{"dataset":"AIPolicyTracker open policy data","license":"CC BY 4.0","license_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","generated_at":"2026-09-11T20:53:45+00:00","schema_version":"1.0.0","citation":"AIPolicyTracker (year). \"Record title\". https://aipolicytracker.org/... (accessed date). Data licensed CC BY 4.0.","disclaimer":"Informational only; not legal advice. Verify against the linked official sources.","taxonomies":{"actor":[{"slug":"provider","name":"Provider / developer","description":"Develops an AI system or model, or has it developed, and places it on the market or puts it into service under its own name."},{"slug":"deployer","name":"Deployer / user organisation","description":"Uses an AI system under its own authority (other than personal, non-professional use)."},{"slug":"importer","name":"Importer","description":"Places on a market an AI system that bears the name of a provider established outside that market."},{"slug":"distributor","name":"Distributor","description":"Makes an AI system available on a market without being its provider or importer."},{"slug":"authorized_representative","name":"Authorised representative","description":"Person or entity mandated by a non-established provider to carry out obligations on its behalf."},{"slug":"user","name":"Individual user / affected person","description":"Natural person interacting with, or affected by, an AI system."},{"slug":"public_authority","name":"Public authority / government body","description":"Public-sector body procuring, deploying or overseeing AI systems."},{"slug":"gpai_provider","name":"General-purpose AI model provider","description":"Provider of a general-purpose AI model, including foundation and frontier models."}],"ai_system_type":[{"slug":"general_purpose_ai_model","name":"General-purpose AI model","description":"A model trained on broad data that can perform a wide range of tasks and be integrated into many systems."},{"slug":"generative_ai","name":"Generative AI system","description":"System that produces text, images, audio, video or code."},{"slug":"automated_decision_system","name":"Automated decision-making system","description":"System that makes or materially supports decisions about people."},{"slug":"biometric_system","name":"Biometric identification or categorisation system","description":"System processing biometric data to identify, verify or categorise people, or recognise emotions."},{"slug":"recommender_system","name":"Recommender / ranking system","description":"System that ranks, recommends or personalises content, products or people."},{"slug":"safety_component","name":"Safety component of a product","description":"AI used as a safety component of machinery, vehicles, medical devices or similar regulated products."},{"slug":"conversational_agent","name":"Chatbot / conversational agent","description":"System that interacts with people through natural language."},{"slug":"predictive_scoring","name":"Predictive or scoring system","description":"System that scores, profiles or predicts behaviour, risk or eligibility."}],"obligation_category":[{"slug":"risk_management","name":"AI risk management","description":null},{"slug":"data_governance","name":"Data governance and quality","description":null},{"slug":"transparency","name":"Transparency and disclosure","description":null},{"slug":"human_oversight","name":"Human oversight","description":null},{"slug":"technical_documentation","name":"Technical documentation","description":null},{"slug":"record_keeping","name":"Record keeping and logging","description":null},{"slug":"accuracy_robustness_security","name":"Accuracy, robustness and cybersecurity","description":null},{"slug":"quality_management","name":"Quality management system","description":null},{"slug":"conformity_assessment","name":"Conformity assessment and registration","description":null},{"slug":"post_market_monitoring","name":"Post-market monitoring","description":null},{"slug":"incident_handling","name":"Incident reporting and handling","description":null},{"slug":"vendor_governance","name":"Vendor and supply-chain governance","description":null},{"slug":"impact_assessment","name":"Impact assessment","description":null},{"slug":"ai_literacy","name":"AI literacy and training","description":null},{"slug":"prohibited_practice","name":"Prohibited practices","description":null},{"slug":"governance_accountability","name":"Governance and accountability","description":null},{"slug":"copyright_training_data","name":"Copyright and training-data transparency","description":null},{"slug":"public_sector_use","name":"Public-sector use and procurement","description":null},{"slug":"privacy_data_protection","name":"Privacy and personal-data protection","description":null},{"slug":"safety_testing","name":"Safety testing and evaluation","description":null}],"risk_category":[{"slug":"prohibited","name":"Prohibited practice","description":"Use banned outright (terminology used by the EU AI Act; other jurisdictions may differ)."},{"slug":"high_risk","name":"High-risk","description":"Use subject to the strictest requirements before and after deployment."},{"slug":"transparency_risk","name":"Transparency obligations","description":"Use permitted with disclosure or labelling duties (for example chatbots, synthetic content)."},{"slug":"minimal_risk","name":"Minimal or unregulated risk","description":"No AI-specific obligations beyond general law."},{"slug":"systemic_risk","name":"Systemic-risk general-purpose model","description":"General-purpose models with high-impact capabilities subject to additional duties."},{"slug":"unclassified","name":"Not classified by the instrument","description":"The instrument does not use a risk tiering."}],"sector":[{"slug":"cross_sector","name":"Cross-sector / all sectors","description":null},{"slug":"employment","name":"Employment and HR","description":null},{"slug":"financial_services","name":"Financial services and credit","description":null},{"slug":"healthcare","name":"Healthcare and life sciences","description":null},{"slug":"education","name":"Education and training","description":null},{"slug":"public_services","name":"Public services and government","description":null},{"slug":"law_enforcement","name":"Law enforcement and justice","description":null},{"slug":"critical_infrastructure","name":"Critical infrastructure and utilities","description":null},{"slug":"migration_border","name":"Migration, asylum and border control","description":null},{"slug":"media_information","name":"Media, platforms and information","description":null},{"slug":"consumer_retail","name":"Consumer products and retail","description":null},{"slug":"transport","name":"Transport and mobility","description":null},{"slug":"telecommunications","name":"Telecommunications and digital services","description":null}],"use_case":[{"slug":"hiring_and_hr","name":"AI in hiring and employment","description":null},{"slug":"biometrics","name":"Biometrics and facial recognition","description":null},{"slug":"health","name":"AI in healthcare","description":null},{"slug":"finance_and_credit","name":"AI in finance, credit and insurance","description":null},{"slug":"education","name":"AI in education","description":null},{"slug":"public_services","name":"AI in public services","description":null},{"slug":"law_enforcement","name":"AI in law enforcement","description":null},{"slug":"generative_ai","name":"Generative AI and foundation models","description":null},{"slug":"content_moderation","name":"Content moderation and platforms","description":null},{"slug":"customer_service","name":"Customer service and chatbots","description":null},{"slug":"safety_critical","name":"Safety-critical and infrastructure","description":null},{"slug":"government_procurement","name":"Government procurement of AI","description":null}]},"jurisdictions":[{"slug":"afghanistan","name":"Afghanistan","short_name":"Afghanistan","iso_code":"AF","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"South Asia","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["pakistan"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/afghanistan","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"african-union","name":"African Union","short_name":"African Union","iso_code":null,"jurisdiction_type":"supranational","region":"Africa","subregion":"Continental","overview":"A continental framework that guides AU member states on harnessing AI for development while managing risks.","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: Continental Artificial Intelligence Strategy (2024, strategy, adopted). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Continental Artificial Intelligence Strategy.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Continental Artificial Intelligence Strategy","publisher":"African Union","url":"https://au.int/en/documents/20240809/continental-artificial-intelligence-strategy","document_date":"2024-07-18","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":[],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/african-union","source":{"official_source_url":"https://au.int/en/documents/20240809/continental-artificial-intelligence-strategy","source_title":"Continental Artificial Intelligence Strategy","source_publisher":"African Union","source_document_date":"2024-07-18","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Generated from the source-backed legacy dataset; overview composed from the listed instruments. Reviewer to add regulators and refine.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"albania","name":"Albania","short_name":"Albania","iso_code":"AL","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","overview":"Albania has announced an AI strategy process and uses AI in public services (including an EU-accession document-screening tool); no adopted AI-specific law or published national strategy has been recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"Albania has announced an AI strategy process and uses AI in public services (including an EU-accession document-screening tool); no adopted AI-specific law or published national strategy has been recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"National Agency for Information Society (AKSHI)","url":"https://www.akshi.gov.al/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"National Agency for Information Society (AKSHI)","publisher":"Government of Albania","url":"https://www.akshi.gov.al/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","council-of-europe"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/albania","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.akshi.gov.al/","source_title":"National Agency for Information Society (AKSHI)","source_publisher":"Government of Albania","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"algeria","name":"Algeria","short_name":"Algeria","iso_code":"DZ","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Northern Africa","overview":"Algeria created a National AI Council and adopted a national AI strategy (2025) through the Ministry of Knowledge Economy, Start-ups and Micro-enterprises and the Ministry of Higher Education, with a national AI school opened in 2021; Law 18-07 on personal data applies.","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI strategy (2025) as policy; National AI Council; no AI-specific law.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI strategy (2025).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministère de l'Économie de la Connaissance, des Start-up et des Micro-entreprises","url":"https://www.mecsme.gov.dz/","role":"AI strategy co-lead"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministère de l'Économie de la Connaissance, des Start-up et des Micro-entreprises","publisher":"Government of Algeria","url":"https://www.mecsme.gov.dz/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","morocco","tunisia"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/algeria","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.mecsme.gov.dz/","source_title":"Ministère de l'Économie de la Connaissance, des Start-up et des Micro-entreprises","source_publisher":"Government of Algeria","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"andorra","name":"Andorra","short_name":"Andorra","iso_code":"AD","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","overview":"Andorra signed the Council of Europe Framework Convention on AI (2024); no domestic AI-specific instrument recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"Andorra signed the Council of Europe Framework Convention on AI (2024); no domestic AI-specific instrument recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Govern d'Andorra","url":"https://www.govern.ad/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Govern d'Andorra","publisher":"Government of Andorra","url":"https://www.govern.ad/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["council-of-europe","spain","france"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/andorra","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.govern.ad/","source_title":"Govern d'Andorra","source_publisher":"Government of Andorra","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"angola","name":"Angola","short_name":"Angola","iso_code":"AO","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Middle Africa","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Governo de Angola","url":"https://governo.gov.ao/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Governo de Angola","publisher":"Government of Angola","url":"https://governo.gov.ao/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","south-africa"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/angola","source":{"official_source_url":"https://governo.gov.ao/","source_title":"Governo de Angola","source_publisher":"Government of Angola","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"antigua-and-barbuda","name":"Antigua and Barbuda","short_name":"Antigua and Barbuda","iso_code":"AG","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Caribbean","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Government of Antigua and Barbuda","url":"https://ab.gov.ag/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Antigua and Barbuda","publisher":"Government of Antigua and Barbuda","url":"https://ab.gov.ag/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["barbados"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/antigua-and-barbuda","source":{"official_source_url":"https://ab.gov.ag/","source_title":"Government of Antigua and Barbuda","source_publisher":"Government of Antigua and Barbuda","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"argentina","name":"Argentina","short_name":"Argentina","iso_code":"AR","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"South America","overview":"Disposición 2/2023 approves a set of recommendations for trustworthy AI addressed to projects designed, developed or adopted by the national public sector, together with a diagram of the stages of an AI project. This administrative decision restructures the Interministerial Board on AI originally created in 2023, placing it under the presidency of the Secretariat of Innovation, Science and Technology and expanding its membership to ministries including Defence, Economy, Foreign Affairs, Health, Security, Human Capital, Justice and State Deregulation.","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: Disposición 2/2023 (2023, regulation, in force); Decisión Administrativa 899/2024 (2024, regulation, in force). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Disposición 2/2023, Decisión Administrativa 899/2024. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Disposición 2/2023 – Recomendaciones para una Inteligencia Artificial Fiable (Disposition 2/2023 – Recommendations for Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence)","publisher":"Argentina.gob.ar (Jefatura de Gabinete de Ministros)","url":"https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativa/nacional/disposici%C3%B3n-2-2023-384656/texto","document_date":"2023-06-02","document_type":"legislation","tier":1},{"title":"Decisión Administrativa 899/2024 – Mesa Interministerial sobre Inteligencia Artificial (Administrative Decision 899/2024 – Interministerial Board on Artificial Intelligence)","publisher":"Boletín Oficial de la República Argentina","url":"https://www.boletinoficial.gob.ar/detalleAviso/primera/314465/20240924","document_date":"2024-09-24","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":[],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/argentina","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativa/nacional/disposici%C3%B3n-2-2023-384656/texto","source_title":"Disposición 2/2023 – Recomendaciones para una Inteligencia Artificial Fiable (Disposition 2/2023 – Recommendations for Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence)","source_publisher":"Argentina.gob.ar (Jefatura de Gabinete de Ministros)","source_document_date":"2023-06-02","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Generated from the source-backed legacy dataset; overview composed from the listed instruments. Reviewer to add regulators and refine.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"armenia","name":"Armenia","short_name":"Armenia","iso_code":"AM","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Western Asia","overview":"Armenia adopted an AI strategy framework in 2025 and hosts the \"Armenia AI Factory\" initiative; the strategy text was not verified from an official source at the time of checking. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"Armenia adopted an AI strategy framework in 2025 and hosts the \"Armenia AI Factory\" initiative; the strategy text was not verified from an official source at the time of checking. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Government of Armenia","url":"https://www.gov.am/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Armenia","publisher":"Government of Armenia","url":"https://www.gov.am/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["georgia","azerbaijan","eu"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/armenia","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.am/","source_title":"Government of Armenia","source_publisher":"Government of Armenia","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"asean","name":"ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations)","short_name":"ASEAN","iso_code":null,"jurisdiction_type":"supranational","region":"Asia","subregion":"South-East Asia","overview":"ASEAN has chosen voluntary, regionally harmonised guidance rather than binding regulation: the ASEAN Guide on AI Governance and Ethics (February 2024) sets principles and a governance framework for member states and organisations, and the Expanded ASEAN Guide on AI Governance and Ethics – Generative AI (January 2025) addresses generative-AI risks. Member states retain their own instruments; Singapore's Model AI Governance Framework strongly influenced the guide.","regulatory_status_summary":"Voluntary regional guides (2024, 2025); no binding ASEAN AI regulation.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: ASEAN Guide on AI Governance and Ethics (2024); Expanded ASEAN Guide on AI Governance and Ethics – Generative AI (2025).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"ASEAN Digital Ministers' Meeting (ADGMIN)","url":"https://asean.org/","role":"Endorses regional digital and AI guidance"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"ASEAN Guide on AI Governance and Ethics","publisher":"ASEAN Secretariat","url":"https://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/ASEAN-Guide-on-AI-Governance-and-Ethics_beautified_201223_v2.pdf","document_date":"2024-02-02","document_type":"guidance","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["singapore","malaysia","indonesia","thailand","vietnam","philippines"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/asean","source":{"official_source_url":"https://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/ASEAN-Guide-on-AI-Governance-and-Ethics_beautified_201223_v2.pdf","source_title":"ASEAN Guide on AI Governance and Ethics","source_publisher":"ASEAN Secretariat","source_document_date":"2024-02-02","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"australia","name":"Australia","short_name":"Australia","iso_code":"AU","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Oceania","subregion":null,"overview":"Australia has no AI-specific statute. After the 2023 \"Safe and responsible AI in Australia\" consultation and the January 2024 interim response, the government published a Voluntary AI Safety Standard and a proposals paper for mandatory guardrails in high-risk settings in September 2024. In December 2025 the government released a National AI Plan indicating it would rely on strengthening existing laws rather than a standalone AI Act. Federal agencies are bound by the Digital Transformation Agency's policy for responsible use of AI in government. Binding obligations for business come from the Privacy Act 1988 (including 2024 amendments on automated decisions), consumer law, anti-discrimination law and sector regulation.\n","regulatory_status_summary":"No binding cross-sector AI law; mandatory guardrails were consulted on in 2024 but the December 2025 National AI Plan signalled an existing-law approach. Voluntary AI Safety Standard available. Government agencies follow a binding whole-of-government AI policy. A reviewer must confirm the current status of the mandatory-guardrails proposal.\n","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Privacy Act 1988 and Privacy and Other Legislation Amendment Act 2024 (automated decision transparency provisions with delayed commencement), Australian Consumer Law, anti-discrimination Acts, sector rules (APRA, ASIC, TGA); the DTA AI policy for federal agencies. Guidance / voluntary: Voluntary AI Safety Standard, AI Ethics Principles, OAIC guidance on AI and privacy.\n","current_priorities":"National AI Plan delivery, AI Safety Institute establishment, reform of the Privacy Act, guidance from the OAIC and eSafety Commissioner, and government AI assurance.\n","regulators":[{"name":"Department of Industry, Science and Resources","url":"https://www.industry.gov.au/","role":"AI policy lead, Voluntary AI Safety Standard"},{"name":"Digital Transformation Agency","url":"https://www.digital.gov.au/","role":"Government AI policy and assurance"},{"name":"Office of the Australian Information Commissioner","url":"https://www.oaic.gov.au/","role":"Privacy Act and AI privacy guidance"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Voluntary AI Safety Standard","publisher":"Department of Industry, Science and Resources","url":"https://www.industry.gov.au/publications/voluntary-ai-safety-standard","document_date":"2024-09-05","document_type":"guidance","tier":1},{"title":"Safe and responsible AI in Australia — proposals paper for introducing mandatory guardrails for AI in high-risk settings","publisher":"Department of Industry, Science and Resources","url":"https://consult.industry.gov.au/ai-mandatory-guardrails","document_date":"2024-09-05","document_type":"consultation","tier":1},{"title":"Policy for the responsible use of AI in government","publisher":"Digital Transformation Agency","url":"https://www.digital.gov.au/policy/ai/policy","document_date":"2024-09-01","document_type":"guidance","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["singapore","uk","eu"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/australia","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.industry.gov.au/publications/voluntary-ai-safety-standard","source_title":"Voluntary AI Safety Standard","source_publisher":"Australian Government, Department of Industry, Science and Resources","source_document_date":"2024-09-05","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Initial structured record; status of mandatory guardrails after the National AI Plan to be confirmed.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"austria","name":"Austria","short_name":"Austria","iso_code":"AT","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Western Europe","overview":"Austria applies the EU AI Act and set up an AI service desk (KI-Servicestelle) at the telecoms regulator RTR in 2024 to inform companies and the public about the Regulation; an AI advisory board (KI-Beirat) advises the federal government. The national strategy \"AIM AT 2030\" (2021) sets objectives for human-centred, trustworthy AI, and Austria has proposed RTR as its market-surveillance authority.","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; RTR AI service desk operating; AIM AT 2030 strategy as policy; authority designation in progress.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: AIM AT 2030 (AI strategy).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"RTR – KI-Servicestelle (AI Service Desk)","url":"https://www.rtr.at/rtr/service/ki-servicestelle/ki-servicestelle.en.html","role":"Information point for the AI Act; proposed market-surveillance authority"},{"name":"Datenschutzbehörde","url":"https://www.dsb.gv.at/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"KI-Servicestelle","publisher":"Rundfunk und Telekom Regulierungs-GmbH (RTR)","url":"https://www.rtr.at/rtr/service/ki-servicestelle/ki-servicestelle.en.html","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","germany","switzerland"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/austria","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.rtr.at/rtr/service/ki-servicestelle/ki-servicestelle.en.html","source_title":"KI-Servicestelle","source_publisher":"Rundfunk und Telekom Regulierungs-GmbH (RTR)","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"azerbaijan","name":"Azerbaijan","short_name":"Azerbaijan","iso_code":"AZ","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Western Asia","overview":"Azerbaijan approved the Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2025–2028 by presidential decree in March 2025. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"Azerbaijan approved the Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2025–2028 by presidential decree in March 2025. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: AI Strategy 2025–2028.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"President of the Republic of Azerbaijan","url":"https://president.az/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"President of the Republic of Azerbaijan","publisher":"Government of Azerbaijan","url":"https://president.az/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["turkiye","kazakhstan"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/azerbaijan","source":{"official_source_url":"https://president.az/","source_title":"President of the Republic of Azerbaijan","source_publisher":"Government of Azerbaijan","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"bahamas","name":"Bahamas","short_name":"Bahamas","iso_code":"BS","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Caribbean","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Government of The Bahamas","url":"https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of The Bahamas","publisher":"Government of Bahamas","url":"https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["jamaica"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/bahamas","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/","source_title":"Government of The Bahamas","source_publisher":"Government of Bahamas","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"bahrain","name":"Bahrain","short_name":"Bahrain","iso_code":"BH","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Gulf Cooperation Council","overview":"A binding policy for Bahraini government entities structured around four pillars: compliance with AI-related laws and policies (including the Personal Data Protection Law and the GCC AI ethics guide), use and adoption of AI technologies, awareness and education, and local and international cooperation.","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: General Policy for the Use of Artificial Intelligence (2025, policy, adopted). