-03-21","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["us","us-california"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/us-tennessee","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.capitol.tn.gov/Bills/113/Bill/HB2091.pdf","source_title":"ELVIS Act (Public Chapter 588, HB 2091 / SB 2096)","source_publisher":"Tennessee General Assembly","source_document_date":"2024-03-21","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"us-texas","name":"Texas (United States)","short_name":"Texas","iso_code":"US-TX","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Americas","subregion":"Northern America","overview":"Texas enacted the Texas Responsible Artificial Intelligence Governance Act (TRAIGA, HB 149) in June 2025, effective 1 January 2026. Narrower than Colorado's law, it prohibits specific harmful uses (manipulation to incite self-harm or crime, social scoring by government, unlawful discrimination with intent, certain biometric identification by government, sexual deepfakes of minors), requires government agencies to disclose AI interaction to consumers, creates an AI regulatory sandbox and a Texas AI Council, and gives the Attorney General exclusive enforcement with a 60-day cure period.","regulatory_status_summary":"TRAIGA in force from 1 January 2026; enforcement by the Attorney General.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Texas Responsible AI Governance Act (TRAIGA). Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Office of the Attorney General of Texas","url":"https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/","role":"Exclusive enforcement of TRAIGA"},{"name":"Texas Department of Information Resources","url":"https://dir.texas.gov/","role":"Administers the AI regulatory sandbox and state AI guidance"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"HB 149, 89th Legislature (Texas Responsible Artificial Intelligence Governance Act)","publisher":"Texas Legislature Online","url":"https://capitol.texas.gov/BillLookup/History.aspx?LegSess=89R&Bill=HB149","document_date":"2025-06-22","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["us","us-california","us-colorado"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/us-texas","source":{"official_source_url":"https://capitol.texas.gov/BillLookup/History.aspx?LegSess=89R&Bill=HB149","source_title":"HB 149, 89th Legislature (Texas Responsible Artificial Intelligence Governance Act)","source_publisher":"Texas Legislature Online","source_document_date":"2025-06-22","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"thailand","name":"Thailand","short_name":"Thailand","iso_code":"TH","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"South-East Asia","overview":"A cabinet-approved strategy and action plan with five strategies: readiness in ethics, law and regulation; national AI infrastructure; human capability and education; AI technology and innovation development; and promotion of AI use in public and private sectors. Draft principles for a Thai AI law released for public hearing by MDES and ETDA.","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: Thailand National AI Strategy and Action Plan (2022, strategy, adopted); (Draft) Principles of the Law on Artificial Intelligence (2025, consultation, under consultation). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Thailand National AI Strategy and Action Plan, (Draft) Principles of the Law on Artificial Intelligence.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Thailand National AI Strategy and Action Plan (2022-2027)","publisher":"National Electronics and Computer Technology Center (NECTEC), NSTDA","url":"https://www.nectec.or.th/en/about/news/cabinet-national-ai-strategy.html","document_date":"2022-07-26","document_type":"strategy","tier":1},{"title":"(Draft) Principles of the Law on Artificial Intelligence","publisher":"Electronic Transactions Development Agency (ETDA), Thailand","url":"https://www.etda.or.th/th/pr-news/law_ai.aspx","document_date":"2025-06-11","document_type":"consultation","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":[],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/ai-regulation-thailand","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.nectec.or.th/en/about/news/cabinet-national-ai-strategy.html","source_title":"Thailand National AI Strategy and Action Plan (2022-2027)","source_publisher":"National Electronics and Computer Technology Center (NECTEC), NSTDA","source_document_date":"2022-07-26","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Generated from the source-backed legacy dataset; overview composed from the listed instruments. Reviewer to add regulators and refine.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"timor-leste","name":"Timor-Leste","short_name":"Timor-Leste","iso_code":"TL","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"South-East Asia","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Government of Timor-Leste","url":"https://timor-leste.gov.tl/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Timor-Leste","publisher":"Government of Timor-Leste","url":"https://timor-leste.gov.tl/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["asean","indonesia"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/timor-leste","source":{"official_source_url":"https://timor-leste.gov.tl/","source_title":"Government of Timor-Leste","source_publisher":"Government of Timor-Leste","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"togo","name":"Togo","short_name":"Togo","iso_code":"TG","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","overview":"Togo has used AI in social-protection payments (Novissi) and consulted on AI governance; no adopted AI-specific instrument recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"Togo has used AI in social-protection payments (Novissi) and consulted on AI governance; no adopted AI-specific instrument recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministère de l'Économie