{"slug":"singapore","name":"Singapore","short_name":"Singapore","iso_code":"SG","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"South-East Asia","overview":"Singapore governs AI through voluntary frameworks, sector guidance and existing law rather than an AI statute. The Model AI Governance Framework (second edition, 2020) and the Model AI Governance Framework for Generative AI (2024) set out practical governance expectations; AI Verify provides a testing framework and toolkit; the Personal Data Protection Commission has issued advisory guidelines on personal data in AI systems; and the National AI Strategy 2.0 (December 2023) sets national direction. The Monetary Authority of Singapore, IMDA and other regulators add sector-specific expectations.\n","regulatory_status_summary":"No binding cross-sector AI law. Binding obligations come from the Personal Data Protection Act 2012, the Online Safety framework, sector regulation and consumer law. AI governance frameworks are voluntary but widely referenced.\n","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Personal Data Protection Act 2012 (PDPA), Cybersecurity Act, sector rules (for example MAS requirements for financial institutions). Guidance / voluntary: Model AI Governance Framework, Generative AI framework, AI Verify, PDPC advisory guidelines on AI, MAS FEAT principles and Veritas.\n","current_priorities":"National AI Strategy 2.0 implementation, AI Verify and generative-AI evaluation (Project Moonshot), safety guidelines for model developers and app deployers, and international interoperability of AI governance.\n","regulators":[{"name":"Infocomm Media Development Authority (IMDA)","url":"https://www.imda.gov.sg/","role":"AI governance frameworks and AI Verify"},{"name":"Personal Data Protection Commission (PDPC)","url":"https://www.pdpc.gov.sg/","role":"PDPA and AI advisory guidelines"},{"name":"AI Verify Foundation","url":"https://aiverifyfoundation.sg/","role":"AI Verify testing framework and toolkit"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Model Artificial Intelligence Governance Framework (Second Edition)","publisher":"PDPC and IMDA","url":"https://www.pdpc.gov.sg/help-and-resources/2020/01/model-ai-governance-framework","document_date":"2020-01-21","document_type":"guidance","tier":1},{"title":"Model AI Governance Framework for Generative AI","publisher":"AI Verify Foundation and IMDA","url":"https://aiverifyfoundation.sg/resources/mgf-gen-ai/","document_date":"2024-05-30","document_type":"guidance","tier":1},{"title":"National AI Strategy 2.0","publisher":"Smart Nation Singapore","url":"https://www.smartnation.gov.sg/nais/","document_date":"2023-12-04","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["india","australia","uk","eu"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/singapore","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.pdpc.gov.sg/help-and-resources/2020/01/model-ai-governance-framework","source_title":"Model AI Governance Framework (Second Edition)","source_publisher":"Personal Data Protection Commission Singapore and IMDA","source_document_date":"2020-01-21","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-26","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Initial structured record.","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"},"policies":[{"slug":"singapore-ai-tester-accreditation-programme","id":"AIPT-POL-0243","permanent_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/id/AIPT-POL-0243","title":"AI Tester Accreditation Programme (AI TAP)","short_title":"Singapore AI Tester Accreditation Programme","jurisdiction":"singapore","instrument_type":"policy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"ai_specific":true,"issuing_body":"AI Verify Foundation","summary_plain":"Accredits third-party firms that test AI systems, in benchmarking and red teaming, for 12 months at a time; the first five were AIDX Tech, Knovel Engineering, PwC Singapore, Resaro and Vulcan. Accreditation does not certify that a tester is independent or that a tested system is safe.","adopted_on":null,"in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://aiverifyfoundation.sg/ai-assurance/accredited-testers/","last_verified_at":null,"reviewed_by":null,"content_version":1,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-10-15T06:46:24+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/singapore-ai-tester-accreditation-programme"},{"slug":"singapore-model-ai-governance-framework-for-agentic-ai","id":"AIPT-POL-0241","permanent_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/id/AIPT-POL-0241","title":"Model AI Governance Framework for Agentic AI","short_title":"Singapore agentic AI governance framework","jurisdiction":"singapore","instrument_type":"framework","status":"voluntary_standard","is_binding":false,"ai_specific":true,"issuing_body":"Infocomm Media Development Authority (IMDA)","summary_plain":"A governance framework for AI agents that reason and act on a user's behalf, in four areas: assessing and bounding risks upfront, making humans meaningfully accountable, technical controls across the agent lifecycle, and enabling end-user responsibility. IMDA treats it as a living document and has since added case studies and input from more than 50 organisations.","adopted_on":null,"in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.imda.gov.sg/resources/press-releases-factsheets-and-speeches/press-releases/2026/new-model-ai-governance-framework-for-agentic-ai","last_verified_at":null,"reviewed_by":null,"content_version":1,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-10-15T06:46:24+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/singapore-model-ai-governance-framework-for-agentic-ai"},{"slug":"singapore-model-ai-governance-framework","id":"AIPT-POL-0169","permanent_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/id/AIPT-POL-0169","title":"Model AI Governance Framework (Second Edition) and Model AI Governance Framework for Generative AI","short_title":"Singapore Model AI Governance Framework","jurisdiction":"singapore","instrument_type":"framework","status":"voluntary_standard","is_binding":false,"ai_specific":true,"issuing_body":"Infocomm Media Development Authority and Personal Data Protection Commission; AI Verify Foundation (generative AI edition)","summary_plain":"Singapore's Model AI Governance Framework is a voluntary, sector-agnostic guide for organisations deploying AI. The second edition (January 2020) covers four areas: internal governance structures and measures, determining the level of human involvement in AI-augmented decision-making, operations management (data, model development, monitoring), and stakeholder interaction and communication. The May 2024 Model AI Governance Framework for Generative AI extends it with nine dimensions including accountability, data, trusted development and deployment, incident reporting, testing and assurance, security, content provenance, safety and alignment research, and AI for the public good.