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: General Policy for the Use of Artificial Intelligence.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"General Policy for the Use of Artificial Intelligence","publisher":"Information & eGovernment Authority, Kingdom of Bahrain","url":"https://www.iga.gov.bh/Media/Publications/National%20Digital%20Policies/General%20Policy%20for%20the%20Use%20of%20AI%20-%20%20Final%2030%20Jul%202025.pdf","document_date":"2025-07-27","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":[],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/bahrain","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.iga.gov.bh/Media/Publications/National%20Digital%20Policies/General%20Policy%20for%20the%20Use%20of%20AI%20-%20%20Final%2030%20Jul%202025.pdf","source_title":"General Policy for the Use of Artificial Intelligence","source_publisher":"Information & eGovernment Authority, Kingdom of Bahrain","source_document_date":"2025-07-27","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Generated from the source-backed legacy dataset; overview composed from the listed instruments. Reviewer to add regulators and refine.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"bangladesh","name":"Bangladesh","short_name":"Bangladesh","iso_code":"BD","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"South Asia","overview":"A revised draft national AI policy published by the ICT Division for public review.","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: National Artificial Intelligence Policy 2026-2030 (2026, consultation, under consultation). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National Artificial Intelligence Policy 2026-2030.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"National Artificial Intelligence Policy 2026-2030 (Draft V2.0)","publisher":"ICT Division, Government of Bangladesh","url":"https://aipolicy.gov.bd/docs/national-ai-policy-bangladesh-2026-2030-draft-v2.0.pdf","document_date":"2026-02-09","document_type":"consultation","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":[],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/bangladesh","source":{"official_source_url":"https://aipolicy.gov.bd/docs/national-ai-policy-bangladesh-2026-2030-draft-v2.0.pdf","source_title":"National Artificial Intelligence Policy 2026-2030 (Draft V2.0)","source_publisher":"ICT Division, Government of Bangladesh","source_document_date":"2026-02-09","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Generated from the source-backed legacy dataset; overview composed from the listed instruments. Reviewer to add regulators and refine.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"barbados","name":"Barbados","short_name":"Barbados","iso_code":"BB","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Caribbean","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Government of Barbados","url":"https://www.gov.bb/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Barbados","publisher":"Government of Barbados","url":"https://www.gov.bb/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["trinidad-and-tobago","jamaica"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/barbados","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.bb/","source_title":"Government of Barbados","source_publisher":"Government of Barbados","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"belarus","name":"Belarus","short_name":"Belarus","iso_code":"BY","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Eastern Europe","overview":"Belarus has an AI development programme within its digital development strategy; no AI-specific law recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"Belarus has an AI development programme within its digital development strategy; no AI-specific law recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Council of Ministers portal","url":"https://www.government.by/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Council of Ministers portal","publisher":"Government of Belarus","url":"https://www.government.by/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["russia"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/belarus","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.government.by/","source_title":"Council of Ministers portal","source_publisher":"Government of Belarus","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"belgium","name":"Belgium","short_name":"Belgium","iso_code":"BE","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Western Europe","overview":"Belgium applies the EU AI Act and coordinates AI policy through the AI4Belgium coalition and the 2022 National Convergence Plan for AI, which aligns federal and regional (Flanders, Wallonia, Brussels) AI programmes. The federal government has proposed the FPS Economy as market-surveillance authority, with the Data Protection Authority and sector regulators in their fields; regional strategies fund research and adoption.","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; national convergence plan (2022) and regional strategies as policy; authority designation in progress.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National Convergence Plan for AI (2022).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"FPS Economy, SMEs, Self-employed and Energy","url":"https://economie.fgov.be/en","role":"Proposed market-surveillance authority for the AI Act"},{"name":"Data Protection Authority (APD/GBA)","url":"https://www.dataprotectionauthority.be/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"AI4Belgium","publisher":"AI4Belgium (FPS BOSA)","url":"https://ai4belgium.be/","document_type":"official","tier":2}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","netherlands","luxembourg"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/belgium","source":{"official_source_url":"https://ai4belgium.be/","source_title":"AI4Belgium","source_publisher":"AI4Belgium (FPS BOSA)","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":2,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"belize","name":"Belize","short_name":"Belize","iso_code":"BZ","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Central America","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Government of Belize","url":"https://www.gov.bz/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Belize","publisher":"Government of Belize","url":"https://www.gov.bz/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["mexico"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/belize","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.bz/","source_title":"Government of Belize","source_publisher":"Government of Belize","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"benin","name":"Benin","short_name":"Benin","iso_code":"BJ","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","overview":"Benin adopted a National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence and Big Data 2023–2027 in January 2023 through the Ministry of Digital Affairs and Digitalisation, with use cases in health, education, agriculture and public services, and the Digital Code (2017) provides the personal-data framework.","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI and big-data strategy 2023–2027 as policy; Digital Code applies.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI and Big Data Strategy 2023–2027.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministère du Numérique et de la Digitalisation","url":"https://numerique.gouv.bj/","role":"AI strategy lead"},{"name":"Autorité de Protection des Données Personnelles (APDP)","url":"https://apdp.bj/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Stratégie nationale d'intelligence artificielle et des mégadonnées 2023–2027","publisher":"Ministère du Numérique et de la Digitalisation","url":"https://numerique.gouv.bj/","document_date":"2023-01-25","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","senegal","nigeria","ghana"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/benin","source":{"official_source_url":"https://numerique.gouv.bj/","source_title":"Stratégie nationale d'intelligence artificielle et des mégadonnées 2023–2027","source_publisher":"Ministère du Numérique et de la Digitalisation","source_document_date":"2023-01-25","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"bhutan","name":"Bhutan","short_name":"Bhutan","iso_code":"BT","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"South Asia","overview":"A national strategy framed around the vision of AI rooted in Gross National Happiness.","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: Bhutan National AI Strategy 2025 (2025, strategy, adopted). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Bhutan National AI Strategy 2025.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Bhutan National AI Strategy 2025 (NAIS 2025)","publisher":"GovTech Agency, Royal Government of Bhutan","url":"https://tech.gov.bt/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/National-AI-Strategy-2025.pdf","document_date":"2025-10-01","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":[],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/bhutan","source":{"official_source_url":"https://tech.gov.bt/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/National-AI-Strategy-2025.pdf","source_title":"Bhutan National AI Strategy 2025 (NAIS 2025)","source_publisher":"GovTech Agency, Royal Government of Bhutan","source_document_date":"2025-10-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Generated from the source-backed legacy dataset; overview composed from the listed instruments. Reviewer to add regulators and refine.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"bolivia","name":"Bolivia","short_name":"Bolivia","iso_code":"BO","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"South America","overview":"Bolivia's e-government agency has published AI ethics guidance for the public sector; no AI-specific law recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"Bolivia's e-government agency has published AI ethics guidance for the public sector; no AI-specific law recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"AGETIC","url":"https://www.agetic.gob.bo/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"AGETIC","publisher":"Government of Bolivia","url":"https://www.agetic.gob.bo/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["peru","chile"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/bolivia","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.agetic.gob.bo/","source_title":"AGETIC","source_publisher":"Government of Bolivia","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"bosnia-and-herzegovina","name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","short_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","iso_code":"BA","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Communications and Transport","url":"https://www.mkt.gov.ba/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Communications and Transport","publisher":"Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://www.mkt.gov.ba/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","serbia","croatia"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/bosnia-and-herzegovina","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.mkt.gov.ba/","source_title":"Ministry of Communications and Transport","source_publisher":"Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"botswana","name":"Botswana","short_name":"Botswana","iso_code":"BW","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Southern Africa","overview":"Botswana's Ministry of Communications has consulted on a national AI strategy; adoption not confirmed. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"Botswana's Ministry of Communications has consulted on a national AI strategy; adoption not confirmed. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Government of Botswana","url":"https://www.gov.bw/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Botswana","publisher":"Government of Botswana","url":"https://www.gov.bw/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","south-africa"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/botswana","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.bw/","source_title":"Government of Botswana","source_publisher":"Government of Botswana","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"brazil","name":"Brazil","short_name":"Brazil","iso_code":"BR","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"South America","overview":"PL 2338/2023 is Brazil's flagship AI bill, introduced in the Senate in May 2023 and approved by the Senate plenary on 10 December 2024 after extensive amendment. The PBIA is a four-year national plan that commits around R$23 billion to AI infrastructure, skills, public-sector applications, business innovation and governance.","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: Projeto de Lei nº 2338/2023 (2023, bill, proposed); Plano Brasileiro de Inteligência Artificial 2024-2028 (2024, strategy, adopted). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Projeto de Lei nº 2338/2023, Plano Brasileiro de Inteligência Artificial 2024-2028.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Projeto de Lei nº 2338/2023 – Dispõe sobre o uso da Inteligência Artificial (Bill No. 2338/2023 – On the use of Artificial Intelligence)","publisher":"Senado Federal","url":"https://www25.senado.leg.br/web/atividade/materias/-/materia/157233","document_date":"2023-05-03","document_type":"legislation","tier":1},{"title":"Plano Brasileiro de Inteligência Artificial 2024-2028 – PBIA (Brazilian Artificial Intelligence Plan 2024-2028)","publisher":"Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação (gov.br)","url":"https://www.gov.br/mcti/pt-br/acompanhe-o-mcti/transformacaodigital/plano-brasileiro-de-inteligencia-artificial","document_date":"2024-07-30","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":[],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/brazil","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www25.senado.leg.br/web/atividade/materias/-/materia/157233","source_title":"Projeto de Lei nº 2338/2023 – Dispõe sobre o uso da Inteligência Artificial (Bill No. 2338/2023 – On the use of Artificial Intelligence)","source_publisher":"Senado Federal","source_document_date":"2023-05-03","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Generated from the source-backed legacy dataset; overview composed from the listed instruments. Reviewer to add regulators and refine.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"brunei","name":"Brunei","short_name":"Brunei","iso_code":"BN","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"South-East Asia","overview":"Brunei's Digital Economy Masterplan 2025 references AI; the ASEAN guides apply as regional reference. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"Brunei's Digital Economy Masterplan 2025 references AI; the ASEAN guides apply as regional reference. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Government of Brunei","url":"https://www.gov.bn/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Brunei","publisher":"Government of Brunei","url":"https://www.gov.bn/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["asean","singapore","malaysia"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/brunei","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.bn/","source_title":"Government of Brunei","source_publisher":"Government of Brunei","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"bulgaria","name":"Bulgaria","short_name":"Bulgaria","iso_code":"BG","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Eastern Europe","overview":"Bulgaria applies the EU AI Act and adopted a \"Concept for the development of artificial intelligence in Bulgaria until 2030\" in December 2020, coordinated by the Ministry of Transport, Information Technology and Communications (now the Ministry of e-Government). The Commission for Personal Data Protection is the data-protection authority; AI Act authority designation is in progress.","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; AI concept to 2030 (2020) as policy.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Concept for the development of AI until 2030.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Министерство на електронното управление (Ministry of e-Government)","url":"https://egov.government.bg/","role":"Digital and AI policy"},{"name":"Комисия за защита на личните данни","url":"https://www.cpdp.bg/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Concept for the development of artificial intelligence in Bulgaria until 2030","publisher":"Council of Ministers of Bulgaria","url":"https://egov.government.bg/","document_date":"2020-12-16","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","romania","greece"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/bulgaria","source":{"official_source_url":"https://egov.government.bg/","source_title":"Concept for the development of artificial intelligence in Bulgaria until 2030","source_publisher":"Council of Ministers of Bulgaria","source_document_date":"2020-12-16","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"burkina-faso","name":"Burkina Faso","short_name":"Burkina Faso","iso_code":"BF","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Gouvernement du Burkina Faso","url":"https://www.gouvernement.gov.bf/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Gouvernement du Burkina Faso","publisher":"Government of Burkina Faso","url":"https://www.gouvernement.gov.bf/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","cote-d-ivoire"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/burkina-faso","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gouvernement.gov.bf/","source_title":"Gouvernement du Burkina Faso","source_publisher":"Government of Burkina Faso","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"burundi","name":"Burundi","short_name":"Burundi","iso_code":"BI","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Présidence du Burundi","url":"https://www.presidence.gov.bi/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Présidence du Burundi","publisher":"Government of Burundi","url":"https://www.presidence.gov.bi/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","rwanda"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/burundi","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.presidence.gov.bi/","source_title":"Présidence du Burundi","source_publisher":"Government of Burundi","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"cabo-verde","name":"Cabo Verde","short_name":"Cabo Verde","iso_code":"CV","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","overview":"Cabo Verde launched a national AI strategy process in 2024; adoption not confirmed. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"Cabo Verde launched a national AI strategy process in 2024; adoption not confirmed. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Governo de Cabo Verde","url":"https://www.governo.cv/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Governo de Cabo Verde","publisher":"Government of Cabo Verde","url":"https://www.governo.cv/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","senegal"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/cabo-verde","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.governo.cv/","source_title":"Governo de Cabo Verde","source_publisher":"Government of Cabo Verde","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"us-california","name":"California (United States)","short_name":"California","iso_code":"US-CA","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Americas","subregion":"Northern America","overview":"California regulates AI through a set of targeted statutes and privacy rules rather than one AI act. Senate Bill 53, the Transparency in Frontier Artificial Intelligence Act signed in September 2025, requires large frontier-model developers to publish safety frameworks and report critical safety incidents. The California Privacy Protection Agency has adopted regulations on automated decision-making technology under the CCPA, and earlier laws cover AI-generated content disclosure, training-data transparency (AB 2013) and AI in healthcare communications.\n","regulatory_status_summary":"Several binding statutes in force or with 2026 effective dates; SB 53 operative from 1 January 2026. The state's privacy regulator also enforces automated-decision-making rules. A reviewer must confirm current effective dates and any federal pre-emption disputes.\n","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: SB 53 (frontier models), AB 2013 (training-data transparency), CCPA and CPPA regulations on automated decision-making technology, and sector laws. Guidance: Attorney General advisories on AI and existing law.\n","current_priorities":"Frontier-model safety transparency, automated decision-making rules under the CCPA, and AI-generated content provenance.","regulators":[{"name":"California Privacy Protection Agency","url":"https://cppa.ca.gov/","role":"CCPA and automated decision-making regulations"},{"name":"California Attorney General","url":"https://oag.ca.gov/","role":"Enforcement of SB 53 and consumer law"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"SB 53 Transparency in Frontier Artificial Intelligence Act","publisher":"California Legislative Information","url":"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260SB53","document_date":"2025-09-29","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["us","us-colorado","eu"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/us-california","source":{"official_source_url":"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260SB53","source_title":"SB 53 Transparency in Frontier Artificial Intelligence Act","source_publisher":"California Legislative Information","source_document_date":"2025-09-29","source_reference":"California Business and Professions Code, Chapter 25.1","source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Initial structured record.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"cambodia","name":"Cambodia","short_name":"Cambodia","iso_code":"KH","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"South-East Asia","overview":"Cambodia's Ministry of Post and Telecommunications and the Ministry of Industry, Science, Technology and Innovation have prepared a national AI strategy and AI ethics guidance (2024–2025) with UNESCO and ASEAN support; no AI-specific law exists and the ASEAN guides apply as regional reference.","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI strategy in preparation; ASEAN guides as reference; no AI-specific law.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI strategy (in preparation).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Post and Telecommunications","url":"https://www.mptc.gov.kh/","role":"Digital policy lead"},{"name":"Ministry of Industry, Science, Technology and Innovation (MISTI)","url":"https://www.misti.gov.kh/","role":"Science and technology policy"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Post and Telecommunications","publisher":"Government of Cambodia","url":"https://www.mptc.gov.kh/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["thailand","vietnam","asean"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/cambodia","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.mptc.gov.kh/","source_title":"Ministry of Post and Telecommunications","source_publisher":"Government of Cambodia","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"cameroon","name":"Cameroon","short_name":"Cameroon","iso_code":"CM","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Middle Africa","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Services du Premier Ministre","url":"https://www.spm.gov.cm/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Services du Premier Ministre","publisher":"Government of Cameroon","url":"https://www.spm.gov.cm/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","nigeria"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/cameroon","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.spm.gov.cm/","source_title":"Services du Premier Ministre","source_publisher":"Government of Cameroon","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"canada","name":"Canada","short_name":"Canada","iso_code":"CA","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Northern America","overview":"The Pan-Canadian AI Strategy is Canada's national AI strategy, first funded in Budget 2017 with $125 million and delivered largely through CIFAR and three national AI institutes. The Artificial Intelligence and Data Act (AIDA) was proposed as Part 3 of Bill C-27 and would have required organisations designing, developing or deploying high-impact AI systems to assess and mitigate risks of harm and bias, keep records and publish information, with enforcement by an AI and Data Commissioner and penalties for serious offences. This voluntary code asks Canadian developers and managers of advanced generative AI systems to commit to measures under six principles: accountability, safety, fairness and equity, transparency, human oversight and monitoring, and validity and robustness.","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: Pan-Canadian Artificial Intelligence Strategy (2017, strategy, adopted); Artificial Intelligence and Data Act (2022, bill, archived); Voluntary Code of Conduct on the Responsible Development and Management of Advanced Generative AI Systems (2023, guidance, guidance). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Pan-Canadian Artificial Intelligence Strategy, Artificial Intelligence and Data Act, Voluntary Code of Conduct on the Responsible Development and Management of Advanced Generative AI Systems.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Pan-Canadian Artificial Intelligence Strategy","publisher":"Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada","url":"https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/ai-strategy/en","document_date":"2017-03-22","document_type":"strategy","tier":1},{"title":"Artificial Intelligence and Data Act (Part 3 of Bill C-27, Digital Charter Implementation Act, 2022)","publisher":"Parliament of Canada (LEGISinfo)","url":"https://www.parl.ca/legisinfo/en/bill/44-1/c-27","document_date":"2022-06-16","document_type":"legislation","tier":1},{"title":"Voluntary Code of Conduct on the Responsible Development and Management of Advanced Generative AI Systems","publisher":"Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada","url":"https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/ised/en/voluntary-code-conduct-responsible-development-and-management-advanced-generative-ai-systems","document_date":"2023-09-27","document_type":"guidance","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":[],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/canada","source":{"official_source_url":"https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/ai-strategy/en","source_title":"Pan-Canadian Artificial Intelligence Strategy","source_publisher":"Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada","source_document_date":"2017-03-22","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Generated from the source-backed legacy dataset; overview composed from the listed instruments. Reviewer to add regulators and refine.