numérique","url":"https://www.numerique.gouv.tg/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministère de l'Économie numérique","publisher":"Government of Togo","url":"https://www.numerique.gouv.tg/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","benin","ghana"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/togo","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.numerique.gouv.tg/","source_title":"Ministère de l'Économie numérique","source_publisher":"Government of Togo","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"jp-tokyo","name":"Tokyo (Japan)","short_name":"Tokyo","iso_code":"JP-13","jurisdiction_type":"region","region":"Asia","subregion":"Eastern Asia","overview":"Tokyo is recorded here for its own AI instruments, which apply within its territory alongside Japan's national rules. On record: Tokyo government AI guideline (2026). This page was added in the October 2026 sub-national research round; see each instrument for what it requires.","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Tokyo government AI guideline (2026). Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"AI導入・活用ガイドライン","publisher":"Tokyo Metropolitan Government","url":"https://www.digitalservice.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/business/ai/ai-guideline","document_date":"2026-03-30","document_type":"guidance","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["japan"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/jp-tokyo","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.digitalservice.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/business/ai/ai-guideline","source_title":"AI導入・活用ガイドライン","source_publisher":"Tokyo Metropolitan Government","source_document_date":"2026-03-30","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-10-15","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the October 2026 sub-national research round. Recorded on 15 October 2026 from search-engine extracts of the official pages listed; the official text could not be opened from the research environment, so every date and duty here is pending review against it.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"tonga","name":"Tonga","short_name":"Tonga","iso_code":"TO","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Oceania","subregion":null,"overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Government of Tonga","url":"https://www.gov.to/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Tonga","publisher":"Government of Tonga","url":"https://www.gov.to/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["new-zealand"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/tonga","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.to/","source_title":"Government of Tonga","source_publisher":"Government of Tonga","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"trinidad-and-tobago","name":"Trinidad and Tobago","short_name":"Trinidad and Tobago","iso_code":"TT","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Caribbean","overview":"Trinidad and Tobago's Ministry of Digital Transformation published a draft national AI policy for consultation in 2025. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"Trinidad and Tobago's Ministry of Digital Transformation published a draft national AI policy for consultation in 2025. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Digital Transformation","url":"https://www.mdt.gov.tt/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Digital Transformation","publisher":"Government of Trinidad and Tobago","url":"https://www.mdt.gov.tt/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["jamaica","barbados"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/trinidad-and-tobago","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.mdt.gov.tt/","source_title":"Ministry of Digital Transformation","source_publisher":"Government of Trinidad and Tobago","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"tunisia","name":"Tunisia","short_name":"Tunisia","iso_code":"TN","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Northern Africa","overview":"Tunisia's Ministry of Communication Technologies launched a National Artificial Intelligence Strategy in 2025 after a 2018 task-force roadmap, with priorities on talent, public services, start-ups and ethics; the personal-data authority INPDP applies the 2004 data-protection law to AI.","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI strategy (2025) as policy; data-protection law applies; no AI-specific law.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI Strategy (2025).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministère des Technologies de la Communication","url":"https://www.mtc.gov.tn/","role":"AI strategy lead"},{"name":"Instance Nationale de Protection des Données Personnelles (INPDP)","url":"https://www.inpdp.tn/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministère des Technologies de la Communication","publisher":"Government of Tunisia","url":"https://www.mtc.gov.tn/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","morocco","algeria"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/tunisia","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.mtc.gov.tn/","source_title":"Ministère des Technologies de la Communication","source_publisher":"Government of Tunisia","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"turkmenistan","name":"Turkmenistan","short_name":"Turkmenistan","iso_code":"TM","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Central Asia","overview":"Turkmenistan's digital economy programme references AI; no AI-specific instrument recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"Turkmenistan's digital economy programme references AI; no AI-specific instrument recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["uzbekistan"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/turkmenistan","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"it-tuscany","name":"Tuscany (Italy)","short_name":"Tuscany","iso_code":"IT-52","jurisdiction_type":"region","region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","overview":"Tuscany is recorded here for its own AI instruments, which apply within its territory alongside Italy's national rules. On record: Tuscany AI law (2026). This page was added in the October 2026 sub-national research round; see each instrument for what it requires.","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Tuscany AI law (2026). Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Toscana Notizie: Tuscany approves its AI law","publisher":"Regione Toscana","url":"https://www.toscana-notizie.it/-/ia-etica-toscana-approva-prima-legge-organica-in-italia-giani-e-lenzi-un-modello-per-il-paese-","document_date":"2026-07-21","document_type":"press_release","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["italy"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/it-tuscany","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.toscana-notizie.it/-/ia-etica-toscana-approva-prima-legge-organica-in-italia-giani-e-lenzi-un-modello-per-il-paese-","source_title":"Toscana Notizie: Tuscany approves its AI law","source_publisher":"Regione Toscana","source_document_date":"2026-07-21","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-10-15","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the October 2026 sub-national research round. Recorded on 15 October 2026 from search-engine extracts of the official pages listed; the official text could not be opened from the research environment, so every date and duty here is pending review against it.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"tuvalu","name":"Tuvalu","short_name":"Tuvalu","iso_code":"TV","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Oceania","subregion":null,"overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["new-zealand"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/tuvalu","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"turkiye","name":"Türkiye","short_name":"Türkiye","iso_code":"TR","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Western Asia","overview":"Türkiye adopted its National Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2021–2025 in August 2021 (Digital Transformation Office of the Presidency and Ministry of Industry and Technology) and updated the action plan for 2024–2025. A draft Artificial Intelligence Law was submitted to the Grand National Assembly in June 2024 but has not been enacted; the Personal Data Protection Authority (KVKK) has issued AI recommendations. Türkiye signed the Council of Europe Framework Convention on AI.","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI strategy 2021–2025 as policy; draft AI law pending in parliament; KVKK AI guidance.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Draft Artificial Intelligence Law (2024). Strategy or guidance: National AI Strategy 2021–2025.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Cumhurbaşkanlığı Dijital Dönüşüm Ofisi (Digital Transformation Office)","url":"https://cbddo.gov.tr/en/","role":"National AI strategy coordination"},{"name":"Kişisel Verileri Koruma Kurumu (KVKK)","url":"https://www.kvkk.gov.tr/","role":"Data-protection authority; AI recommendations"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"National Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2021–2025","publisher":"Digital Transformation Office of the Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye","url":"https://cbddo.gov.tr/en/nais/","document_date":"2021-08-20","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","council-of-europe"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/turkiye","source":{"official_source_url":"https://cbddo.gov.tr/en/nais/","source_title":"National Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2021–2025","source_publisher":"Digital Transformation Office of the Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye","source_document_date":"2021-08-20","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"uganda","name":"Uganda","short_name":"Uganda","iso_code":"UG","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","overview":"Uganda's Ministry of ICT and National Guidance has been developing a National AI Strategy (2024–2025) and AI guidelines within the Digital Transformation Roadmap; the Data Protection and Privacy Act 2019 and the Personal Data Protection Office apply to AI processing personal data.","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI strategy in development; data-protection law applies; no AI-specific law.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI strategy (in development).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of ICT and National Guidance","url":"https://ict.go.ug/","role":"AI strategy lead"},{"name":"Personal Data Protection Office","url":"https://www.pdpo.go.ug/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministry of ICT and National Guidance","publisher":"Government of Uganda","url":"https://ict.go.ug/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","kenya","rwanda"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/uganda","source":{"official_source_url":"https://ict.go.ug/","source_title":"Ministry of ICT and National Guidance","source_publisher":"Government of Uganda","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"ukraine","name":"Ukraine","short_name":"Ukraine","iso_code":"UA","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Eastern Europe","overview":"Ukraine, an EU candidate, adopted a Concept for the Development of AI in 2020 and, through the Ministry of Digital Transformation, a 2023 roadmap for AI regulation that follows a \"bottom-up\" approach: voluntary tools, a code of conduct and sandboxes first, with a law aligned to the EU AI Act to follow. Ukraine signed the Council of Europe Framework Convention on AI in 2024.","regulatory_status_summary":"AI concept (2020) and regulation roadmap (2023) as policy; AI law in preparation; Council of Europe convention signed.