\n","adopted_on":"2020-01-21","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.pdpc.gov.sg/help-and-resources/2020/01/model-ai-governance-framework","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt","content_version":1,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-10-15T06:46:24+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/singapore-model-ai-governance-framework"},{"slug":"singapore-national-artificial-intelligence-strategy-2-0","id":"AIPT-POL-0170","permanent_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/id/AIPT-POL-0170","title":"National Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2.0 (NAIS 2.0)","short_title":"National Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2.0","jurisdiction":"singapore","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"ai_specific":true,"issuing_body":"Smart Nation Group / Ministry of Digital Development and Information","summary_plain":"Singapore's second national AI strategy, launched under the banner of AI for the public good. It sets goals of excellence and empowerment and organises work across three systems, ten enablers and fifteen actions covering talent, compute, data, industry adoption, research and governance. A 2026 update set ten refreshed priorities and launched sector AI Missions under the new National AI Council.","adopted_on":"2023-12-04","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.smartnation.gov.sg/initiatives/national-ai-strategy/","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt","content_version":1,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-10-15T06:46:24+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/singapore-national-artificial-intelligence-strategy-2-0"},{"slug":"singapore-pdpc-ai-advisory-guidelines","id":"AIPT-POL-0171","permanent_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/id/AIPT-POL-0171","title":"PDPC Advisory Guidelines on Use of Personal Data in AI Recommendation and Decision Systems","short_title":"PDPC AI advisory guidelines","jurisdiction":"singapore","instrument_type":"guidance","status":"guidance","is_binding":false,"ai_specific":true,"issuing_body":"Personal Data Protection Commission Singapore","summary_plain":"These advisory guidelines explain how the Personal Data Protection Act applies when organisations use personal data to develop, test and deploy AI systems that make recommendations, predictions or decisions. They clarify the consent obligation and relevant exceptions (business improvement and research), what to include in notifications to individuals, accountability practices such as documenting data provenance and model development, and expectations for service providers building bespoke AI systems.\n","adopted_on":"2024-03-01","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.pdpc.gov.sg/guidelines-and-consultation/2024/02/advisory-guidelines-on-use-of-personal-data-in-ai-recommendation-and-decision-systems","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt","content_version":1,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-10-15T06:46:24+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/singapore-pdpc-ai-advisory-guidelines"},{"slug":"singapore-starter-kit-testing-agentic-systems","id":"AIPT-POL-0244","permanent_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/id/AIPT-POL-0244","title":"Starter Kit for Testing Agentic Systems for Safety and Reliability","short_title":"Singapore starter kit for testing agentic AI","jurisdiction":"singapore","instrument_type":"guidance","status":"guidance","is_binding":false,"ai_specific":true,"issuing_body":"Infocomm Media Development Authority (IMDA)","summary_plain":"A practical reference for organisations starting to test AI agents that reason, act on a user's behalf, use tools and access data. It sets out four steps (identify risks such as erroneous or unauthorised actions; design and run realistic tests without real-world harm; analyse results and operational logs; monitor and retest continuously), tests the agent's whole trajectory of reasoning and actions rather than only its output, and suggests metrics such as tool-use accuracy, handoff accuracy and human-intervention rates. It extends the agentic AI governance framework and builds on the LLM starter kit.","adopted_on":null,"in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.smartcitiesworld.net/news/singapore-strengthens-ai-safety-and-resilience-13295","last_verified_at":null,"reviewed_by":null,"content_version":1,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","updated_at":"2026-10-15T06:46:24+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/singapore-starter-kit-testing-agentic-systems"},{"slug":"singapore-starter-kit-testing-llm-based-applications","id":"AIPT-POL-0242","permanent_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/id/AIPT-POL-0242","title":"Starter Kit for Testing LLM-Based Applications for Safety and Reliability (v1.0)","short_title":"Singapore starter kit for testing LLM applications","jurisdiction":"singapore","instrument_type":"guidance","status":"guidance","is_binding":false,"ai_specific":true,"issuing_body":"Infocomm Media Development Authority (IMDA)","summary_plain":"Voluntary guidelines for testing applications built on large language models against five risks: hallucination and inaccuracy, bias in decision-making, undesirable content, data leakage and adversarial prompts. Baseline tests are available on Project Moonshot.","adopted_on":null,"in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.imda.gov.sg/-/media/imda/files/about/emerging-tech-and-research/artificial-intelligence/starter-kit-for-testing-llm-based-applications-for-safety-and-reliability.pdf","last_verified_at":null,"reviewed_by":null,"content_version":1,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-10-15T06:46:24+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/singapore-starter-kit-testing-llm-based-applications"}]}