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"central-african-republic","name":"Central African Republic","short_name":"Central African Republic","iso_code":"CF","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Middle Africa","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/central-african-republic","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"chad","name":"Chad","short_name":"Chad","iso_code":"TD","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Middle Africa","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/chad","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"chile","name":"Chile","short_name":"Chile","iso_code":"CL","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"South America","overview":"Chile updated its 2021 National AI Policy in 2024, keeping the ten-year horizon to 2031 but reorienting it around ethics, governance and inclusion after a participatory process across the country's regions. Introduced by presidential message in May 2024 and merged with an earlier parliamentary motion (Boletín 15869-19), the bill classifies AI system uses into unacceptable, high, limited and no-evident-risk categories, prohibits certain practices, and sets obligations, incident reporting and sanctions.","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: Política Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial (2024, strategy, adopted); Proyecto de ley que regula los sistemas de inteligencia artificial, Boletín 16821-19 (2024, bill, proposed). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Política Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial, Proyecto de ley que regula los sistemas de inteligencia artificial, Boletín 16821-19.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Política Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial – Actualización 2024 y Plan de Acción (National Artificial Intelligence Policy – 2024 Update and Action Plan)","publisher":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología, Conocimiento e Innovación","url":"https://www.minciencia.gob.cl/areas/inteligencia-artificial/Inteligencia-Artificial/","document_date":"2024-05-02","document_type":"strategy","tier":1},{"title":"Proyecto de ley que regula los sistemas de inteligencia artificial, Boletín 16821-19 (Bill regulating artificial intelligence systems, Bulletin 16821-19)","publisher":"Senado de la República de Chile","url":"https://www.senado.cl/comunicaciones/noticias/proyecto-que-regula-sistemas-de-inteligencia-artificial-sera-estudiado-por","document_date":"2024-05-07","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":[],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/chile","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.minciencia.gob.cl/areas/inteligencia-artificial/Inteligencia-Artificial/","source_title":"Política Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial – Actualización 2024 y Plan de Acción (National Artificial Intelligence Policy – 2024 Update and Action Plan)","source_publisher":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología, Conocimiento e Innovación","source_document_date":"2024-05-02","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Generated from the source-backed legacy dataset; overview composed from the listed instruments. Reviewer to add regulators and refine.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"china","name":"China","short_name":"China","iso_code":"CN","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Eastern Asia","overview":"These measures govern generative AI services offered to the public in China, whether producing text, images, audio or video. These measures require providers of AI generation and synthesis services to attach explicit labels (visible text, audio or graphic notices) and implicit labels (embedded metadata) to generated text, images, audio, video and virtual scenes. This State Council policy document (Guofa [2025] No.","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: Interim Measures for the Management of Generative Artificial Intelligence Services (2023, regulation, in force); Measures for Labeling Artificial Intelligence-Generated and Synthetic Content (2025, regulation, in force); Opinions of the State Council on Deepening the Implementation of the 'AI Plus' Action (2025, strategy, adopted). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Interim Measures for the Management of Generative Artificial Intelligence Services, Measures for Labeling Artificial Intelligence-Generated and Synthetic Content. Strategy or guidance: Opinions of the State Council on Deepening the Implementation of the 'AI Plus' Action.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Interim Measures for the Management of Generative Artificial Intelligence Services","publisher":"Cyberspace Administration of China","url":"https://www.cac.gov.cn/2023-07/13/c_1690898327029107.htm","document_date":"2023-07-13","document_type":"legislation","tier":1},{"title":"Measures for Labeling Artificial Intelligence-Generated and Synthetic Content","publisher":"Cyberspace Administration of China","url":"https://www.cac.gov.cn/2025-03/14/c_1743654684782215.htm","document_date":"2025-03-14","document_type":"legislation","tier":1},{"title":"Opinions of the State Council on Deepening the Implementation of the 'AI Plus' Action","publisher":"Central People's Government of the PRC (gov.cn)","url":"https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/202508/content_7037861.htm","document_date":"2025-08-26","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":[],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/china","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.cac.gov.cn/2023-07/13/c_1690898327029107.htm","source_title":"Interim Measures for the Management of Generative Artificial Intelligence Services","source_publisher":"Cyberspace Administration of China","source_document_date":"2023-07-13","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Generated from the source-backed legacy dataset; overview composed from the listed instruments. Reviewer to add regulators and refine.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"colombia","name":"Colombia","short_name":"Colombia","iso_code":"CO","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"South America","overview":"CONPES 4144, approved on 14 February 2025, is Colombia's national AI policy and roadmap through 2030.","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: Documento CONPES 4144 (2025, strategy, adopted). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Documento CONPES 4144.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Documento CONPES 4144 – Política Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial (CONPES Document 4144 – National Artificial Intelligence Policy)","publisher":"Ministerio de Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones (normograma) – DNP document","url":"https://normograma.mintic.gov.co/mintic/compilacion/docs/CONPES_DNP_4144_2025.htm","document_date":"2025-02-14","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":[],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/colombia","source":{"official_source_url":"https://normograma.mintic.gov.co/mintic/compilacion/docs/CONPES_DNP_4144_2025.htm","source_title":"Documento CONPES 4144 – Política Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial (CONPES Document 4144 – National Artificial Intelligence Policy)","source_publisher":"Ministerio de Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones (normograma) – DNP document","source_document_date":"2025-02-14","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Generated from the source-backed legacy dataset; overview composed from the listed instruments. Reviewer to add regulators and refine.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"us-colorado","name":"Colorado (United States)","short_name":"Colorado","iso_code":"US-CO","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Americas","subregion":"Northern America","overview":"Colorado enacted the first comprehensive US state law on algorithmic discrimination, Senate Bill 24-205 (the Colorado Artificial Intelligence Act), signed on 17 May 2024. It imposes a duty of reasonable care on developers and deployers of \"high-risk\" AI systems that make or substantially influence consequential decisions in areas such as employment, lending, housing, education, healthcare, insurance and government services. Its effective date was postponed by a 2025 special-session bill.\n","regulatory_status_summary":"Adopted state statute; originally effective 1 February 2026, delayed to 30 June 2026 by SB 25B-004 (August 2025). Enforcement is by the Colorado Attorney General. A reviewer must confirm whether the 2026 regular session made further amendments before the effective date.\n","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: SB 24-205 as amended. The Attorney General may adopt rules; none were confirmed at the last check.\n","current_priorities":"Implementation guidance, rulemaking authority of the Attorney General, and possible amendments.","regulators":[{"name":"Colorado Attorney General","url":"https://coag.gov/","role":"Exclusive enforcement authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"SB24-205 Consumer Protections for Artificial Intelligence","publisher":"Colorado General Assembly","url":"https://leg.colorado.gov/bills/sb24-205","document_date":"2024-05-17","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["us","us-california","eu"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/us-colorado","source":{"official_source_url":"https://leg.colorado.gov/bills/sb24-205","source_title":"SB24-205 Consumer Protections for Artificial Intelligence","source_publisher":"Colorado General Assembly","source_document_date":"2024-05-17","source_reference":"Colorado Revised Statutes 6-1-1701 et seq.","source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Initial structured record; 2026 amendments to be confirmed.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"comoros","name":"Comoros","short_name":"Comoros","iso_code":"KM","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/comoros","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"congo-democratic-republic","name":"Congo (Democratic Republic)","short_name":"Congo (Democratic Republic)","iso_code":"CD","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Middle Africa","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Primature de la RDC","url":"https://www.primature.gouv.cd/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Primature de la RDC","publisher":"Government of Congo (Democratic Republic)","url":"https://www.primature.gouv.cd/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","rwanda"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/congo-democratic-republic","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.primature.gouv.cd/","source_title":"Primature de la RDC","source_publisher":"Government of Congo (Democratic Republic)","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"congo-republic","name":"Congo (Republic)","short_name":"Congo (Republic)","iso_code":"CG","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Middle Africa","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/congo-republic","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"costa-rica","name":"Costa Rica","short_name":"Costa Rica","iso_code":"CR","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Central America","overview":"Costa Rica launched its National Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2024–2027 in October 2024 through the Ministry of Science, Innovation, Technology and Telecommunications (MICITT), built on the UNESCO readiness assessment and OECD principles, and a draft AI regulation bill (Expediente 23.771) is before the Legislative Assembly. Costa Rica was the first Central American country to complete UNESCO's Readiness Assessment Methodology.","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI strategy 2024–2027 adopted; AI bill under consideration in the Legislative Assembly.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI Strategy 2024–2027.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación, Tecnología y Telecomunicaciones (MICITT)","url":"https://www.micitt.go.cr/","role":"AI strategy lead"},{"name":"Agencia de Protección de Datos de los Habitantes (PRODHAB)","url":"https://www.prodhab.go.cr/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Estrategia Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial 2024–2027","publisher":"MICITT","url":"https://www.micitt.go.cr/","document_date":"2024-10-01","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["mexico","colombia","chile"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/costa-rica","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.micitt.go.cr/","source_title":"Estrategia Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial 2024–2027","source_publisher":"MICITT","source_document_date":"2024-10-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"cote-d-ivoire","name":"Côte d'Ivoire","short_name":"Côte d'Ivoire","iso_code":"CI","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","overview":"Côte d'Ivoire adopted a National Artificial Intelligence Strategy and a data-governance strategy in 2025 through the Ministry of Digital Transition and Digitalisation, with priorities on public services, agriculture, health, talent and ethics; Law 2013-450 on personal data and ARTCI apply.","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI strategy (2025) as policy; data-protection law applies; no AI-specific law.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI Strategy (2025).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministère de la Transition Numérique et de la Digitalisation","url":"https://numerique.gouv.ci/","role":"AI strategy lead"},{"name":"Autorité de Régulation des Télécommunications/TIC de Côte d'Ivoire (ARTCI)","url":"https://www.artci.ci/","role":"Telecoms and data-protection regulator"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministère de la Transition Numérique et de la Digitalisation","publisher":"Government of Côte d'Ivoire","url":"https://numerique.gouv.ci/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","ghana","senegal"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/cote-d-ivoire","source":{"official_source_url":"https://numerique.gouv.ci/","source_title":"Ministère de la Transition Numérique et de la Digitalisation","source_publisher":"Government of Côte d'Ivoire","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"council-of-europe","name":"Council of Europe","short_name":"CoE","iso_code":null,"jurisdiction_type":"supranational","region":"Europe","subregion":"Continental","overview":"The Council of Europe adopted the first legally binding international treaty on AI, the Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law (CETS No. 225), on 17 May 2024; it opened for signature in Vilnius on 5 September 2024 and has been signed by the EU, the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Japan, Israel and others. It requires parties to adopt measures so that AI activities are consistent with human rights, democracy and the rule of law, using a risk- and impact-based approach, and is supplemented by the HUDERIA risk and impact assessment methodology (2024).","regulatory_status_summary":"Framework Convention adopted and open for signature; entry into force depends on ratifications; HUDERIA methodology adopted.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Framework Convention on AI (CETS 225). Strategy or guidance: HUDERIA risk and impact assessment methodology.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Council of Europe Committee on Artificial Intelligence (CAI)","url":"https://www.coe.int/en/web/artificial-intelligence/cai","role":"Negotiated the Convention and follow-up instruments"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law (CETS No. 225)","publisher":"Council of Europe","url":"https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list?module=treaty-detail&treatynum=225","document_date":"2024-05-17","document_type":"legislation","tier":1},{"title":"The Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence","publisher":"Council of Europe","url":"https://www.coe.int/en/web/artificial-intelligence/the-framework-convention-on-artificial-intelligence","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","uk","switzerland","us","canada","japan"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/council-of-europe","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list?module=treaty-detail&treatynum=225","source_title":"Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law (CETS No. 225)","source_publisher":"Council of Europe","source_document_date":"2024-05-17","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"croatia","name":"Croatia","short_name":"Croatia","iso_code":"HR","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","overview":"Croatia applies the EU AI Act; the Central State Office for the Development of the Digital Society prepared a National Plan for the Development of AI, and the Croatian Personal Data Protection Agency (AZOP) is the data-protection authority. AI Act authority designation is in progress.","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; national AI plan in preparation/adopted; authority designation in progress.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National Plan for the Development of AI.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Središnji državni ured za razvoj digitalnog društva","url":"https://rdd.gov.hr/","role":"Digital society and AI policy"},{"name":"Agencija za zaštitu osobnih podataka (AZOP)","url":"https://azop.hr/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Central State Office for the Development of the Digital Society","publisher":"Government of Croatia","url":"https://rdd.gov.hr/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","slovenia","serbia"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/croatia","source":{"official_source_url":"https://rdd.gov.hr/","source_title":"Central State Office for the Development of the Digital Society","source_publisher":"Government of Croatia","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"cuba","name":"Cuba","short_name":"Cuba","iso_code":"CU","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Caribbean","overview":"Cuba adopted a national strategy for the development and use of artificial intelligence and, in 2024, a Ministry of Communications resolution on AI ethics and use in the public sector; implementation is led by the Ministry of Communications and the University of Informatics Sciences.","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI strategy and ministerial resolution (2024) as policy.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI strategy (2024).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministerio de Comunicaciones","url":"https://www.mincom.gob.cu/","role":"AI strategy and regulation lead"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministerio de Comunicaciones de Cuba","publisher":"Government of Cuba","url":"https://www.mincom.gob.cu/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["mexico"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/cuba","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.mincom.gob.cu/","source_title":"Ministerio de Comunicaciones de Cuba","source_publisher":"Government of Cuba","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"cyprus","name":"Cyprus","short_name":"Cyprus","iso_code":"CY","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","overview":"Cyprus applies the EU AI Act and adopted a National AI Strategy in 2020, updated with an AI action plan in 2024 under the Deputy Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digital Policy; the Commissioner for Personal Data Protection is the data-protection authority.","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; national AI strategy (2020) and action plan (2024) as policy.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI Strategy (2020, action plan 2024).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Deputy Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digital Policy","url":"https://www.dmrid.gov.cy/","role":"AI strategy lead"},{"name":"Commissioner for Personal Data Protection","url":"https://www.dataprotection.gov.cy/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"National Artificial Intelligence Strategy","publisher":"Deputy Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digital Policy","url":"https://www.dmrid.gov.cy/","document_date":"2020-01-01","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","greece"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/cyprus","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.dmrid.gov.cy/","source_title":"National Artificial Intelligence Strategy","source_publisher":"Deputy Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digital Policy","source_document_date":"2020-01-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"czechia","name":"Czechia","short_name":"Czechia","iso_code":"CZ","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Eastern Europe","overview":"Czechia applies the EU AI Act, has adopted a National AI Strategy 2030 (July 2024) replacing the 2019 strategy, and has proposed the Czech Telecommunication Office (ČTÚ) as the AI Act market-surveillance authority with the Office for Personal Data Protection and sector bodies in their fields.","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; National AI Strategy 2030 (2024); authority designation in progress.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI Strategy 2030.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministerstvo průmyslu a obchodu (Ministry of Industry and Trade)","url":"https://www.mpo.gov.cz/","role":"Lead ministry for the national AI strategy and AI Act implementation"},{"name":"Český telekomunikační úřad (ČTÚ)","url":"https://www.ctu.cz/","role":"Proposed market-surveillance authority for the AI Act"},{"name":"Úřad pro ochranu osobních údajů (ÚOOÚ)","url":"https://uoou.gov.cz/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Národní strategie umělé inteligence České republiky 2030","publisher":"Ministry of Industry and Trade","url":"https://www.mpo.gov.cz/","document_date":"2024-07-24","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","poland","slovakia","austria"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/czechia","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.mpo.gov.cz/","source_title":"Národní strategie umělé inteligence České republiky 2030","source_publisher":"Ministry of Industry and Trade","source_document_date":"2024-07-24","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"denmark","name":"Denmark","short_name":"Denmark","iso_code":"DK","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Northern Europe","overview":"Denmark applies the EU AI Act and has designated the Agency for Digital Government (Digitaliseringsstyrelsen) as the coordinating national authority, with the Danish Data Protection Agency and sector supervisors competent in their fields. A 2019 national AI strategy, a 2024 digitalisation strategy and public-sector \"signature projects\" on AI in health and administration shape practice; Denmark also participates in the Nordic-Baltic AI cooperation.","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; coordinating authority designated; national AI strategy (2019) and digital strategy as policy.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (2019).","current_priorities":"AI Act supervision set-up, public-sector AI signature projects, health data and AI in welfare services.","regulators":[{"name":"Digitaliseringsstyrelsen (Agency for Digital Government)","url":"https://en.digst.dk/","role":"Coordinating national authority for the AI Act; runs public-sector AI programmes"},{"name":"Datatilsynet","url":"https://www.datatilsynet.dk/english","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Agency for Digital Government","publisher":"Digitaliseringsstyrelsen","url":"https://en.digst.dk/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","sweden","norway"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/denmark","source":{"official_source_url":"https://en.digst.dk/","source_title":"Agency for Digital Government","source_publisher":"Digitaliseringsstyrelsen","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"djibouti","name":"Djibouti","short_name":"Djibouti","iso_code":"DJ","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Présidence de Djibouti","url":"https://www.presidence.dj/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Présidence de Djibouti","publisher":"Government of Djibouti","url":"https://www.presidence.dj/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","ethiopia"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/djibouti","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.presidence.dj/","source_title":"Présidence de Djibouti","source_publisher":"Government of Djibouti","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"dominica","name":"Dominica","short_name":"Dominica","iso_code":"DM","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Caribbean","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Government of Dominica","url":"https://dominica.gov.dm/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Dominica","publisher":"Government of Dominica","url":"https://dominica.gov.dm/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["barbados"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/dominica","source":{"official_source_url":"https://dominica.gov.dm/","source_title":"Government of Dominica","source_publisher":"Government of Dominica","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"dominican-republic","name":"Dominican Republic","short_name":"Dominican Republic","iso_code":"DO","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Caribbean","overview":"The Dominican Republic adopted a National Artificial Intelligence Strategy (ENIA) in 2023 through the Government Office of Information and Communication Technologies (OGTIC), positioning the country as a regional AI hub with priorities in public services, talent and ethics, and joined the Latin American AI index and UNESCO readiness processes.","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI strategy (2023) as policy; no AI-specific law.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI Strategy (ENIA).