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Roadmap for AI regulation (2023).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Digital Transformation of Ukraine","url":"https://thedigital.gov.ua/","role":"AI policy lead; expert committee on AI"},{"name":"Ukrainian Parliament Commissioner for Human Rights","url":"https://www.ombudsman.gov.ua/","role":"Data-protection supervision"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Digital Transformation of Ukraine","publisher":"Government of Ukraine","url":"https://thedigital.gov.ua/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","poland","council-of-europe"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/ukraine","source":{"official_source_url":"https://thedigital.gov.ua/","source_title":"Ministry of Digital Transformation of Ukraine","source_publisher":"Government of Ukraine","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"uae","name":"United Arab Emirates","short_name":"UAE","iso_code":"AE","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Western Asia","overview":"The United Arab Emirates governs AI mainly through national strategy and principles rather than a dedicated AI statute. The UAE National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence 2031, overseen by the Minister of State for AI, sets the direction; the AI Ethics Principles and Guidelines and the 2024 UAE Charter for the Development and Use of AI set out expectations; and the Federal Decree-Law No. 45 of 2021 on Personal Data Protection provides binding rules for personal data, including automated decision-making. Financial free zones (DIFC and ADGM) have their own data-protection regimes with specific provisions on autonomous and semi-autonomous systems.\n","regulatory_status_summary":"No binding federal AI law; national AI strategy and ethics guidance in place; binding personal-data rules at federal level and in the DIFC and ADGM free zones. A reviewer must confirm the current status of any AI-specific regulation announced by the UAE's regulatory intelligence office or the Regulations Lab.\n","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Federal Decree-Law No. 45 of 2021 (PDPL) and its executive regulations when issued, DIFC Data Protection Law and Regulation 10 (autonomous systems), ADGM Data Protection Regulations, sector rules (Central Bank, TDRA). Guidance: National AI Strategy 2031, AI Ethics Principles and Guidelines, UAE AI Charter, AI adoption guidelines.\n","current_priorities":"AI adoption across government, AI in education, sovereign compute and models, a regulatory framework through the Regulations Lab, and international AI partnerships.\n","regulators":[{"name":"Office of the Minister of State for Artificial Intelligence, Digital Economy and Remote Work Applications","url":"https://ai.gov.ae/","role":"National AI strategy and governance"},{"name":"UAE Data Office","url":"https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/digital-uae/data/data-protection","role":"Federal personal data protection"},{"name":"DIFC Commissioner of Data Protection","url":"https://www.difc.ae/","role":"DIFC data protection, including autonomous systems regulation"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"UAE National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence 2031","publisher":"UAE Government, Office of the Minister of State for AI","url":"https://ai.gov.ae/","document_date":null,"document_type":"strategy","tier":1},{"title":"Federal Decree-Law No. 45 of 2021 on Personal Data Protection","publisher":"UAE Government portal","url":"https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/digital-uae/data/data-protection","document_date":"2021-09-20","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["india","singapore","eu"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/uae","source":{"official_source_url":"https://ai.gov.ae/","source_title":"UAE Artificial Intelligence — official portal","source_publisher":"UAE Government","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":"Document-level URLs to be confirmed by reviewer","source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Initial structured record.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"uk","name":"United Kingdom","short_name":"UK","iso_code":"GB","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":null,"overview":"The United Kingdom has not enacted a cross-sector AI statute. Its approach, set out in the March 2023 white paper \"A pro-innovation approach to AI regulation\" and confirmed in the February 2024 government response, asks existing regulators to apply five cross-cutting principles within their remits, supported by central functions and the AI Security Institute. Binding obligations for AI therefore come mainly from existing law: UK GDPR and the Data Protection Act 2018 (as amended by the Data (Use and Access) Act 2025), equality, consumer, financial-services, competition and online-safety legislation.\n","regulatory_status_summary":"Principles-based, regulator-led framework; no AI-specific Act in force. The government has signalled a future bill targeting the most powerful AI models, but as of the last check no such bill had been introduced. Sector regulators (ICO, FCA, CMA, Ofcom, MHRA, EHRC) publish AI guidance and enforce existing law.\n","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: UK GDPR and Data Protection Act 2018 (including rules on automated decision-making), Equality Act 2010, Consumer Rights Act 2015, Online Safety Act 2023, sector rules such as FCA Consumer Duty. Guidance: the AI regulation white paper principles, ICO guidance on AI and data protection, DSIT and regulator AI guidance, the Algorithmic Transparency Recording Standard for public bodies.\n","current_priorities":"Delivering the AI Opportunities Action Plan (January 2025), AI Growth Zones and compute, the AI Security Institute's evaluation work, regulator capacity through the Regulatory Innovation Office, and implementation of the Data (Use and Access) Act 2025 changes to automated decision-making rules.