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Oficina Gubernamental de Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación (OGTIC)","url":"https://ogtic.gob.do/","role":"AI strategy lead"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Estrategia Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial de la República Dominicana","publisher":"OGTIC","url":"https://ogtic.gob.do/","document_date":"2023-10-01","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["costa-rica","colombia"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/dominican-republic","source":{"official_source_url":"https://ogtic.gob.do/","source_title":"Estrategia Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial de la República Dominicana","source_publisher":"OGTIC","source_document_date":"2023-10-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"ecuador","name":"Ecuador","short_name":"Ecuador","iso_code":"EC","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"South America","overview":"Ecuador's National Assembly has been considering an Organic Law for the Regulation and Promotion of Artificial Intelligence (introduced 2024) that would set a risk-based framework, and the Ministry of Telecommunications published an AI policy framework in 2025; the Personal Data Protection Law (2021) and its Superintendency apply to AI processing personal data.","regulatory_status_summary":"AI bill under consideration; data-protection law applies; national AI policy in development.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Draft Organic Law on AI. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministerio de Telecomunicaciones y de la Sociedad de la Información (MINTEL)","url":"https://www.telecomunicaciones.gob.ec/","role":"Digital and AI policy lead"},{"name":"Superintendencia de Protección de Datos Personales","url":"https://www.spdp.gob.ec/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Asamblea Nacional del Ecuador","publisher":"Asamblea Nacional","url":"https://www.asambleanacional.gob.ec/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["colombia","peru","chile"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/ecuador","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.asambleanacional.gob.ec/","source_title":"Asamblea Nacional del Ecuador","source_publisher":"Asamblea Nacional","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"egypt","name":"Egypt","short_name":"Egypt","iso_code":"EG","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Northern Africa","overview":"Egypt's first national AI strategy framed AI as a tool for the country's sustainable development goals and for positioning Egypt as an active contributor to AI in Africa and the Arab region. The second edition updates Egypt's 2021 strategy for 2025-2030 around six pillars: governance, data, infrastructure, technology, talent and ecosystem.","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: Egypt National Artificial Intelligence Strategy (2021, strategy, adopted); National AI Strategy (2025, strategy, adopted). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Egypt National Artificial Intelligence Strategy, National AI Strategy.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Egypt National Artificial Intelligence Strategy","publisher":"Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, Egypt","url":"https://mcit.gov.eg/en/Publication/Publication_Summary/9283","document_date":"2021-07-01","document_type":"strategy","tier":1},{"title":"National AI Strategy - Second Edition 2025-2030","publisher":"Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, Egypt","url":"https://mcit.gov.eg/en/Publication/Publication_Summary/10550","document_date":"2025-01-01","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":[],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/egypt","source":{"official_source_url":"https://mcit.gov.eg/en/Publication/Publication_Summary/9283","source_title":"Egypt National Artificial Intelligence Strategy","source_publisher":"Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, Egypt","source_document_date":"2021-07-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Generated from the source-backed legacy dataset; overview composed from the listed instruments. Reviewer to add regulators and refine.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"el-salvador","name":"El Salvador","short_name":"El Salvador","iso_code":"SV","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Central America","overview":"El Salvador enacted a Law for the Promotion of Artificial Intelligence and Emerging Technologies in February 2025, one of the first AI-specific laws in Latin America, creating an Agency for AI (ANIA) and liability safe harbours for developers acting in good faith. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"El Salvador enacted a Law for the Promotion of Artificial Intelligence and Emerging Technologies in February 2025, one of the first AI-specific laws in Latin America, creating an Agency for AI (ANIA) and liability safe harbours for developers acting in good faith. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Law for the Promotion of AI and Emerging Technologies. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Asamblea Legislativa","url":"https://www.asamblea.gob.sv/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Asamblea Legislativa","publisher":"Government of El Salvador","url":"https://www.asamblea.gob.sv/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["guatemala","honduras","costa-rica"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/el-salvador","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.asamblea.gob.sv/","source_title":"Asamblea Legislativa","source_publisher":"Government of El Salvador","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"equatorial-guinea","name":"Equatorial Guinea","short_name":"Equatorial Guinea","iso_code":"GQ","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Middle Africa","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/equatorial-guinea","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"eritrea","name":"Eritrea","short_name":"Eritrea","iso_code":"ER","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/eritrea","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"estonia","name":"Estonia","short_name":"Estonia","iso_code":"EE","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Northern Europe","overview":"Estonia applies the EU AI Act and pursues AI through its \"kratt\" programme: successive national AI strategies (2019–2021, 2022–2023, 2024–2026) focused on AI in public services, the Bürokratt virtual-assistant network and open-source components, with the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Communications and the Information System Authority (RIA) leading. Estonia has proposed the Consumer Protection and Technical Regulatory Authority (TTJA) as AI Act market-surveillance authority.","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; national AI strategy 2024–2026 as policy; authority designation in progress.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI strategy 2024–2026.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Majandus- ja Kommunikatsiooniministeerium (Ministry of Economic Affairs and Communications)","url":"https://www.mkm.ee/en","role":"AI strategy lead"},{"name":"Tarbijakaitse ja Tehnilise Järelevalve Amet (TTJA)","url":"https://www.ttja.ee/en","role":"Proposed market-surveillance authority for the AI Act"},{"name":"Andmekaitse Inspektsioon","url":"https://www.aki.ee/en","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Estonia's national AI strategy (kratid)","publisher":"Ministry of Economic Affairs and Communications","url":"https://www.kratid.ee/en","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","finland","latvia","lithuania"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/estonia","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.kratid.ee/en","source_title":"Estonia's national AI strategy (kratid)","source_publisher":"Ministry of Economic Affairs and Communications","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"eswatini","name":"Eswatini","short_name":"Eswatini","iso_code":"SZ","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Southern Africa","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Government of Eswatini","url":"https://www.gov.sz/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Eswatini","publisher":"Government of Eswatini","url":"https://www.gov.sz/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","south-africa"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/eswatini","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.sz/","source_title":"Government of Eswatini","source_publisher":"Government of Eswatini","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"ethiopia","name":"Ethiopia","short_name":"Ethiopia","iso_code":"ET","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","overview":"Ethiopia approved a National Artificial Intelligence Policy in 2024, implemented by the Ethiopian Artificial Intelligence Institute (established 2020), covering AI in agriculture, health, security and public services, talent, data and ethics; the Personal Data Protection Proclamation (2024) applies.","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI policy (2024) as policy; AI Institute leads; data-protection law applies.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI Policy (2024).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ethiopian Artificial Intelligence Institute","url":"https://www.aii.et/","role":"National AI research and policy implementation body"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ethiopian Artificial Intelligence Institute","publisher":"Government of Ethiopia","url":"https://www.aii.et/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","kenya","rwanda"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/ethiopia","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.aii.et/","source_title":"Ethiopian Artificial Intelligence Institute","source_publisher":"Government of Ethiopia","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"eu","name":"European Union","short_name":"EU","iso_code":"EU","jurisdiction_type":"supranational","region":"Europe","subregion":null,"overview":"The European Union has the world's first comprehensive, binding, cross-sector AI law: Regulation (EU) 2024/1689, the Artificial Intelligence Act. It entered into force on 1 August 2024 and applies in phases between February 2025 and August 2027. The AI Act sits alongside the GDPR, product-safety law, the Digital Services Act and sector rules, all of which continue to apply to AI systems. The European Commission's AI Office supervises general-purpose AI models, while national market-surveillance authorities supervise most other obligations.\n","regulatory_status_summary":"Binding regulation in force and partially applicable. Prohibited practices and AI-literacy duties apply since 2 February 2025; general-purpose AI model obligations and the governance and penalties chapters since 2 August 2025; most remaining obligations, including Annex III high-risk requirements, are scheduled from 2 August 2026, with high-risk AI embedded in Annex I regulated products from 2 August 2027. A Commission \"Digital Omnibus\" proposal published in November 2025 would adjust some high-risk application dates; its adoption status must be checked against the official sources linked below.\n","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: the AI Act, the GDPR, the Product Liability Directive (as revised in 2024), and sector legislation. Non-binding but official: Commission guidelines on prohibited practices and on general-purpose AI, the General-Purpose AI Code of Practice, and harmonised standards being drafted by CEN-CENELEC JTC 21.\n","current_priorities":"Harmonised standards for high-risk AI, guidance on high-risk classification, the AI Office's supervision of general-purpose models, designation of national competent authorities and notified bodies, regulatory sandboxes in every Member State, and the legislative debate on the Digital Omnibus timing adjustments.\n","regulators":[{"name":"European Commission AI Office","url":"https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/ai-office","role":"Supervises general-purpose AI models and coordinates implementation"},{"name":"European Artificial Intelligence Board","url":"https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai","role":"Coordination body of Member State authorities"},{"name":"European Data Protection Board","url":"https://www.edpb.europa.eu/","role":"GDPR coordination; AI and data-protection guidance"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (Artificial Intelligence Act) — Official Journal","publisher":"Publications Office of the European Union","url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","document_date":"2024-07-12","document_type":"legislation","tier":1},{"title":"AI Act — European Commission policy page","publisher":"European Commission","url":"https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"European AI Office","publisher":"European Commission","url":"https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/ai-office","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["uk","us","india","singapore"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/eu","source":{"official_source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","source_title":"Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 of the European Parliament and of the Council (Artificial Intelligence Act)","source_publisher":"Official Journal of the European Union","source_document_date":"2024-07-12","source_reference":"OJ L, 2024/1689, 12.7.2024","source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Initial structured record.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"fiji","name":"Fiji","short_name":"Fiji","iso_code":"FJ","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Oceania","subregion":null,"overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Fijian Government","url":"https://www.fiji.gov.fj/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Fijian Government","publisher":"Government of Fiji","url":"https://www.fiji.gov.fj/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["australia","new-zealand"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/fiji","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.fiji.gov.fj/","source_title":"Fijian Government","source_publisher":"Government of Fiji","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"finland","name":"Finland","short_name":"Finland","iso_code":"FI","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Northern Europe","overview":"Finland was among the first countries with a national AI programme (\"Finland's Age of Artificial Intelligence\", 2017) and followed with the AI 4.0 programme for industry. It applies the EU AI Act; the government proposed the Finnish Transport and Communications Agency (Traficom) as the coordinating market-surveillance authority, with the Data Protection Ombudsman and sector authorities in their fields. The Finnish Center for Artificial Intelligence and the free \"Elements of AI\" course are internationally known public-education initiatives.","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; national implementing act proposed; AI programmes since 2017 as policy.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Finland's Age of Artificial Intelligence (2017).","current_priorities":"AI Act implementation act and Traficom set-up, industrial AI (AI 4.0), public-sector AI and data spaces.","regulators":[{"name":"Liikenne- ja viestintävirasto Traficom","url":"https://www.traficom.fi/en","role":"Proposed coordinating market-surveillance authority for the AI Act"},{"name":"Tietosuojavaltuutetun toimisto (Data Protection Ombudsman)","url":"https://tietosuoja.fi/en/home","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Finland's Age of Artificial Intelligence: turning Finland into a leading country in the application of AI","publisher":"Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment","url":"https://julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi/handle/10024/160391","document_date":"2017-10-23","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","sweden","estonia"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/finland","source":{"official_source_url":"https://julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi/handle/10024/160391","source_title":"Finland's Age of Artificial Intelligence: turning Finland into a leading country in the application of AI","source_publisher":"Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment","source_document_date":"2017-10-23","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"france","name":"France","short_name":"France","iso_code":"FR","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Western Europe","overview":"France applies the EU AI Act and has built its national approach around a national AI strategy launched in 2018 (successive phases to 2025), strong involvement of the data-protection authority CNIL, which publishes practical how-to sheets on AI and data protection, and the AI Action Summit hosted in Paris in February 2025. France has proposed CNIL, the competition and consumer authority (DGCCRF) and ARCOM among its AI Act competent authorities.","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; national AI strategy (phases since 2018) as policy; CNIL AI guidance; competent-authority designation in progress.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI strategy; CNIL AI how-to sheets.","current_priorities":"AI Act authority designation, compute and sovereign model investment, public-sector AI use, CNIL guidance on training data and GDPR compliance.","regulators":[{"name":"Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés (CNIL)","url":"https://www.cnil.fr/en/ai-how-sheets","role":"Data-protection authority; publishes AI and GDPR guidance"},{"name":"Direction générale des Entreprises","url":"https://www.entreprises.gouv.fr/","role":"Ministry of the Economy directorate leading the national AI strategy"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"CNIL: AI how-to sheets","publisher":"CNIL","url":"https://www.cnil.fr/en/ai-how-sheets","document_type":"guidance","tier":1},{"title":"Stratégie nationale pour l'intelligence artificielle","publisher":"Ministère de l'Économie","url":"https://www.economie.gouv.fr/strategie-nationale-intelligence-artificielle","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","germany","uk"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/france","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.cnil.fr/en/ai-how-sheets","source_title":"CNIL: AI how-to sheets","source_publisher":"CNIL","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"gabon","name":"Gabon","short_name":"Gabon","iso_code":"GA","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Middle Africa","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Gouvernement du Gabon","url":"https://www.gouvernement.ga/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Gouvernement du Gabon","publisher":"Government of Gabon","url":"https://www.gouvernement.ga/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/gabon","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gouvernement.ga/","source_title":"Gouvernement du Gabon","source_publisher":"Government of Gabon","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"gambia","name":"Gambia","short_name":"Gambia","iso_code":"GM","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Government of The Gambia","url":"https://www.gov.gm/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of The Gambia","publisher":"Government of Gambia","url":"https://www.gov.gm/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","senegal"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/gambia","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.gm/","source_title":"Government of The Gambia","source_publisher":"Government of Gambia","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"georgia","name":"Georgia","short_name":"Georgia","iso_code":"GE","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Western Asia","overview":"Georgia signed the Council of Europe Framework Convention on AI (2024) and has drafted a national AI strategy; adoption not confirmed from an official source. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"Georgia signed the Council of Europe Framework Convention on AI (2024) and has drafted a national AI strategy; adoption not confirmed from an official source. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Government of Georgia","url":"https://www.gov.ge/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Georgia","publisher":"Government of Georgia","url":"https://www.gov.ge/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["armenia","azerbaijan","council-of-europe"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/georgia","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.ge/","source_title":"Government of Georgia","source_publisher":"Government of Georgia","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"germany","name":"Germany","short_name":"Germany","iso_code":"DE","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Western Europe","overview":"Germany applies the EU AI Act directly and is putting national implementation in place through a draft market-surveillance and innovation act that makes the Federal Network Agency (Bundesnetzagentur) the central market surveillance authority. The federal government has run a national AI strategy since 2018 (updated 2020) and the Federal Network Agency operates an AI service desk for companies. General law applies alongside: the Federal Data Protection Act, product safety, non-discrimination and works-council co-determination rules on algorithmic tools at work.","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; national implementing act (KI-Marktüberwachungs- und Innovationsförderungsgesetz) proposed; national AI strategy in force as policy.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: AI Act implementation act (KI-MIG, draft). Strategy or guidance: AI Strategy of the Federal Government.","current_priorities":"Adopting the AI Act implementation act, staffing the Bundesnetzagentur as coordinating market-surveillance authority, regulatory sandboxes and AI compute capacity.","regulators":[{"name":"Bundesnetzagentur (Federal Network Agency)","url":"https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/EN/Areas/Digital-Services/AI/start.html","role":"Designated coordinating market-surveillance authority for the AI Act; runs the KI-Service-Desk"},{"name":"Der Bundesbeauftragte für den Datenschutz und die Informationsfreiheit (BfDI)","url":"https://www.bfdi.bund.de/EN/Home/home_node.html","role":"Federal data-protection supervision"},{"name":"Bundesministerium für Digitales und Staatsmodernisierung","url":"https://www.bmds.bund.de/","role":"Lead ministry for AI Act implementation and digital policy"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Bundesnetzagentur: Artificial Intelligence","publisher":"Bundesnetzagentur","url":"https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/EN/Areas/Digital-Services/AI/start.html","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Strategie Künstliche Intelligenz der Bundesregierung","publisher":"Die Bundesregierung","url":"https://www.ki-strategie-deutschland.de/","document_date":"2020-12-01","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","france","austria"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/germany","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/EN/Areas/Digital-Services/AI/start.html","source_title":"Bundesnetzagentur: Artificial Intelligence","source_publisher":"Bundesnetzagentur","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"ghana","name":"Ghana","short_name":"Ghana","iso_code":"GH","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","overview":"A ten-year national roadmap launched by President Mahama that treats data as a national asset and sets out pillars covering education and skills, infrastructure and compute, data governance, ecosystem development, sector adoption, applied research and public-sector AI.","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: Ghana National Artificial Intelligence Strategy (2026, strategy, adopted). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Ghana National Artificial Intelligence Strategy.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ghana National Artificial Intelligence Strategy (2025-2035)","publisher":"Ministry of Communication, Digital Technology and Innovations, Ghana","url":"https://moc.gov.gh/2026/04/24/ghana-launches-national-ai-strategy-to-drive-digital-transformation-and-economic-growth/","document_date":"2026-04-24","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":[],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/ghana","source":{"official_source_url":"https://moc.gov.gh/2026/04/24/ghana-launches-national-ai-strategy-to-drive-digital-transformation-and-economic-growth/","source_title":"Ghana National Artificial Intelligence Strategy (2025-2035)","source_publisher":"Ministry of Communication, Digital Technology and Innovations, Ghana","source_document_date":"2026-04-24","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Generated from the source-backed legacy dataset; overview composed from the listed instruments. Reviewer to add regulators and refine.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"greece","name":"Greece","short_name":"Greece","iso_code":"GR","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","overview":"Greece applies the EU AI Act, has an AI Advisory Committee to the Prime Minister that delivered a \"Blueprint for Greece's AI transformation\" in November 2024, and adopted AI provisions in Law 4961/2022 on emerging technologies, which set transparency and governance duties for public-sector AI and obligations for large companies using AI in employment. The Hellenic Data Protection Authority and the National Cybersecurity Authority are among the proposed AI Act authorities.","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; Law 4961/2022 provisions on AI in the public sector and employment in force; AI blueprint (2024) as policy.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Law 4961/2022 (emerging technologies, AI chapter). Strategy or guidance: Blueprint for Greece's AI transformation (2024).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Hellenic Data Protection Authority","url":"https://www.dpa.gr/en","role":"Data-protection authority"},{"name":"Ministry of Digital Governance","url":"https://mindigital.gr/","role":"Lead ministry for digital and AI policy"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Law 4961/2022 on emerging information and communication technologies","publisher":"Hellenic Parliament / Government Gazette","url":"https://mindigital.gr/","document_date":"2022-07-27","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","cyprus","bulgaria"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/greece","source":{"official_source_url":"https://mindigital.gr/","source_title":"Law 4961/2022 on emerging information and communication technologies","source_publisher":"Hellenic Parliament / Government Gazette","source_document_date":"2022-07-27","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"grenada","name":"Grenada","short_name":"Grenada","iso_code":"GD","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Caribbean","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Government of Grenada","url":"https://www.gov.gd/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Grenada","publisher":"Government of Grenada","url":"https://www.gov.gd/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["barbados"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/grenada","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.gd/","source_title":"Government of Grenada","source_publisher":"Government of Grenada","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"guatemala","name":"Guatemala","short_name":"Guatemala","iso_code":"GT","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Central America","overview":"An AI regulation bill has been introduced in Congress; no adopted AI-specific instrument recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"An AI regulation bill has been introduced in Congress; no adopted AI-specific instrument recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Gobierno de Guatemala","url":"https://www.guatemala.gob.gt/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Gobierno de Guatemala","publisher":"Government of Guatemala","url":"https://www.guatemala.gob.gt/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["el-salvador","mexico"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/guatemala","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.guatemala.gob.gt/","source_title":"Gobierno de Guatemala","source_publisher":"Government of Guatemala","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"guinea","name":"Guinea","short_name":"Guinea","iso_code":"GN","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","senegal"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/guinea","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"guinea-bissau","name":"Guinea-Bissau","short_name":"Guinea-Bissau","iso_code":"GW","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","senegal"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/guinea-bissau","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"guyana","name":"Guyana","short_name":"Guyana","iso_code":"GY","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"South America","overview":"Guyana announced a national AI strategy process with UNESCO in 2025; adoption not confirmed. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"Guyana announced a national AI strategy process with UNESCO in 2025; adoption not confirmed. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Government of Guyana","url":"https://www.gov.gy/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Guyana","publisher":"Government of Guyana","url":"https://www.gov.gy/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["brazil"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/guyana","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.gy/","source_title":"Government of Guyana","source_publisher":"Government of Guyana","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"haiti","name":"Haiti","short_name":"Haiti","iso_code":"HT","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Caribbean","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["dominican-republic"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/haiti","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"holy-see","name":"Holy See (Vatican)","short_name":"Holy See (Vatican)","iso_code":"VA","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","overview":"The Holy See is the home of the Rome Call for AI Ethics (2020) promoted by the Pontifical Academy for Life, and issued the doctrinal note \"Antiqua et Nova\" on AI and human intelligence (January 2025); Vatican City State adopted guidelines on AI use in 2024. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"The Holy See is the home of the Rome Call for AI Ethics (2020) promoted by the Pontifical Academy for Life, and issued the doctrinal note \"Antiqua et Nova\" on AI and human intelligence (January 2025); Vatican City State adopted guidelines on AI use in 2024. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Rome Call for AI Ethics.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"The Holy See","url":"https://www.vatican.va/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"The Holy See","publisher":"Government of Holy See (Vatican)","url":"https://www.vatican.va/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["italy","international"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/holy-see","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.vatican.va/","source_title":"The Holy See","source_publisher":"Government of Holy See (Vatican)","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"honduras","name":"Honduras","short_name":"Honduras","iso_code":"HN","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Central America","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Gobierno de Honduras","url":"https://www.gob.hn/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Gobierno de Honduras","publisher":"Government of Honduras","url":"https://www.gob.hn/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["el-salvador","guatemala"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/honduras","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gob.hn/","source_title":"Gobierno de Honduras","source_publisher":"Government of Honduras","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"hong-kong","name":"Hong Kong SAR","short_name":"Hong Kong","iso_code":"HK","jurisdiction_type":"territory","region":"Asia","subregion":"Eastern Asia","overview":"Hong Kong has no AI-specific statute. The Office of the Privacy Commissioner for Personal Data (PCPD) issued the Model Personal Data Protection Framework for AI (June 2024) and Guidance on Ethical Development and Use of AI (2021); the Digital Policy Office published the Ethical AI Framework for government (updated 2024) and a Generative AI Technical and Application Guideline (April 2025); the Securities and Futures Commission and Hong Kong Monetary Authority issued circulars on generative-AI use in financial services. The Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance applies.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law; PCPD AI frameworks and Digital Policy Office guidance; financial-regulator circulars.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: PCPD Model Personal Data Protection Framework for AI (2024); Generative AI Technical and Application Guideline (2025).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Office of the Privacy Commissioner for Personal Data (PCPD)","url":"https://www.pcpd.org.hk/","role":"Data-protection authority; AI guidance"},{"name":"Digital Policy Office","url":"https://www.digitalpolicy.gov.hk/","role":"Government AI ethics framework and generative-AI guideline"},{"name":"Hong Kong Monetary Authority","url":"https://www.hkma.gov.hk/","role":"Banking supervision; generative-AI guidance for banks"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Artificial Intelligence: Model Personal Data Protection Framework","publisher":"PCPD","url":"https://www.pcpd.org.hk/english/resources_centre/publications/files/ai_protection_framework.pdf","document_date":"2024-06-11","document_type":"guidance","tier":1},{"title":"Ethical Artificial Intelligence Framework","publisher":"Digital Policy Office","url":"https://www.digitalpolicy.gov.hk/en/our_work/data_governance/policies_standards/ethical_ai_framework/","document_type":"guidance","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["china","singapore"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/hong-kong","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.pcpd.org.hk/english/resources_centre/publications/files/ai_protection_framework.pdf","source_title":"Artificial Intelligence: Model Personal Data Protection Framework","source_publisher":"PCPD","source_document_date":"2024-06-11","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"hungary","name":"Hungary","short_name":"Hungary","iso_code":"HU","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Eastern Europe","overview":"Hungary applies the EU AI Act and adopted a national AI Strategy in 2020 coordinated by the AI Coalition and the Ministry for Innovation and Technology (now the Ministry for National Economy and the Digital Hungary Agency). The National Authority for Data Protection and Freedom of Information (NAIH) is the data-protection authority; AI Act authority designation is in progress.","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; national AI strategy (2020) as policy.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: AI Strategy 2020–2030.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Nemzeti Adatvédelmi és Információszabadság Hatóság (NAIH)","url":"https://www.naih.hu/","role":"Data-protection authority"},{"name":"Mesterséges Intelligencia Koalíció","url":"https://ai-hungary.com/","role":"AI Coalition coordinating the national strategy"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Hungary's Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2020–2030","publisher":"Ministry for Innovation and Technology / AI Coalition","url":"https://ai-hungary.com/","document_date":"2020-09-08","document_type":"strategy","tier":2}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","austria","slovakia","romania"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/hungary","source":{"official_source_url":"https://ai-hungary.com/","source_title":"Hungary's Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2020–2030","source_publisher":"Ministry for Innovation and Technology / AI Coalition","source_document_date":"2020-09-08","source_reference":null,"source_tier":2,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"iceland","name":"Iceland","short_name":"Iceland","iso_code":"IS","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Northern Europe","overview":"Iceland, an EEA member, will incorporate the EU AI Act through the EEA Agreement. The government adopted an AI policy in 2021 and an AI action plan for 2024–2026 focused on public services, the Icelandic language, skills and ethics; the Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Innovation leads.","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act to be incorporated via the EEA; AI policy (2021) and action plan 2024–2026 as policy.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: AI action plan 2024–2026.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Háskóla-, iðnaðar- og nýsköpunarráðuneytið (Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Innovation)","url":"https://www.stjornarradid.is/en/ministries/ministry-of-higher-education-science-and-innovation/","role":"AI policy lead"},{"name":"Persónuvernd","url":"https://www.personuvernd.is/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Iceland: artificial intelligence policy and action plan","publisher":"Government of Iceland","url":"https://www.stjornarradid.is/en/ministries/ministry-of-higher-education-science-and-innovation/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["norway","denmark","eu"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/iceland","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.stjornarradid.is/en/ministries/ministry-of-higher-education-science-and-innovation/","source_title":"Government of Iceland: artificial intelligence policy and action plan","source_publisher":"Government of Iceland","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"us-illinois","name":"Illinois (United States)","short_name":"Illinois","iso_code":"US-IL","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Americas","subregion":"Northern America","overview":"Illinois regulates AI in employment through two laws: the Artificial Intelligence Video Interview Act (2020), which requires notice, explanation and consent before AI analyses video interviews, and HB 3773 (Public Act 103-0804, signed August 2024, effective 1 January 2026), which amends the Illinois Human Rights Act to make it a civil-rights violation for employers to use AI that has a discriminatory effect on protected classes or to use zip codes as a proxy, and requires notice to employees when AI is used in employment decisions. The Biometric Information Privacy Act (BIPA, 2008) remains the strictest US biometric consent law.","regulatory_status_summary":"AI Video Interview Act in force (2020); HB 3773 employment-AI amendments effective 1 January 2026; BIPA applies to biometric AI.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Illinois HB 3773 (AI in employment, Human Rights Act amendment); Illinois AI Video Interview Act. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Illinois Department of Human Rights","url":"https://dhr.illinois.gov/","role":"Enforces the Human Rights Act, including HB 3773 AI provisions"},{"name":"Illinois General Assembly","url":"https://www.ilga.gov/","role":"Legislative texts"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"HB 3773, 103rd General Assembly (Public Act 103-0804)","publisher":"Illinois General Assembly","url":"https://www.ilga.gov/legislation/BillStatus.asp?DocNum=3773&GAID=17&DocTypeID=HB&SessionID=112","document_date":"2024-08-09","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["us","us-colorado","us-new-york"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/us-illinois","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.ilga.gov/legislation/BillStatus.asp?DocNum=3773&GAID=17&DocTypeID=HB&SessionID=112","source_title":"HB 3773, 103rd General Assembly (Public Act 103-0804)","source_publisher":"Illinois General Assembly","source_document_date":"2024-08-09","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"india","name":"India","short_name":"India","iso_code":"IN","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"South Asia","overview":"India has no dedicated AI statute. AI governance rests on the Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023 and its 2025 Rules, the Information Technology Act 2000 and the IT (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules 2021 as applied to AI and synthetic media, sector regulators such as the RBI and SEBI, and a series of policy documents: NITI Aayog's Responsible AI approach papers, the IndiaAI Mission approved in March 2024, and the India AI Governance Guidelines released by MeitY in November 2025. The stated approach favours enabling innovation with light-touch, principle-based governance and existing-law enforcement.\n","regulatory_status_summary":"No binding cross-sector AI law. Binding obligations arise from the DPDP Act 2023 (phased commencement under the November 2025 Rules), the IT Act and intermediary rules, and sector regulation. The India AI Governance Guidelines (November 2025) are non-binding. A reviewer must confirm the commencement schedule of the DPDP Rules.\n","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: DPDP Act 2023 and DPDP Rules 2025 (phased), IT Act 2000 and IT Rules 2021, Consumer Protection Act 2019, sector rules (RBI, SEBI, IRDAI). Guidance: India AI Governance Guidelines 2025, NITI Aayog Responsible AI papers, MeitY advisories to intermediaries on AI models and deepfakes.\n","current_priorities":"Implementing the IndiaAI Mission (compute, datasets, safety institute), operationalising DPDP consent and breach rules, addressing deepfakes and synthetic media through intermediary rules, and the AI Safety Institute.\n","regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY)","url":"https://www.meity.gov.in/","role":"IT Act, DPDP Act, IndiaAI Mission, AI governance"},{"name":"IndiaAI (Independent Business Division under Digital India Corporation)","url":"https://indiaai.gov.in/","role":"IndiaAI Mission implementation"},{"name":"NITI Aayog","url":"https://www.niti.gov.in/","role":"National AI strategy and Responsible AI papers"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023","publisher":"Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology","url":"https://www.meity.gov.in/data-protection-framework","document_date":"2023-08-11","document_type":"legislation","tier":1},{"title":"IndiaAI Mission","publisher":"IndiaAI / MeitY","url":"https://indiaai.gov.in/","document_date":"2024-03-07","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["nepal","singapore","eu","uae"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/india","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.meity.gov.in/","source_title":"Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology — official site","source_publisher":"Government of India","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Initial structured record.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"indonesia","name":"Indonesia","short_name":"Indonesia","iso_code":"ID","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"South-East Asia","overview":"Indonesia's long-range national AI strategy, prepared by a BPPT-led multi-stakeholder working group. A ministerial circular that lays out ethical values for developing and using AI, such as inclusivity, humanity, security, accessibility, transparency, accountability, personal data protection, sustainability and respect for intellectual property. A draft presidential regulation, prepared under Presidential Decree No.","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: Strategi Nasional Kecerdasan Artifisial Indonesia 2020-2045 (2020, strategy, adopted); Surat Edaran Menteri Komunikasi dan Informatika Nomor 9 Tahun 2023 tentang Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial (2023, regulation, in force); Rancangan Peraturan Presiden tentang Peta Jalan Kecerdasan Artifisial Nasional 2026-2029 (2026, strategy, proposed). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Surat Edaran Menteri Komunikasi dan Informatika Nomor 9 Tahun 2023 tentang Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial. Strategy or guidance: Strategi Nasional Kecerdasan Artifisial Indonesia 2020-2045, Rancangan Peraturan Presiden tentang Peta Jalan Kecerdasan Artifisial Nasional 2026-2029.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Strategi Nasional Kecerdasan Artifisial Indonesia 2020-2045 (National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence)","publisher":"National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) repository / BPPT Press","url":"https://karya.brin.go.id/id/eprint/13918/","document_date":"2020-08-10","document_type":"strategy","tier":1},{"title":"Surat Edaran Menteri Komunikasi dan Informatika Nomor 9 Tahun 2023 tentang Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial (Circular Letter No. 9 of 2023 on AI Ethics)","publisher":"JDIH Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital","url":"https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023","document_date":"2023-12-19","document_type":"legislation","tier":1},{"title":"Rancangan Peraturan Presiden tentang Peta Jalan Kecerdasan Artifisial Nasional 2026-2029 (Draft Presidential Regulation on the National AI Roadmap)","publisher":"JDIH Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital","url":"https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/berita/view/113","document_date":"2026-02-11","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":[],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/indonesia","source":{"official_source_url":"https://karya.brin.go.id/id/eprint/13918/","source_title":"Strategi Nasional Kecerdasan Artifisial Indonesia 2020-2045 (National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence)","source_publisher":"National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) repository / BPPT Press","source_document_date":"2020-08-10","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Generated from the source-backed legacy dataset; overview composed from the listed instruments. Reviewer to add regulators and refine.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"international","name":"International organisations (OECD, UNESCO, UN, G7, ISO)","short_name":"International","iso_code":null,"jurisdiction_type":"supranational","region":"International","subregion":null,"overview":"Cross-border instruments that shape national AI policy without being national law: the OECD Recommendation on AI (2019, revised 2024) whose definition of an AI system is used by the EU AI Act; the UNESCO Recommendation on the Ethics of AI (2021) adopted by 193 states; the UN General Assembly's first AI resolution (March 2024) and the 2025 resolution creating a Global Dialogue on AI Governance and an Independent International Scientific Panel; the G7 Hiroshima Process code of conduct for advanced AI developers (2023); the Bletchley Declaration from the first AI Safety Summit (2023); and ISO/IEC 42001, the certifiable AI management-system standard (2023).","regulatory_status_summary":"Non-binding recommendations, declarations and a voluntary standard; binding effect arises only through national implementation or contractual adoption.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: OECD AI Principles (Recommendation on AI); UNESCO Recommendation on the Ethics of AI; UN General Assembly resolution 78/265 on safe, secure and trustworthy AI; G7 Hiroshima AI Process code of conduct; Bletchley Declaration (AI Safety Summit 2023); ISO/IEC 42001:2023 AI management system.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"OECD.AI Policy Observatory","url":"https://oecd.ai/","role":"Tracks national AI policies and OECD instruments"},{"name":"UNESCO – Ethics of Artificial Intelligence","url":"https://www.unesco.org/en/artificial-intelligence/recommendation-ethics","role":"Implements the 2021 Recommendation"},{"name":"UN Office for Digital and Emerging Technologies","url":"https://www.un.org/digital-emerging-technologies/","role":"Secretariat for the Global Dialogue on AI Governance"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"OECD Recommendation of the Council on Artificial Intelligence (OECD/LEGAL/0449)","publisher":"OECD","url":"https://legalinstruments.oecd.org/en/instruments/OECD-LEGAL-0449","document_date":"2024-05-03","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence","publisher":"UNESCO","url":"https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000381137","document_date":"2021-11-23","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","council-of-europe","us","uk","japan","asean"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/international","source":{"official_source_url":"https://legalinstruments.oecd.org/en/instruments/OECD-LEGAL-0449","source_title":"OECD Recommendation of the Council on Artificial Intelligence (OECD/LEGAL/0449)","source_publisher":"OECD","source_document_date":"2024-05-03","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"iran","name":"Iran","short_name":"Iran","iso_code":"IR","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Western Asia","overview":"Iran approved a national AI document in 2024 and created a National AI Organisation; texts were not verified from an official source. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"Iran approved a national AI document in 2024 and created a National AI Organisation; texts were not verified from an official source. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["turkiye"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/iran","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"iraq","name":"Iraq","short_name":"Iraq","iso_code":"IQ","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Western Asia","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["jordan"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/iraq","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"ireland","name":"Ireland","short_name":"Ireland","iso_code":"IE","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Northern Europe","overview":"Ireland applies the EU AI Act and hosts the European headquarters of many large AI and platform companies, which gives the Irish Data Protection Commission a central role in GDPR enforcement affecting AI training. The national AI strategy \"AI – Here for Good\" (2021, refreshed 2024) frames a people-centred approach; the government designated an initial set of competent authorities for the AI Act in 2024–2025 and is establishing a national AI office within the Department of Enterprise.","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; competent authorities designated in phases; national AI strategy refreshed 2024.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: AI – Here for Good (National AI Strategy).","current_priorities":"Setting up the national AI office and distributed supervision model, public-sector AI guidelines, GDPR enforcement on AI training data.","regulators":[{"name":"Department of Enterprise, Tourism and Employment","url":"https://enterprise.gov.ie/en/publications/national-ai-strategy.html","role":"Lead department for AI policy and AI Act implementation"},{"name":"Data Protection Commission","url":"https://www.dataprotection.ie/","role":"Data-protection authority; lead supervisor for many AI companies under the GDPR"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"National AI Strategy: AI – Here for Good (2021, refresh 2024)","publisher":"Department of Enterprise, Trade and Employment","url":"https://enterprise.gov.ie/en/publications/national-ai-strategy.html","document_date":"2024-11-05","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","uk"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/ireland","source":{"official_source_url":"https://enterprise.gov.ie/en/publications/national-ai-strategy.html","source_title":"National AI Strategy: AI – Here for Good (2021, refresh 2024)","source_publisher":"Department of Enterprise, Trade and Employment","source_document_date":"2024-11-05","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"israel","name":"Israel","short_name":"Israel","iso_code":"IL","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Western Asia","overview":"Israel published its national AI regulation and ethics policy in December 2023 (Ministry of Innovation, Science and Technology with the Ministry of Justice), choosing a sector-based, risk-based and voluntary approach with common ethical principles, soft regulation tools and a government AI policy coordination centre rather than a horizontal AI law. The Privacy Protection Authority issued guidance on AI and privacy, and Israel signed the Council of Europe Framework Convention.","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI policy (2023) as policy; sector regulators act within existing law; no horizontal AI statute.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: AI regulation and ethics policy (2023).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Innovation, Science and Technology","url":"https://www.gov.il/en/departments/ministry_of_science_and_technology","role":"AI policy lead; AI policy coordination centre"},{"name":"Privacy Protection Authority","url":"https://www.gov.il/en/departments/the_privacy_protection_authority","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Israel's policy on artificial intelligence regulation and ethics","publisher":"Ministry of Innovation, Science and Technology","url":"https://www.gov.il/en/pages/ai_2023","document_date":"2023-12-17","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","us","uk"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/israel","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.il/en/pages/ai_2023","source_title":"Israel's policy on artificial intelligence regulation and ethics","source_publisher":"Ministry of Innovation, Science and Technology","source_document_date":"2023-12-17","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"italy","name":"Italy","short_name":"Italy","iso_code":"IT","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","overview":"Italy is the first EU member state with a comprehensive national AI law: Law No. 132 of 23 September 2025 lays down principles and delegations for AI, designates the Agency for Digital Italy (AgID) and the National Cybersecurity Agency (ACN) as national authorities, adds sector rules for health, work, professions, justice and public administration, restricts access for children under 14 and creates new criminal offences for harmful deepfakes. It sits alongside the EU AI Act and the Italian AI strategy 2024–2026. The Garante (data-protection authority) has been active on generative AI, including its 2023 order against ChatGPT and a 2024 fine.","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; national AI law in force since 10 October 2025; AI strategy 2024–2026 as policy; active data-protection enforcement.