\n","regulators":[{"name":"Department for Science, Innovation and Technology (DSIT)","url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-science-innovation-and-technology","role":"AI policy lead"},{"name":"Information Commissioner's Office (ICO)","url":"https://ico.org.uk/","role":"Data protection, including AI guidance"},{"name":"AI Security Institute","url":"https://www.aisi.gov.uk/","role":"Evaluation of advanced AI models"},{"name":"Competition and Markets Authority (CMA)","url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/competition-and-markets-authority","role":"Competition and consumer aspects of AI and foundation models"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"A pro-innovation approach to AI regulation (white paper)","publisher":"Department for Science, Innovation and Technology","url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-regulation-a-pro-innovation-approach","document_date":"2023-03-29","document_type":"guidance","tier":1},{"title":"AI Opportunities Action Plan","publisher":"Department for Science, Innovation and Technology","url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-opportunities-action-plan","document_date":"2025-01-13","document_type":"strategy","tier":1},{"title":"Guidance on AI and data protection","publisher":"Information Commissioner's Office","url":"https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/uk-gdpr-guidance-and-resources/artificial-intelligence/guidance-on-ai-and-data-protection/","document_type":"guidance","tier":2}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","us","singapore","australia"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/uk","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-regulation-a-pro-innovation-approach","source_title":"A pro-innovation approach to AI regulation","source_publisher":"UK Government, Department for Science, Innovation and Technology","source_document_date":"2023-03-29","source_reference":"Command Paper CP 815","source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Initial structured record.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"us","name":"United States","short_name":"US","iso_code":"US","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Northern America","overview":"The United States has no comprehensive federal AI statute. Federal policy is set through executive orders, Office of Management and Budget (OMB) memoranda for federal agencies, agency enforcement under existing consumer-protection, civil-rights, employment and financial laws, and voluntary frameworks such as the NIST AI Risk Management Framework. States have moved faster: Colorado enacted the first cross-sector algorithmic-discrimination law in 2024, and California, Texas, Utah and others have adopted AI-specific statutes on transparency, frontier models, chatbots and government use. The result is a patchwork that organisations must map state by state and sector by sector.\n","regulatory_status_summary":"Federal: executive-branch policy (Executive Order 14179 of January 2025 and the July 2025 AI Action Plan) plus binding OMB requirements for federal agencies' use and procurement of AI; NIST AI RMF is voluntary. States: a growing number of binding statutes with 2025–2026 effective dates. A reviewer must confirm the status of federal efforts to pre-empt or discourage state AI laws announced in late 2025.\n","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding on the private sector: state statutes (for example Colorado SB 26-189, California SB 53, Texas HB 149), sector laws (FCRA, ECOA, Title VII, HIPAA, FTC Act Section 5) as applied to AI. Binding on federal agencies: OMB memoranda M-25-21 and M-25-22. Voluntary: NIST AI RMF and its Generative AI Profile.\n","current_priorities":"Federal deregulatory agenda and infrastructure build-out under the AI Action Plan, agency AI use-case inventories and procurement rules, state implementation of algorithmic-discrimination and frontier-model transparency laws, and litigation and enforcement by state attorneys general and the FTC on deceptive AI claims.\n","regulators":[{"name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)","url":"https://www.nist.gov/itl/ai-risk-management-framework","role":"Voluntary frameworks and standards"},{"name":"Office of Management and Budget (OMB)","url":"https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/","role":"Federal agency AI use and procurement policy"},{"name":"Federal Trade Commission (FTC)","url":"https://www.ftc.gov/","role":"Consumer protection and unfair or deceptive AI practices"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"NIST AI Risk Management Framework (AI RMF 1.0)","publisher":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","url":"https://www.nist.gov/itl/ai-risk-management-framework","document_date":"2023-01-26","document_type":"standard","tier":1},{"title":"Executive Order 14179: Removing Barriers to American Leadership in Artificial Intelligence","publisher":"The White House","url":"https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/01/removing-barriers-to-american-leadership-in-artificial-intelligence/","document_date":"2025-01-23","document_type":"legislation","tier":1},{"title":"America's AI Action Plan","publisher":"The White House / Office of Science and Technology Policy","url":"https://www.ai.gov/action-plan","document_date":"2025-07-23","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","uk","us-colorado","us-california"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/us","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.ai.gov/","source_title":"AI.gov — United States federal AI policy hub","source_publisher":"Office of Science and Technology Policy","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":2,"change_summary":"Initial structured record.