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Law No. 132/2025 on artificial intelligence. Strategy or guidance: Italian AI Strategy 2024–2026.","current_priorities":"Implementing the delegated decrees under Law 132/2025, AgID/ACN supervision, health and public-administration use, deepfake offences.","regulators":[{"name":"Agenzia per l'Italia Digitale (AgID)","url":"https://www.agid.gov.it/","role":"National AI authority for notification, promotion and sandboxes under Law 132/2025"},{"name":"Agenzia per la Cybersicurezza Nazionale (ACN)","url":"https://www.acn.gov.it/","role":"National AI authority for supervision, inspection and sanctions"},{"name":"Garante per la protezione dei dati personali","url":"https://www.garanteprivacy.it/","role":"Data-protection authority; generative-AI enforcement"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Legge 23 settembre 2025, n. 132","publisher":"Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana","url":"https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/eli/id/2025/09/25/25G00146/sg","document_date":"2025-09-25","document_type":"legislation","tier":1},{"title":"Strategia Italiana per l'Intelligenza Artificiale 2024-2026","publisher":"Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri / AgID","url":"https://www.agid.gov.it/sites/agid/files/2024-07/Strategia_italiana_per_l_Intelligenza_artificiale_2024-2026.pdf","document_date":"2024-07-22","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","spain","france"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/italy","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/eli/id/2025/09/25/25G00146/sg","source_title":"Legge 23 settembre 2025, n. 132","source_publisher":"Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana","source_document_date":"2025-09-25","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"jamaica","name":"Jamaica","short_name":"Jamaica","iso_code":"JM","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Caribbean","overview":"Jamaica's National AI Task Force delivered a national AI policy framework in 2024 covering governance, ethics, skills and public-sector use, and the government committed to a national AI policy under the Ministry of Science, Energy, Telecommunications and Transport; the Data Protection Act 2020 (in force December 2023) applies to AI processing personal data.","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI policy framework (2024) as policy; data-protection law applies.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI policy framework (2024).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Science, Energy, Telecommunications and Transport","url":"https://www.mset.gov.jm/","role":"AI policy lead"},{"name":"Office of the Information Commissioner","url":"https://oic.gov.jm/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Science, Energy, Telecommunications and Transport","publisher":"Government of Jamaica","url":"https://www.mset.gov.jm/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["dominican-republic","uk"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/jamaica","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.mset.gov.jm/","source_title":"Ministry of Science, Energy, Telecommunications and Transport","source_publisher":"Government of Jamaica","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"japan","name":"Japan","short_name":"Japan","iso_code":"JP","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Eastern Asia","overview":"The AI Guidelines for Business consolidate Japan's previous AI R&D, utilisation and governance guidelines into a single non-binding document addressed to AI developers, providers and business users. Japan's first AI-specific statute establishes basic principles and a governmental framework for promoting AI research, development and use. The AI Basic Plan is the national strategy required under Article 18 of the 2025 AI Act.","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: AI Guidelines for Business (2024, guidance, guidance); Act on Promotion of Research and Development, and Utilization of Artificial Intelligence-related Technology (2025, act, in force); Artificial Intelligence Basic Plan (2025, strategy, adopted). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Act on Promotion of Research and Development, and Utilization of Artificial Intelligence-related Technology. Strategy or guidance: AI Guidelines for Business, Artificial Intelligence Basic Plan.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"AI Guidelines for Business","publisher":"Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry","url":"https://www.meti.go.jp/shingikai/mono_info_service/ai_shakai_jisso/index.html","document_date":"2024-04-19","document_type":"guidance","tier":1},{"title":"Act on Promotion of Research and Development, and Utilization of Artificial Intelligence-related Technology (Act No. 53 of 2025)","publisher":"Japanese Law Translation Database (Ministry of Justice)","url":"https://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/en/laws/view/5066/en","document_date":"2025-06-04","document_type":"legislation","tier":1},{"title":"Artificial Intelligence Basic Plan","publisher":"Cabinet Office, Government of Japan","url":"https://www8.cao.go.jp/cstp/ai/ai_plan/ai_plan.html","document_date":"2025-12-23","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":[],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/japan","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.meti.go.jp/shingikai/mono_info_service/ai_shakai_jisso/index.html","source_title":"AI Guidelines for Business","source_publisher":"Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry","source_document_date":"2024-04-19","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Generated from the source-backed legacy dataset; overview composed from the listed instruments. Reviewer to add regulators and refine.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"jordan","name":"Jordan","short_name":"Jordan","iso_code":"JO","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Western Asia","overview":"Jordan adopted a Jordanian Artificial Intelligence Strategy and Implementation Roadmap 2023–2027 (August 2023) and a Charter of AI Ethics (2022) under the Ministry of Digital Economy and Entrepreneurship, with the Personal Data Protection Law No. 24 of 2023 applying to AI processing personal data.","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI strategy 2023–2027 and AI ethics charter as policy; data-protection law applies.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: AI Strategy and Implementation Roadmap 2023–2027; Charter of AI Ethics (2022).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Digital Economy and Entrepreneurship (MoDEE)","url":"https://www.modee.gov.jo/","role":"AI strategy and ethics charter lead"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Digital Economy and Entrepreneurship","publisher":"Government of Jordan","url":"https://www.modee.gov.jo/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["uae","saudi-arabia","egypt"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/jordan","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.modee.gov.jo/","source_title":"Ministry of Digital Economy and Entrepreneurship","source_publisher":"Government of Jordan","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"kazakhstan","name":"Kazakhstan","short_name":"Kazakhstan","iso_code":"KZ","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Central Asia","overview":"Kazakhstan adopted a Law on Artificial Intelligence in November 2025, the first dedicated AI law in Central Asia, setting principles, a risk-based classification, obligations for owners and operators of AI systems, transparency for AI-generated content and a national AI platform, implemented by the Ministry of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Development. It follows the Concept for AI development 2024–2029 (July 2024).","regulatory_status_summary":"Law on AI adopted (2025); AI development concept 2024–2029 as policy.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Law on Artificial Intelligence (2025). Strategy or guidance: Concept for AI development 2024–2029.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Development","url":"https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/mdai","role":"AI policy and regulation lead"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Development of the Republic of Kazakhstan","publisher":"Government of Kazakhstan","url":"https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/mdai","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["uzbekistan","russia","china"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/kazakhstan","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/mdai","source_title":"Ministry of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Development of the Republic of Kazakhstan","source_publisher":"Government of Kazakhstan","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"kenya","name":"Kenya","short_name":"Kenya","iso_code":"KE","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","overview":"Kenya's first national AI strategy sets a five-year agenda built on three pillars: AI digital infrastructure, data and AI governance, and AI research, innovation and commercialisation.","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: Kenya Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2025-2030 (2025, strategy, adopted). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Kenya Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2025-2030.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Kenya Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2025-2030","publisher":"Ministry of Information, Communications and the Digital Economy","url":"https://www.ict.go.ke/kenyas-artificial-intelligence-ai-strategy-2025-2030-launched-kicc-nairobi","document_date":"2025-03-27","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":[],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/kenya","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.ict.go.ke/kenyas-artificial-intelligence-ai-strategy-2025-2030-launched-kicc-nairobi","source_title":"Kenya Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2025-2030","source_publisher":"Ministry of Information, Communications and the Digital Economy","source_document_date":"2025-03-27","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Generated from the source-backed legacy dataset; overview composed from the listed instruments. Reviewer to add regulators and refine.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"kiribati","name":"Kiribati","short_name":"Kiribati","iso_code":"KI","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Oceania","subregion":null,"overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["australia"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/kiribati","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"kosovo","name":"Kosovo","short_name":"Kosovo","iso_code":"XK","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Office of the Prime Minister","url":"https://kryeministri.rks-gov.net/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Office of the Prime Minister","publisher":"Government of Kosovo","url":"https://kryeministri.rks-gov.net/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","albania","serbia"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/kosovo","source":{"official_source_url":"https://kryeministri.rks-gov.net/","source_title":"Office of the Prime Minister","source_publisher":"Government of Kosovo","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"kuwait","name":"Kuwait","short_name":"Kuwait","iso_code":"KW","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Gulf Cooperation Council","overview":"Kuwait launched a National Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2025–2028 through the Central Agency for Information Technology and the Communication and Information Technology Regulatory Authority, focused on government services, talent, data and ethical AI, and CITRA issued guidelines on AI use; the Data Privacy Protection Regulation applies.","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI strategy 2025–2028 as policy; CITRA guidelines; no AI-specific law.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI Strategy 2025–2028.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Central Agency for Information Technology (CAIT)","url":"https://www.cait.gov.kw/","role":"National AI strategy"},{"name":"Communication and Information Technology Regulatory Authority (CITRA)","url":"https://www.citra.gov.kw/","role":"ICT regulation and data-privacy regulation"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Central Agency for Information Technology","publisher":"Government of Kuwait","url":"https://www.cait.gov.kw/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["saudi-arabia","uae","qatar","bahrain"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/kuwait","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.cait.gov.kw/","source_title":"Central Agency for Information Technology","source_publisher":"Government of Kuwait","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"kyrgyzstan","name":"Kyrgyzstan","short_name":"Kyrgyzstan","iso_code":"KG","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Central Asia","overview":"Kyrgyzstan adopted a Digital Code in 2025 and has announced AI regulation work; no adopted AI-specific instrument recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"Kyrgyzstan adopted a Digital Code in 2025 and has announced AI regulation work; no adopted AI-specific instrument recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Cabinet of Ministers of the Kyrgyz Republic","url":"https://www.gov.kg/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Cabinet of Ministers of the Kyrgyz Republic","publisher":"Government of Kyrgyzstan","url":"https://www.gov.kg/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["kazakhstan","uzbekistan"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/kyrgyzstan","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.kg/","source_title":"Cabinet of Ministers of the Kyrgyz Republic","source_publisher":"Government of Kyrgyzstan","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"laos","name":"Laos","short_name":"Laos","iso_code":"LA","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"South-East Asia","overview":"The ASEAN guides apply as regional reference; no national AI instrument recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"The ASEAN guides apply as regional reference; no national AI instrument recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["asean","vietnam","thailand"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/laos","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"latvia","name":"Latvia","short_name":"Latvia","iso_code":"LV","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Northern Europe","overview":"Latvia applies the EU AI Act; the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Regional Development coordinates digital and AI policy, and the government approved an informational report on AI development in 2020 followed by AI measures in the Digital Transformation Guidelines 2021–2027. A national AI centre (2025) and the designation of AI Act authorities are in progress.","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; AI development report (2020) and digital transformation guidelines as policy.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Informational report on AI development (2020).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Vides aizsardzības un reģionālās attīstības ministrija (VARAM)","url":"https://www.varam.gov.lv/en","role":"Digital and AI policy coordination"},{"name":"Datu valsts inspekcija","url":"https://www.dvi.gov.lv/en","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Environmental Protection and Regional Development","publisher":"Government of Latvia","url":"https://www.varam.gov.lv/en","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","estonia","lithuania"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/latvia","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.varam.gov.lv/en","source_title":"Ministry of Environmental Protection and Regional Development","source_publisher":"Government of Latvia","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"lebanon","name":"Lebanon","short_name":"Lebanon","iso_code":"LB","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Western Asia","overview":"Lebanon's Office of the Minister of State for Administrative Reform (OMSAR) and the Ministry of Telecommunications published a National AI Strategy 2024–2030 (2024) with UNESCO and UNDP support, covering governance, skills, public services and the digital economy; no AI-specific law exists.","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI strategy 2024–2030 as policy; no AI-specific law.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI Strategy 2024–2030.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Office of the Minister of State for Administrative Reform (OMSAR)","url":"https://www.omsar.gov.lb/","role":"AI strategy lead"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"OMSAR","publisher":"Government of Lebanon","url":"https://www.omsar.gov.lb/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["jordan","egypt"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/lebanon","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.omsar.gov.lb/","source_title":"OMSAR","source_publisher":"Government of Lebanon","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"lesotho","name":"Lesotho","short_name":"Lesotho","iso_code":"LS","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Southern Africa","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Government of Lesotho","url":"https://www.gov.ls/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Lesotho","publisher":"Government of Lesotho","url":"https://www.gov.ls/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","south-africa"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/lesotho","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.ls/","source_title":"Government of Lesotho","source_publisher":"Government of Lesotho","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"liberia","name":"Liberia","short_name":"Liberia","iso_code":"LR","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Executive Mansion","url":"https://www.emansion.gov.lr/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Executive Mansion","publisher":"Government of Liberia","url":"https://www.emansion.gov.lr/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","sierra-leone"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/liberia","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.emansion.gov.lr/","source_title":"Executive Mansion","source_publisher":"Government of Liberia","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"libya","name":"Libya","short_name":"Libya","iso_code":"LY","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Northern Africa","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","tunisia"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/libya","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"liechtenstein","name":"Liechtenstein","short_name":"Liechtenstein","iso_code":"LI","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Western Europe","overview":"As an EEA member, Liechtenstein will incorporate the EU AI Act through the EEA Agreement; no domestic AI instrument recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"As an EEA member, Liechtenstein will incorporate the EU AI Act through the EEA Agreement; no domestic AI instrument recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Liechtenstein National Administration","url":"https://www.llv.li/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Liechtenstein National Administration","publisher":"Government of Liechtenstein","url":"https://www.llv.li/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","switzerland","austria"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/liechtenstein","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.llv.li/","source_title":"Liechtenstein National Administration","source_publisher":"Government of Liechtenstein","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"lithuania","name":"Lithuania","short_name":"Lithuania","iso_code":"LT","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Northern Europe","overview":"Lithuania applies the EU AI Act, adopted a Lithuanian Artificial Intelligence Strategy in 2019 and updated AI measures through its 2023–2025 digital agenda; the Communications Regulatory Authority (RRT) has been proposed as market-surveillance authority and the Ministry of the Economy and Innovation leads policy.","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; AI strategy (2019) as policy; authority designation in progress.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Lithuanian Artificial Intelligence Strategy (2019).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ekonomikos ir inovacijų ministerija (Ministry of the Economy and Innovation)","url":"https://eimin.lrv.lt/en/","role":"AI strategy lead"},{"name":"Ryšių reguliavimo tarnyba (RRT)","url":"https://www.rrt.lt/en/","role":"Proposed market-surveillance authority for the AI Act"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministry of the Economy and Innovation","publisher":"Government of Lithuania","url":"https://eimin.lrv.lt/en/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","latvia","estonia","poland"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/lithuania","source":{"official_source_url":"https://eimin.lrv.lt/en/","source_title":"Ministry of the Economy and Innovation","source_publisher":"Government of Lithuania","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"luxembourg","name":"Luxembourg","short_name":"Luxembourg","iso_code":"LU","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Western Europe","overview":"Luxembourg applies the EU AI Act and published \"Artificial Intelligence: a strategic vision for Luxembourg\" in 2019, followed by public-sector AI programmes (AI4Gov) and the national data-protection authority CNPD's guidance. Luxembourg has proposed the CNPD and sector regulators (CSSF for finance) as AI Act authorities.","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; AI strategic vision (2019) as policy; authority designation in progress.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: AI: a strategic vision for Luxembourg (2019).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Commission nationale pour la protection des données (CNPD)","url":"https://cnpd.public.lu/en.html","role":"Data-protection authority; proposed AI Act authority"},{"name":"Ministry of Digitalisation","url":"https://digital.gouvernement.lu/en.html","role":"Public-sector digital and AI programmes"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Artificial Intelligence: a strategic vision for Luxembourg","publisher":"Government of Luxembourg","url":"https://digital.gouvernement.lu/en.html","document_date":"2019-05-01","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","belgium","france","germany"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/luxembourg","source":{"official_source_url":"https://digital.gouvernement.lu/en.html","source_title":"Artificial Intelligence: a strategic vision for Luxembourg","source_publisher":"Government of Luxembourg","source_document_date":"2019-05-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"madagascar","name":"Madagascar","short_name":"Madagascar","iso_code":"MG","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Présidence de Madagascar","url":"https://www.presidence.gov.mg/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Présidence de Madagascar","publisher":"Government of Madagascar","url":"https://www.presidence.gov.mg/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","mauritius"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/madagascar","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.presidence.gov.mg/","source_title":"Présidence de Madagascar","source_publisher":"Government of Madagascar","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"malawi","name":"Malawi","short_name":"Malawi","iso_code":"MW","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","overview":"Malawi has drafted a national AI strategy with UNESCO support; adoption not confirmed. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"Malawi has drafted a national AI strategy with UNESCO support; adoption not confirmed. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Government of Malawi","url":"https://www.malawi.gov.mw/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Malawi","publisher":"Government of Malawi","url":"https://www.malawi.gov.mw/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","zambia"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/malawi","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.malawi.gov.mw/","source_title":"Government of Malawi","source_publisher":"Government of Malawi","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"malaysia","name":"Malaysia","short_name":"Malaysia","iso_code":"MY","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"South-East Asia","overview":"Malaysia's five-year AI roadmap developed by MOSTI through a quadruple-helix consultation. Voluntary national guidelines that set out seven principles for responsible AI: fairness; reliability, safety and control; privacy and security; inclusiveness; transparency; accountability; and human-centricity. A proposed horizontal AI law announced for stakeholder engagement and public consultation by the Ministry of Digital through the National AI Office.","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: National Artificial Intelligence Roadmap 2021-2025 (2021, strategy, adopted); The National Guidelines on AI Governance & Ethics (2024, guidance, guidance); Artificial Intelligence (2026, bill, proposed). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National Artificial Intelligence Roadmap 2021-2025, The National Guidelines on AI Governance & Ethics, Artificial Intelligence.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"National Artificial Intelligence Roadmap 2021-2025 (AI-Rmap)","publisher":"Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia","url":"https://www.mosti.gov.my/en/berita/malaysias-national-artificial-intelligence-ai-roadmap-2021-2025/","document_date":"2021-12-01","document_type":"strategy","tier":1},{"title":"The National Guidelines on AI Governance & Ethics (AIGE)","publisher":"Malaysian Science, Technology Information Centre (MASTIC), MOSTI","url":"https://mastic.mosti.gov.my/publication/the-national-guidelines-on-ai-governance-ethics/","document_date":"2024-09-01","document_type":"guidance","tier":1},{"title":"Artificial Intelligence (AI) Governance Bill (proposed)","publisher":"Ministry of Digital, Malaysia","url":"https://www.digital.gov.my/en-GB/siaran/Kementerian-Digital-Mulakan-Libat-Urus-Cadangan-Rang-Undang-Undang-Tadbir-Urus-Kecerdasan-Buatan-(AI)","document_date":"2026-07-10","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":[],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/malaysia","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.mosti.gov.my/en/berita/malaysias-national-artificial-intelligence-ai-roadmap-2021-2025/","source_title":"National Artificial Intelligence Roadmap 2021-2025 (AI-Rmap)","source_publisher":"Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia","source_document_date":"2021-12-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Generated from the source-backed legacy dataset; overview composed from the listed instruments. Reviewer to add regulators and refine.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"maldives","name":"Maldives","short_name":"Maldives","iso_code":"MV","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"South Asia","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"The President's Office","url":"https://presidency.gov.mv/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"The President's Office","publisher":"Government of Maldives","url":"https://presidency.gov.mv/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["india","sri-lanka"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/maldives","source":{"official_source_url":"https://presidency.gov.mv/","source_title":"The President's Office","source_publisher":"Government of Maldives","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"mali","name":"Mali","short_name":"Mali","iso_code":"ML","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Primature du Mali","url":"https://www.primature.ml/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Primature du Mali","publisher":"Government of Mali","url":"https://www.primature.ml/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","senegal"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/mali","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.primature.ml/","source_title":"Primature du Mali","source_publisher":"Government of Mali","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"malta","name":"Malta","short_name":"Malta","iso_code":"MT","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","overview":"Malta applies the EU AI Act and adopted the \"Malta: The Ultimate AI Launchpad\" strategy and vision for 2030 in 2019, with the Malta Digital Innovation Authority (MDIA) running a voluntary AI certification framework and proposed as national AI Act authority.","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; AI strategy 2030 (2019) as policy; MDIA certification voluntary.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Malta AI Strategy and Vision 2030.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Malta Digital Innovation Authority (MDIA)","url":"https://www.mdia.gov.mt/","role":"Technology assurance and proposed AI Act authority"},{"name":"Information and Data Protection Commissioner","url":"https://idpc.org.mt/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Malta: The Ultimate AI Launchpad – A Strategy and Vision for Artificial Intelligence in Malta 2030","publisher":"Office of the Prime Minister / MDIA","url":"https://malta.ai/","document_date":"2019-10-01","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","italy"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/malta","source":{"official_source_url":"https://malta.ai/","source_title":"Malta: The Ultimate AI Launchpad – A Strategy and Vision for Artificial Intelligence in Malta 2030","source_publisher":"Office of the Prime Minister / MDIA","source_document_date":"2019-10-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"marshall-islands","name":"Marshall Islands","short_name":"Marshall Islands","iso_code":"MH","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Oceania","subregion":null,"overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["us"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/marshall-islands","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"mauritania","name":"Mauritania","short_name":"Mauritania","iso_code":"MR","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","overview":"Mauritania adopted a national AI strategy in 2024 according to government announcements; the text was not verified from an official source. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"Mauritania adopted a national AI strategy in 2024 according to government announcements; the text was not verified from an official source. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Gouvernement de Mauritanie","url":"https://www.mauritania.mr/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Gouvernement de Mauritanie","publisher":"Government of Mauritania","url":"https://www.mauritania.mr/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","senegal","morocco"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/mauritania","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.mauritania.mr/","source_title":"Gouvernement de Mauritanie","source_publisher":"Government of Mauritania","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"mauritius","name":"Mauritius","short_name":"Mauritius","iso_code":"MU","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","overview":"Mauritius published one of Africa's first national AI strategies in 2018 (Mauritius Artificial Intelligence Strategy) and an AI Council; the Data Protection Act 2017 and the Data Protection Office apply to AI processing personal data, and the 2024–2025 digital transformation blueprint updates AI priorities.","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI strategy (2018) as policy; data-protection law applies; no AI-specific law.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Mauritius AI Strategy (2018).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Information Technology, Communication and Innovation","url":"https://mitci.govmu.org/","role":"Digital and AI policy lead"},{"name":"Data Protection Office","url":"https://dataprotection.govmu.org/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Mauritius Artificial Intelligence Strategy","publisher":"Ministry of Technology, Communication and Innovation","url":"https://ncb.govmu.org/","document_date":"2018-11-01","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","south-africa","india"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/mauritius","source":{"official_source_url":"https://ncb.govmu.org/","source_title":"Mauritius Artificial Intelligence Strategy","source_publisher":"Ministry of Technology, Communication and Innovation","source_document_date":"2018-11-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"mexico","name":"Mexico","short_name":"Mexico","iso_code":"MX","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Central America","overview":"This initiative, signed by a bloc of Morena and PVEM deputies and published in the Gaceta Parlamentaria on 30 April 2025, would create Mexico's first general federal AI law. Mexico's National AI Plan, prepared by the ATDT and presented in April 2026, organises federal AI efforts around three pillars: an ethical and legal framework, talent and public software, and strategic compute infrastructure.","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: Iniciativa con proyecto de decreto por el que se expide la Ley Federal para el Desarrollo Ético, Soberano e Inclusivo de (2025, bill, proposed); Plan Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial (2026, strategy, adopted). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Iniciativa con proyecto de decreto por el que se expide la Ley Federal para el Desarrollo Ético, Soberano e Inclusivo de, Plan Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Iniciativa con proyecto de decreto por el que se expide la Ley Federal para el Desarrollo Ético, Soberano e Inclusivo de la Inteligencia Artificial (Initiative to enact the Federal Law for the Ethical, Sovereign and Inclusive Development of Artificial…","publisher":"Sistema de Información Legislativa, Secretaría de Gobernación","url":"https://sil.gobernacion.gob.mx/Archivos/Documentos/2025/04/asun_4896460_20250430_1747757009.pdf","document_date":"2025-04-30","document_type":"legislation","tier":1},{"title":"Plan Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial (National Artificial Intelligence Plan)","publisher":"Agencia de Transformación Digital y Telecomunicaciones (gob.mx)","url":"https://www.gob.mx/atdt/agendas/2030/inteligencia-artificial","document_date":"2026-04-01","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":[],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/mexico","source":{"official_source_url":"https://sil.gobernacion.gob.mx/Archivos/Documentos/2025/04/asun_4896460_20250430_1747757009.pdf","source_title":"Iniciativa con proyecto de decreto por el que se expide la Ley Federal para el Desarrollo Ético, Soberano e Inclusivo de la Inteligencia Artificial (Initiative to enact the Federal Law for the Ethical, Sovereign and Inclusive Development of Artificial…","source_publisher":"Sistema de Información Legislativa, Secretaría de Gobernación","source_document_date":"2025-04-30","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Generated from the source-backed legacy dataset; overview composed from the listed instruments. Reviewer to add regulators and refine.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"micronesia","name":"Micronesia","short_name":"Micronesia","iso_code":"FM","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Oceania","subregion":null,"overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["us"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/micronesia","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"moldova","name":"Moldova","short_name":"Moldova","iso_code":"MD","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Eastern Europe","overview":"Moldova signed the Council of Europe Framework Convention on AI (2024) and is aligning with the EU acquis as a candidate; no adopted AI-specific instrument recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"Moldova signed the Council of Europe Framework Convention on AI (2024) and is aligning with the EU acquis as a candidate; no adopted AI-specific instrument recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Government of Moldova","url":"https://gov.md/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Moldova","publisher":"Government of Moldova","url":"https://gov.md/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","romania","council-of-europe"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/moldova","source":{"official_source_url":"https://gov.md/","source_title":"Government of Moldova","source_publisher":"Government of Moldova","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"monaco","name":"Monaco","short_name":"Monaco","iso_code":"MC","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Western Europe","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Gouvernement Princier","url":"https://www.gouv.mc/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Gouvernement Princier","publisher":"Government of Monaco","url":"https://www.gouv.mc/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["france","council-of-europe"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/monaco","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gouv.mc/","source_title":"Gouvernement Princier","source_publisher":"Government of Monaco","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"mongolia","name":"Mongolia","short_name":"Mongolia","iso_code":"MN","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Eastern Asia","overview":"Mongolia's Ministry of Digital Development, Innovation and Communications adopted a national AI strategy and action plan (2024) as part of the Vision 2050 and digital-nation programmes; no AI-specific law exists and the Personal Data Protection Law (2021) applies.","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI strategy (2024) as policy; no AI-specific law.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI strategy (2024).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Digital Development, Innovation and Communications","url":"https://mddc.gov.mn/","role":"AI strategy lead"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Digital Development, Innovation and Communications","publisher":"Government of Mongolia","url":"https://mddc.gov.mn/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["china","russia","south-korea"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/mongolia","source":{"official_source_url":"https://mddc.gov.mn/","source_title":"Ministry of Digital Development, Innovation and Communications","source_publisher":"Government of Mongolia","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"montenegro","name":"Montenegro","short_name":"Montenegro","iso_code":"ME","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","overview":"Montenegro, an EU candidate, has prepared an AI strategy within its digital transformation strategy; adoption not confirmed from an official source. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"Montenegro, an EU candidate, has prepared an AI strategy within its digital transformation strategy; adoption not confirmed from an official source. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Government of Montenegro","url":"https://www.gov.me/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Montenegro","publisher":"Government of Montenegro","url":"https://www.gov.me/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","serbia"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/montenegro","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.me/","source_title":"Government of Montenegro","source_publisher":"Government of Montenegro","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"morocco","name":"Morocco","short_name":"Morocco","iso_code":"MA","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Northern Africa","overview":"Morocco launched the \"Digital Morocco 2030\" strategy in September 2024 with AI as a pillar (national AI centre, talent, public-sector use) and the Ministry of Digital Transition and Administrative Reform has been preparing a national AI strategy and a draft AI law; the CNDP (data-protection commission) applies Law 09-08 to AI processing personal data.","regulatory_status_summary":"Digital Morocco 2030 with AI pillar as policy; national AI strategy and AI bill in preparation; data-protection law applies.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Digital Morocco 2030 (AI pillar).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministère de la Transition Numérique et de la Réforme de l'Administration","url":"https://www.mmps.gov.ma/","role":"Digital and AI strategy lead"},{"name":"Commission Nationale de contrôle de la protection des Données à caractère Personnel (CNDP)","url":"https://www.cndp.ma/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Digital Morocco 2030","publisher":"Ministry of Digital Transition and Administrative Reform","url":"https://www.mmps.gov.ma/","document_date":"2024-09-25","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","egypt","tunisia","algeria"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/morocco","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.mmps.gov.ma/","source_title":"Digital Morocco 2030","source_publisher":"Ministry of Digital Transition and Administrative Reform","source_document_date":"2024-09-25","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"mozambique","name":"Mozambique","short_name":"Mozambique","iso_code":"MZ","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Portal do Governo","url":"https://www.portaldogoverno.gov.mz/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Portal do Governo","publisher":"Government of Mozambique","url":"https://www.portaldogoverno.gov.mz/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","south-africa"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/mozambique","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.portaldogoverno.gov.mz/","source_title":"Portal do Governo","source_publisher":"Government of Mozambique","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"myanmar","name":"Myanmar","short_name":"Myanmar","iso_code":"MM","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"South-East Asia","overview":"The ASEAN guides apply as regional reference; no national AI instrument recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"The ASEAN guides apply as regional reference; no national AI instrument recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["asean","thailand"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/myanmar","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"namibia","name":"Namibia","short_name":"Namibia","iso_code":"NA","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Southern Africa","overview":"Namibia's Ministry of Information and Communication Technology has been developing a national AI policy under the Fourth Industrial Revolution task-force recommendations (2022), and a Data Protection Bill is before Parliament; no AI-specific law exists.","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI policy in development; data-protection bill pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI policy (in development).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Information and Communication Technology","url":"https://mict.gov.na/","role":"AI policy lead"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Information and Communication Technology","publisher":"Government of Namibia","url":"https://mict.gov.na/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","south-africa"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/namibia","source":{"official_source_url":"https://mict.gov.na/","source_title":"Ministry of Information and Communication Technology","source_publisher":"Government of Namibia","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"nauru","name":"Nauru","short_name":"Nauru","iso_code":"NR","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Oceania","subregion":null,"overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["australia"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/nauru","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"nepal","name":"Nepal","short_name":"Nepal","iso_code":"NP","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"South Asia","overview":"Nepal is at an early stage of AI governance. The Ministry of Communication and Information Technology (MoCIT) published a concept paper on the use and practice of AI in 2024 and the Council of Ministers approved a National AI Policy in 2025 that sets objectives for AI development, ethics, data and institutional arrangements. There is no AI-specific legislation. Applicable law comes from the Electronic Transactions Act 2063 (2008), the Individual Privacy Act 2075 (2018) and its regulations, the National Cyber Security Policy 2080 (2023) and sector rules, alongside the Digital Nepal Framework.\n","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI policy adopted (2025); no binding AI-specific law; privacy and electronic-transaction laws apply. Source certainty for policy documents is medium because official English-language texts and stable document URLs are limited; every record here must be verified against MoCIT publications.\n","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Electronic Transactions Act 2063, Individual Privacy Act 2075 and the Individual Privacy Regulation 2077, sector rules from Nepal Rastra Bank and the Nepal Telecommunications Authority. Guidance / policy: National AI Policy 2082 (2025), the 2024 AI concept paper, Digital Nepal Framework 2019, National Cyber Security Policy 2080.\n","current_priorities":"Implementing the National AI Policy's institutional arrangements, drafting AI-related legislation and standards, data governance and digital public infrastructure, and capacity building.\n","regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Communication and Information Technology (MoCIT)","url":"https://mocit.gov.np/","role":"ICT and AI policy lead"},{"name":"Nepal Law Commission","url":"https://lawcommission.gov.np/","role":"Official repository of Acts and regulations"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Communication and Information Technology — publications","publisher":"Government of Nepal, MoCIT","url":"https://mocit.gov.np/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Nepal Law Commission — Acts and Regulations","publisher":"Government of Nepal","url":"https://lawcommission.gov.np/","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["india","singapore","eu"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/nepal","source":{"official_source_url":"https://mocit.gov.np/","source_title":"Ministry of Communication and Information Technology, Government of Nepal","source_publisher":"Government of Nepal","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":"Policy document URLs to be confirmed by reviewer","source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Initial structured record; document-level links to be added.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"netherlands","name":"Netherlands","short_name":"Netherlands","iso_code":"NL","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Western Europe","overview":"The Netherlands applies the EU AI Act and has an unusually developed public-sector algorithm governance practice: a public Algorithm Register for government algorithms, the Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens (Dutch DPA) with a dedicated Directorate for the Coordination of Algorithms, a government-wide vision on generative AI (January 2024) and an impact assessment for fundamental rights and algorithms (IAMA) used by public bodies. The childcare-benefits scandal shaped a strong emphasis on non-discrimination and transparency in automated decision-making.","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; Dutch DPA coordinates algorithm supervision; public-sector algorithm register and generative-AI vision as policy.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Government Algorithm Register; Government-wide vision on generative AI.","current_priorities":"AI Act authority designation (Dutch DPA and Rijksinspectie Digitale Infrastructuur proposed), algorithm register coverage, responsible generative-AI use in government.","regulators":[{"name":"Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens (Dutch Data Protection Authority)","url":"https://www.autoriteitpersoonsgegevens.nl/en/themes/algorithms-ai","role":"Data-protection authority; Directorate for the Coordination of Algorithms; proposed AI Act coordinator"},{"name":"Rijksinspectie Digitale Infrastructuur (RDI)","url":"https://www.rdi.nl/","role":"Proposed market-surveillance authority for product-related AI"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Algorithms and AI","publisher":"Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens","url":"https://www.autoriteitpersoonsgegevens.nl/en/themes/algorithms-ai","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"The Algorithm Register of the Dutch government","publisher":"Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations","url":"https://algoritmes.overheid.nl/en","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","belgium","germany"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/netherlands","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.autoriteitpersoonsgegevens.nl/en/themes/algorithms-ai","source_title":"Algorithms and AI","source_publisher":"Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"us-new-york","name":"New York (United States)","short_name":"New York","iso_code":"US-NY","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Americas","subregion":"Northern America","overview":"New York City's Local Law 144 of 2021 (enforced since 5 July 2023) requires bias audits and notices for automated employment decision tools used to hire or promote in the city. At state level, New York enacted the Responsible AI Safety and Education (RAISE) Act in December 2025 imposing safety-protocol and incident-reporting duties on developers of frontier models, with amendments to align with California's SB 53, and a 2025 law requiring disclosure of AI companion safeguards. The Department of Financial Services issued a 2024 letter on AI cybersecurity risks.","regulatory_status_summary":"NYC Local Law 144 enforced since July 2023; RAISE Act enacted December 2025 (effective 2027); DFS guidance for regulated entities.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: NYC Local Law 144 (automated employment decision tools); New York RAISE Act (frontier model safety). Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"NYC Department of Consumer and Worker Protection","url":"https://www.nyc.gov/site/dca/about/automated-employment-decision-tools.page","role":"Enforces Local Law 144 on automated employment decision tools"},{"name":"New York State Department of Financial Services","url":"https://www.dfs.ny.gov/","role":"Cybersecurity and AI guidance for regulated financial entities"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Automated Employment Decision Tools (Local Law 144 of 2021)","publisher":"NYC Department of Consumer and Worker Protection","url":"https://www.nyc.gov/site/dca/about/automated-employment-decision-tools.page","document_date":"2023-07-05","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["us","us-california","us-illinois"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/us-new-york","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.nyc.gov/site/dca/about/automated-employment-decision-tools.page","source_title":"Automated Employment Decision Tools (Local Law 144 of 2021)","source_publisher":"NYC Department of Consumer and Worker Protection","source_document_date":"2023-07-05","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"new-zealand","name":"New Zealand","short_name":"New Zealand","iso_code":"NZ","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Oceania","subregion":null,"overview":"New Zealand released its first national AI Strategy in July 2025 (Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment), taking a light-touch, principles-based approach that relies on existing law rather than a dedicated AI act, alongside Responsible AI Guidance for Businesses. Public-sector use is guided by the Algorithm Charter for Aotearoa New Zealand (2020) and the Public Service AI Framework (2025); the Privacy Act 2020 and the Office of the Privacy Commissioner's AI guidance apply to personal data.","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI Strategy (2025) and responsible-AI guidance as policy; Algorithm Charter for government agencies; no AI-specific law.