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"uruguay","name":"Uruguay","short_name":"Uruguay","iso_code":"UY","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"South America","overview":"Uruguay's 2024-2030 strategy was approved on 21 November 2024 by the public-sector Strategic Committee for AI and Data after a participatory process involving more than 300 people from state bodies, civil society and the private sector, with technical support from CAF and UNESCO.","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: Estrategia Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial del Uruguay 2024-2030 (2024, strategy, adopted). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Estrategia Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial del Uruguay 2024-2030.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Estrategia Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial del Uruguay 2024-2030 (National Artificial Intelligence Strategy of Uruguay 2024-2030)","publisher":"Agesic (gub.uy)","url":"https://www.gub.uy/agencia-gobierno-electronico-sociedad-informacion-conocimiento/comunicacion/publicaciones/estrategia-nacional-inteligencia-artificial-2024-2030","document_date":"2024-11-21","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":[],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/uruguay","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gub.uy/agencia-gobierno-electronico-sociedad-informacion-conocimiento/comunicacion/publicaciones/estrategia-nacional-inteligencia-artificial-2024-2030","source_title":"Estrategia Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial del Uruguay 2024-2030 (National Artificial Intelligence Strategy of Uruguay 2024-2030)","source_publisher":"Agesic (gub.uy)","source_document_date":"2024-11-21","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Generated from the source-backed legacy dataset; overview composed from the listed instruments. Reviewer to add regulators and refine.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"us-utah","name":"Utah (United States)","short_name":"Utah","iso_code":"US-UT","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Americas","subregion":"Northern America","overview":"Utah enacted the Artificial Intelligence Policy Act (SB 149) in March 2024, effective 1 May 2024, the first US state law on generative-AI disclosure: businesses must tell consumers when they are interacting with generative AI if asked, and regulated occupations must disclose proactively. It created the Office of Artificial Intelligence Policy and a learning-laboratory (sandbox) programme, amended in 2025 (SB 226 and SB 332) to narrow disclosure to \"high-risk\" interactions and extend the sunset, plus HB 452 on mental-health chatbots.","regulatory_status_summary":"AI Policy Act in force since May 2024 (amended 2025); mental-health chatbot law (2025); Office of AI Policy operating.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Utah Artificial Intelligence Policy Act (SB 149). Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Utah Office of Artificial Intelligence Policy","url":"https://ai.utah.gov/","role":"Administers the learning laboratory and regulatory mitigation agreements"},{"name":"Utah Division of Consumer Protection","url":"https://dcp.utah.gov/","role":"Enforces disclosure requirements"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"SB 149 Artificial Intelligence Amendments (2024 General Session)","publisher":"Utah State Legislature","url":"https://le.utah.gov/~2024/bills/static/SB0149.html","document_date":"2024-03-13","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["us","us-colorado","us-texas"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/us-utah","source":{"official_source_url":"https://le.utah.gov/~2024/bills/static/SB0149.html","source_title":"SB 149 Artificial Intelligence Amendments (2024 General Session)","source_publisher":"Utah State Legislature","source_document_date":"2024-03-13","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"uzbekistan","name":"Uzbekistan","short_name":"Uzbekistan","iso_code":"UZ","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Central Asia","overview":"Uzbekistan approved a Strategy for the development of artificial intelligence technologies until 2030 by Presidential Resolution in October 2024, building on the 2021 AI development measures, with priorities on public services, data, talent and an AI ethics framework; the Personal Data Law applies.","regulatory_status_summary":"AI development strategy to 2030 (2024) as policy; no AI-specific law.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: AI development strategy to 2030 (2024).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Digital Technologies","url":"https://digital.uz/","role":"AI strategy implementation"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"National database of legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan (Lex.uz)","publisher":"Ministry of Justice","url":"https://lex.uz/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["kazakhstan","russia"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/uzbekistan","source":{"official_source_url":"https://lex.uz/","source_title":"National database of legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan (Lex.uz)","source_publisher":"Ministry of Justice","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"vanuatu","name":"Vanuatu","short_name":"Vanuatu","iso_code":"VU","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Oceania","subregion":null,"overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Government of Vanuatu","url":"https://www.gov.vu/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Vanuatu","publisher":"Government of Vanuatu","url":"https://www.gov.vu/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["australia"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/vanuatu","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.vu/","source_title":"Government of Vanuatu","source_publisher":"Government of Vanuatu","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"venezuela","name":"Venezuela","short_name":"Venezuela","iso_code":"VE","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"South America","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["colombia"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/venezuela","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"au-victoria","name":"Victoria (Australia)","short_name":"Victoria","iso_code":"AU-VIC","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Oceania","subregion":null,"overview":"Victoria is recorded here for its own AI instruments, which apply within its territory alongside Australia's national rules. On record: Victoria public sector generative AI guideline. This page was added in the October 2026 sub-national research round; see each instrument for what it requires.","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Victoria public sector generative AI guideline. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Administrative Guideline for the safe and responsible use of Generative AI in the VPS","publisher":"Victorian Government","url":"https://www.vic.gov.au/administrative-guideline-safe-responsible-use-gen-ai-vps","document_date":"2024-11-27","document_type":"guidance","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["australia"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/au-victoria","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.vic.gov.au/administrative-guideline-safe-responsible-use-gen-ai-vps","source_title":"Administrative Guideline for the safe and responsible use of Generative AI in the VPS","source_publisher":"Victorian Government","source_document_date":"2024-11-27","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-10-15","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the October 2026 sub-national research round. Recorded on 15 October 2026 from search-engine extracts of the official pages listed; the official text could not be opened from the research environment, so every date and duty here is pending review against it.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"vietnam","name":"Vietnam","short_name":"Vietnam","iso_code":"VN","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"South-East Asia","overview":"A prime ministerial decision promulgating Vietnam's national AI strategy to 2030. Vietnam's first dedicated AI statute, with eight chapters and 35 articles governing the research, development, provision, deployment and use of AI systems.","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: National Strategy on Research, Development and Application of Artificial Intelligence to 2030 (2021, strategy, adopted); Law on Artificial Intelligence (2025, act, in force). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Law on Artificial Intelligence. Strategy or guidance: National Strategy on Research, Development and Application of Artificial Intelligence to 2030.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"National Strategy on Research, Development and Application of Artificial Intelligence to 2030 (Decision No. 127/QD-TTg)","publisher":"Government of Vietnam legal document portal (vanban.chinhphu.vn)","url":"https://vanban.chinhphu.vn/default.aspx?pageid=27160&docid=202565","document_date":"2021-01-26","document_type":"strategy","tier":1},{"title":"Law on Artificial Intelligence (Law No. 134/2025/QH15)","publisher":"Government of Vietnam legal document portal (vanban.chinhphu.vn)","url":"https://vanban.chinhphu.vn/?pageid=27160&docid=216334&classid=1&orggroupid=1","document_date":"2025-12-10","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":[],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/ai-regulation-vietnam","source":{"official_source_url":"https://vanban.chinhphu.vn/default.aspx?pageid=27160&docid=202565","source_title":"National Strategy on Research, Development and Application of Artificial Intelligence to 2030 (Decision No. 127/QD-TTg)","source_publisher":"Government of Vietnam legal document portal (vanban.chinhphu.vn)","source_document_date":"2021-01-26","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Generated from the source-backed legacy dataset; overview composed from the listed instruments. Reviewer to add regulators and refine.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"uk-wales","name":"Wales (United Kingdom)","short_name":"Wales","iso_code":"GB-WLS","jurisdiction_type":"region","region":"Europe","subregion":null,"overview":"Wales is recorded here for its own AI instruments, which apply within its territory alongside UK's national rules. On record: AI plan for Wales. This page was added in the October 2026 sub-national research round; see each instrument for what it requires.","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: AI plan for Wales.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"AI plan for Wales","publisher":"Welsh Government","url":"https://www.gov.wales/ai-plan-for-wales","document_date":null,"document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["uk"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/uk-wales","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.wales/ai-plan-for-wales","source_title":"AI plan for Wales","source_publisher":"Welsh Government","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-10-15","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the October 2026 sub-national research round. Recorded on 15 October 2026 from search-engine extracts of the official pages listed; the official text could not be opened from the research environment, so every date and duty here is pending review against it.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"us-washington","name":"Washington State (United States)","short_name":"Washington State","iso_code":"US-WA","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Americas","subregion":"Northern America","overview":"Washington State is recorded here for its own AI instruments, which apply within its territory alongside US's national rules. On record: Washington AI companion chatbot law (ESHB 2225). This page was added in the October 2026 sub-national research round; see each instrument for what it requires.","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Washington AI companion chatbot law (ESHB 2225). Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Washington State Legislature: HB 2225 (2025-26) bill summary","publisher":"Washington State Legislature","url":"https://app.leg.wa.gov/billsummary?Year=2025&BillNumber=2225","document_date":"2026-03-24","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["us"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/us-washington","source":{"official_source_url":"https://app.leg.wa.gov/billsummary?Year=2025&BillNumber=2225","source_title":"Washington State Legislature: HB 2225 (2025-26) bill summary","source_publisher":"Washington State Legislature","source_document_date":"2026-03-24","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-10-15","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the October 2026 sub-national research round. Recorded on 15 October 2026 from search-engine extracts of the official pages listed; the official text could not be opened from the research environment, so every date and duty here is pending review against it.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"au-western-australia","name":"Western Australia (Australia)","short_name":"Western Australia","iso_code":"AU-WA","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Oceania","subregion":null,"overview":"Western Australia is recorded here for its own AI instruments, which apply within its territory alongside Australia's national rules. On record: Western Australia AI policy and assurance framework. This page was added in the October 2026 sub-national research round; see each instrument for what it requires.","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Western Australia AI policy and assurance framework. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"WA Government Artificial Intelligence Policy and Assurance Framework","publisher":"Government of Western Australia","url":"https://www.wa.gov.au/government/publications/wa-government-artificial-intelligence-policy-and-assurance-framework","document_date":null,"document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["australia"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/au-western-australia","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.wa.gov.au/government/publications/wa-government-artificial-intelligence-policy-and-assurance-framework","source_title":"WA Government Artificial Intelligence Policy and Assurance Framework","source_publisher":"Government of Western Australia","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-10-15","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the October 2026 sub-national research round. Recorded on 15 October 2026 from search-engine extracts of the official pages listed; the official text could not be opened from the research environment, so every date and duty here is pending review against it.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"yemen","name":"Yemen","short_name":"Yemen","iso_code":"YE","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Western Asia","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["saudi-arabia"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/yemen","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"zambia","name":"Zambia","short_name":"Zambia","iso_code":"ZM","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Southern Africa","overview":"Zambia's Ministry of Technology and Science launched a National Artificial Intelligence Strategy (2024) alongside the Data Protection Act 2021 and the Office of the Data Protection Commissioner, with priorities on public services, agriculture, health, skills and ethics.","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI strategy (2024) as policy; data-protection law applies; no AI-specific law.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI Strategy (2024).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Technology and Science","url":"https://www.mots.gov.zm/","role":"AI strategy lead"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Technology and Science","publisher":"Government of Zambia","url":"https://www.mots.gov.zm/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","south-africa","zimbabwe"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/zambia","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.mots.gov.zm/","source_title":"Ministry of Technology and Science","source_publisher":"Government of Zambia","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}},{"slug":"zimbabwe","name":"Zimbabwe","short_name":"Zimbabwe","iso_code":"ZW","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Southern Africa","overview":"Zimbabwe's Ministry of ICT, Postal and Courier Services approved a National AI Policy (2025) under the Smart Zimbabwe 2030 agenda, and the Cyber and Data Protection Act 2021 with POTRAZ as data-protection authority applies to AI processing personal data.","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI policy (2025) as policy; data-protection law applies; no AI-specific law.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI Policy (2025).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Information Communication Technology, Postal and Courier Services","url":"https://www.ictministry.gov.zw/","role":"AI policy lead"},{"name":"POTRAZ","url":"https://www.potraz.gov.zw/","role":"Telecoms regulator and data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministry of ICT, Postal and Courier Services","publisher":"Government of Zimbabwe","url":"https://www.ictministry.gov.zw/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","south-africa","zambia"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/zimbabwe","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.ictministry.gov.zw/","source_title":"Ministry of ICT, Postal and Courier Services","source_publisher":"Government of Zimbabwe","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}}]}