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: New Zealand AI Strategy (2025); Algorithm Charter for Aotearoa New Zealand.","current_priorities":"Adoption in small businesses and the public sector, skills, privacy-compliant use of generative AI, international interoperability.","regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (MBIE)","url":"https://www.mbie.govt.nz/","role":"AI strategy lead"},{"name":"Office of the Privacy Commissioner","url":"https://www.privacy.org.nz/","role":"Privacy Act 2020; AI and privacy guidance"},{"name":"Stats NZ (Government Chief Data Steward)","url":"https://www.data.govt.nz/","role":"Algorithm Charter stewardship"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"New Zealand's Strategy for Artificial Intelligence","publisher":"Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment","url":"https://www.mbie.govt.nz/business-and-employment/business/support-for-business/artificial-intelligence-strategy","document_date":"2025-07-08","document_type":"strategy","tier":1},{"title":"Algorithm Charter for Aotearoa New Zealand","publisher":"Stats NZ","url":"https://www.data.govt.nz/toolkit/data-ethics/government-algorithm-transparency-and-accountability/algorithm-charter/","document_date":"2020-07-28","document_type":"guidance","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["australia","singapore","uk"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/new-zealand","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.mbie.govt.nz/business-and-employment/business/support-for-business/artificial-intelligence-strategy","source_title":"New Zealand's Strategy for Artificial Intelligence","source_publisher":"Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment","source_document_date":"2025-07-08","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"nicaragua","name":"Nicaragua","short_name":"Nicaragua","iso_code":"NI","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Central America","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["costa-rica"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/nicaragua","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"niger","name":"Niger","short_name":"Niger","iso_code":"NE","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","nigeria"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/niger","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"nigeria","name":"Nigeria","short_name":"Nigeria","iso_code":"NG","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","overview":"The draft strategy sets out Nigeria's vision for AI across five pillars: infrastructure, a thriving AI ecosystem, sectoral adoption, responsible and ethical AI, and governance.","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: National Artificial Intelligence Strategy (2024, strategy, proposed). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National Artificial Intelligence Strategy.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"National Artificial Intelligence Strategy","publisher":"National Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (NITDA)","url":"https://ncair.nitda.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/National-AI-Strategy_01082024-copy.pdf","document_date":"2024-08-01","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":[],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/nigeria","source":{"official_source_url":"https://ncair.nitda.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/National-AI-Strategy_01082024-copy.pdf","source_title":"National Artificial Intelligence Strategy","source_publisher":"National Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (NITDA)","source_document_date":"2024-08-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Generated from the source-backed legacy dataset; overview composed from the listed instruments. Reviewer to add regulators and refine.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"north-korea","name":"North Korea","short_name":"North Korea","iso_code":"KP","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Eastern Asia","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["south-korea","china"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/north-korea","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"north-macedonia","name":"North Macedonia","short_name":"North Macedonia","iso_code":"MK","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","overview":"North Macedonia announced a national AI strategy process in 2025; adoption not confirmed from an official source. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"North Macedonia announced a national AI strategy process in 2025; adoption not confirmed from an official source. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Digital Transformation","url":"https://www.mioa.gov.mk/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Digital Transformation","publisher":"Government of North Macedonia","url":"https://www.mioa.gov.mk/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","serbia"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/north-macedonia","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.mioa.gov.mk/","source_title":"Ministry of Digital Transformation","source_publisher":"Government of North Macedonia","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"norway","name":"Norway","short_name":"Norway","iso_code":"NO","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Northern Europe","overview":"Norway is not an EU member but is in the European Economic Area and is incorporating the EU AI Act through the EEA Agreement, with the Norwegian Communications Authority (Nkom) proposed as coordinating market-surveillance authority. The 2020 National Strategy for AI, the Norwegian Digitalisation Agency's guidance and the Data Protection Authority's regulatory sandbox for responsible AI shape practice; a new national AI strategy is being prepared.","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act being incorporated via the EEA; national AI strategy (2020) as policy; DPA sandbox operating.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National Strategy for AI (2020).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Nasjonal kommunikasjonsmyndighet (Nkom)","url":"https://www.nkom.no/","role":"Proposed coordinating market-surveillance authority for the AI Act"},{"name":"Datatilsynet","url":"https://www.datatilsynet.no/en/","role":"Data-protection authority; regulatory sandbox for responsible AI"},{"name":"Digitaliseringsdirektoratet (Digdir)","url":"https://www.digdir.no/","role":"Public-sector digitalisation and AI guidance"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence","publisher":"Norwegian Ministry of Local Government and Modernisation","url":"https://www.regjeringen.no/en/dokumenter/nasjonal-strategi-for-kunstig-intelligens/id2685594/","document_date":"2020-01-14","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","sweden","denmark","iceland"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/norway","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.regjeringen.no/en/dokumenter/nasjonal-strategi-for-kunstig-intelligens/id2685594/","source_title":"National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence","source_publisher":"Norwegian Ministry of Local Government and Modernisation","source_document_date":"2020-01-14","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"oman","name":"Oman","short_name":"Oman","iso_code":"OM","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Gulf Cooperation Council","overview":"Oman's Ministry of Transport, Communications and Information Technology launched the National Programme for Artificial Intelligence and Advanced Digital Technologies (2024) and an AI policy for government entities, within the Digital Economy Programme; the Personal Data Protection Law (Royal Decree 6/2022) applies.","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI programme and government AI policy (2024) as policy; data-protection law applies.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI programme and government AI policy (2024).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Transport, Communications and Information Technology (MTCIT)","url":"https://www.mtcit.gov.om/","role":"AI programme lead"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Transport, Communications and Information Technology","publisher":"Government of Oman","url":"https://www.mtcit.gov.om/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["uae","saudi-arabia","qatar"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/oman","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.mtcit.gov.om/","source_title":"Ministry of Transport, Communications and Information Technology","source_publisher":"Government of Oman","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"ca-ontario","name":"Ontario (Canada)","short_name":"Ontario","iso_code":"CA-ON","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Americas","subregion":"Northern America","overview":"Ontario enacted the Enhancing Digital Security and Trust Act, 2024 (Bill 194), which lets the government regulate public-sector use of AI (disclosure, accountability frameworks, risk management, prohibited uses) and the Working for Workers Four Act, 2024, which from 1 January 2026 requires employers with 25 or more employees to state in publicly advertised job postings whether AI is used to screen, assess or select applicants.","regulatory_status_summary":"Public-sector AI framework act (2024) with regulations to follow; job-posting AI disclosure in force from January 2026.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Ontario Enhancing Digital Security and Trust Act, 2024 (Bill 194); Ontario Working for Workers Four Act (AI disclosure in job postings). Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ontario Ministry of Public and Business Service Delivery and Procurement","url":"https://www.ontario.ca/page/ministry-public-and-business-service-delivery-and-procurement","role":"Public-sector AI rules under Bill 194"},{"name":"Ontario Ministry of Labour, Immigration, Training and Skills Development","url":"https://www.ontario.ca/page/ministry-labour-immigration-training-skills-development","role":"Employment Standards Act, including AI disclosure in job postings"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Bill 194, Strengthening Cyber Security and Building Trust in the Public Sector Act, 2024","publisher":"Legislative Assembly of Ontario","url":"https://www.ola.org/en/legislative-business/bills/parliament-43/session-1/bill-194","document_date":"2024-11-25","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["canada","ca-quebec"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/ca-ontario","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.ola.org/en/legislative-business/bills/parliament-43/session-1/bill-194","source_title":"Bill 194, Strengthening Cyber Security and Building Trust in the Public Sector Act, 2024","source_publisher":"Legislative Assembly of Ontario","source_document_date":"2024-11-25","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"pakistan","name":"Pakistan","short_name":"Pakistan","iso_code":"PK","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"South Asia","overview":"Pakistan's first national AI policy, organised around six pillars: innovation ecosystem, awareness and readiness, secure AI, transformation of sectors, AI infrastructure, and international partnerships.","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: National Artificial Intelligence Policy 2025 (2025, policy, adopted). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National Artificial Intelligence Policy 2025.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"National Artificial Intelligence Policy 2025","publisher":"Ministry of Information Technology and Telecommunication, Government of Pakistan","url":"https://www.moitt.gov.pk/SiteImage/Policies/National%20AI%20Policy.pdf","document_date":"2025-07-30","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":[],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/pakistan","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.moitt.gov.pk/SiteImage/Policies/National%20AI%20Policy.pdf","source_title":"National Artificial Intelligence Policy 2025","source_publisher":"Ministry of Information Technology and Telecommunication, Government of Pakistan","source_document_date":"2025-07-30","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Generated from the source-backed legacy dataset; overview composed from the listed instruments. Reviewer to add regulators and refine.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"palau","name":"Palau","short_name":"Palau","iso_code":"PW","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Oceania","subregion":null,"overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["us"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/palau","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"palestine","name":"Palestine","short_name":"Palestine","iso_code":"PS","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Western Asia","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["jordan"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/palestine","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"panama","name":"Panama","short_name":"Panama","iso_code":"PA","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Central America","overview":"Panama's National Authority for Government Innovation (AIG) leads AI policy under the Digital Agenda; a bill to regulate AI (2024) was introduced in the National Assembly, and the Personal Data Protection Law 81 of 2019 applies to AI processing personal data. UNESCO's readiness assessment informed a national AI strategy process in 2024–2025.","regulatory_status_summary":"AI bill under consideration; national AI strategy in development; data-protection law applies.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI strategy (in development).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Autoridad Nacional para la Innovación Gubernamental (AIG)","url":"https://aig.gob.pa/","role":"Government innovation and AI policy lead"},{"name":"Autoridad Nacional de Transparencia y Acceso a la Información (ANTAI)","url":"https://www.antai.gob.pa/","role":"Data-protection supervision"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Autoridad Nacional para la Innovación Gubernamental","publisher":"Government of Panama","url":"https://aig.gob.pa/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["costa-rica","colombia"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/panama","source":{"official_source_url":"https://aig.gob.pa/","source_title":"Autoridad Nacional para la Innovación Gubernamental","source_publisher":"Government of Panama","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"papua-new-guinea","name":"Papua New Guinea","short_name":"Papua New Guinea","iso_code":"PG","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Oceania","subregion":null,"overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Department of ICT","url":"https://www.ict.gov.pg/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Department of ICT","publisher":"Government of Papua New Guinea","url":"https://www.ict.gov.pg/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["australia"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/papua-new-guinea","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.ict.gov.pg/","source_title":"Department of ICT","source_publisher":"Government of Papua New Guinea","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"paraguay","name":"Paraguay","short_name":"Paraguay","iso_code":"PY","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"South America","overview":"Paraguay's Ministry of Information and Communication Technologies (MITIC) presented a National Artificial Intelligence Policy in 2024 based on UNESCO's readiness assessment, and bills on AI have been introduced in Congress; the Personal Data Protection Law (2024) applies to AI processing personal data.","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI policy (2024) as policy; AI bills under consideration.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI Policy (2024).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministerio de Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación (MITIC)","url":"https://www.mitic.gov.py/","role":"Digital and AI policy lead"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"MITIC","publisher":"Government of Paraguay","url":"https://www.mitic.gov.py/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["argentina","brazil","uruguay"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/paraguay","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.mitic.gov.py/","source_title":"MITIC","source_publisher":"Government of Paraguay","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"peru","name":"Peru","short_name":"Peru","iso_code":"PE","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"South America","overview":"Law 31814, promulgated on 4 July 2023 and published on 5 July 2023, declares AI development of national interest and frames its use within Peru's digital transformation process. This regulation, published on 9 September 2025, develops Law 31814 with six titles and 36 articles.","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: Ley N° 31814 (2023, act, in force); Decreto Supremo N° 115-2025-PCM (2025, act, in force). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Ley N° 31814, Decreto Supremo N° 115-2025-PCM. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ley N° 31814 – Ley que promueve el uso de la inteligencia artificial en favor del desarrollo económico y social del país (Law No. 31814 – Law promoting the use of artificial intelligence for the country's economic and social development)","publisher":"Diario Oficial El Peruano","url":"https://busquedas.elperuano.pe/dispositivo/NL/2192926-1","document_date":"2023-07-05","document_type":"legislation","tier":1},{"title":"Decreto Supremo N° 115-2025-PCM – Reglamento de la Ley N° 31814 (Supreme Decree No. 115-2025-PCM – Regulation of Law No. 31814)","publisher":"Diario Oficial El Peruano","url":"https://busquedas.elperuano.pe/dispositivo/NL/2436426-1","document_date":"2025-09-09","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":[],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/peru","source":{"official_source_url":"https://busquedas.elperuano.pe/dispositivo/NL/2192926-1","source_title":"Ley N° 31814 – Ley que promueve el uso de la inteligencia artificial en favor del desarrollo económico y social del país (Law No. 31814 – Law promoting the use of artificial intelligence for the country's economic and social development)","source_publisher":"Diario Oficial El Peruano","source_document_date":"2023-07-05","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Generated from the source-backed legacy dataset; overview composed from the listed instruments. Reviewer to add regulators and refine.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"philippines","name":"Philippines","short_name":"Philippines","iso_code":"PH","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"South-East Asia","overview":"An updated national AI roadmap launched by DTI together with the Center for AI Research, building on the 2021 roadmap and adding generative AI. A national AI strategy proposed by DOST at National Innovation Day 2025, structured around five core strategies: infrastructure, workforce, innovation, ethics and policy, and deployment, phased from 2024 to 2028.","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: National AI Strategy Roadmap 2.0 (2024, strategy, adopted); National AI Strategy for the Philippines (2025, strategy, proposed). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI Strategy Roadmap 2.0, National AI Strategy for the Philippines.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"National AI Strategy Roadmap 2.0 (NAISR 2.0)","publisher":"Department of Trade and Industry, Philippines","url":"https://www.dti.gov.ph/dti-archives/dti-news-archived/dti-dti-launches-national-ai-strategy-roadmap-2-0-center-ai-research-positioning-philippines-center-excellence-ai-rampd","document_date":"2024-07-03","document_type":"strategy","tier":1},{"title":"National AI Strategy for the Philippines (NAIS-PH)","publisher":"Department of Science and Technology, Philippines","url":"https://www.dost.gov.ph/knowledge-resources/news/86-2025-news/3989-dost-builds-on-ai-national-strategy.html","document_date":"2025-04-30","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":[],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/philippines","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.dti.gov.ph/dti-archives/dti-news-archived/dti-dti-launches-national-ai-strategy-roadmap-2-0-center-ai-research-positioning-philippines-center-excellence-ai-rampd","source_title":"National AI Strategy Roadmap 2.0 (NAISR 2.0)","source_publisher":"Department of Trade and Industry, Philippines","source_document_date":"2024-07-03","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Generated from the source-backed legacy dataset; overview composed from the listed instruments. Reviewer to add regulators and refine.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"poland","name":"Poland","short_name":"Poland","iso_code":"PL","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Eastern Europe","overview":"Poland applies the EU AI Act and has drafted a national implementing act creating a new Commission for the Development and Safety of Artificial Intelligence (Komisja Rozwoju i Bezpieczeństwa Sztucznej Inteligencji) as market-surveillance authority. The 2020 \"Policy for the development of AI in Poland from 2020\" is the national strategy; the Ministry of Digital Affairs leads implementation.","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; national implementing bill proposed (2024–2025); AI development policy (2020).","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Draft act on AI systems (AI Act implementation). Strategy or guidance: Policy for the development of AI in Poland (2020).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministerstwo Cyfryzacji (Ministry of Digital Affairs)","url":"https://www.gov.pl/web/cyfryzacja","role":"Lead ministry for AI policy and AI Act implementation"},{"name":"Urząd Ochrony Danych Osobowych (UODO)","url":"https://uodo.gov.pl/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Polityka dla rozwoju sztucznej inteligencji w Polsce od roku 2020","publisher":"Council of Ministers","url":"https://www.gov.pl/web/ai/polityka-dla-rozwoju-sztucznej-inteligencji-w-polsce-od-roku-2020","document_date":"2020-12-28","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","czechia","germany"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/poland","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.pl/web/ai/polityka-dla-rozwoju-sztucznej-inteligencji-w-polsce-od-roku-2020","source_title":"Polityka dla rozwoju sztucznej inteligencji w Polsce od roku 2020","source_publisher":"Council of Ministers","source_document_date":"2020-12-28","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"portugal","name":"Portugal","short_name":"Portugal","iso_code":"PT","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","overview":"Portugal applies the EU AI Act and adopted the \"AI Portugal 2030\" strategy in 2019 within the INCoDe.2030 digital-skills initiative, followed by a 2025 national AI agenda focused on public administration, language models in Portuguese and computing. The government has proposed the national communications regulator ANACOM and sector authorities for AI Act supervision, with the CNPD as data-protection authority.","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; AI Portugal 2030 (2019) and 2025 AI agenda as policy; authority designation in progress.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: AI Portugal 2030.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Comissão Nacional de Proteção de Dados (CNPD)","url":"https://www.cnpd.pt/","role":"Data-protection authority"},{"name":"Agência para a Modernização Administrativa (AMA)","url":"https://www.ama.gov.pt/","role":"Public-sector digital transformation and AI in administration"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"AI Portugal 2030","publisher":"INCoDe.2030 / Government of Portugal","url":"https://www.incode2030.gov.pt/","document_date":"2019-06-01","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","spain","brazil"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/portugal","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.incode2030.gov.pt/","source_title":"AI Portugal 2030","source_publisher":"INCoDe.2030 / Government of Portugal","source_document_date":"2019-06-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"qatar","name":"Qatar","short_name":"Qatar","iso_code":"QA","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Gulf Cooperation Council","overview":"Developed by the Qatar Center for Artificial Intelligence and adopted by the government as the national strategy, the document sets out six pillars: education, data access, employment, business, research, and ethics.","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: National Artificial Intelligence Strategy for Qatar 2019 (2019, strategy, adopted). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National Artificial Intelligence Strategy for Qatar 2019.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"National Artificial Intelligence Strategy for Qatar 2019","publisher":"Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, Qatar","url":"https://www.mcit.gov.qa/-/media/mcit/documents/strategies/national_artificial_intelligence_strategy_for_qatar_2019_en.pdf","document_date":"2019-10-29","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":[],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/qatar","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.mcit.gov.qa/-/media/mcit/documents/strategies/national_artificial_intelligence_strategy_for_qatar_2019_en.pdf","source_title":"National Artificial Intelligence Strategy for Qatar 2019","source_publisher":"Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, Qatar","source_document_date":"2019-10-29","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Generated from the source-backed legacy dataset; overview composed from the listed instruments. Reviewer to add regulators and refine.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"ca-quebec","name":"Quebec (Canada)","short_name":"Quebec","iso_code":"CA-QC","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Americas","subregion":"Northern America","overview":"Quebec's Law 25 (Act to modernize legislative provisions as regards the protection of personal information, 2021) introduced Canada's first statutory rules on automated decision-making: from September 2023 organisations must inform individuals when a decision is based exclusively on automated processing, on request explain the personal information and principal factors used and allow observations, and must conduct privacy impact assessments and give notice of biometric identification systems. The Commission d'accès à l'information enforces it with GDPR-scale penalties.","regulatory_status_summary":"Law 25 automated-decision and biometric provisions in force since September 2023.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Quebec Law 25 (automated decisions and biometrics). Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Commission d'accès à l'information du Québec (CAI)","url":"https://www.cai.gouv.qc.ca/","role":"Enforces Law 25 and the private-sector privacy act"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Act to modernize legislative provisions as regards the protection of personal information (S.Q. 2021, c. 25)","publisher":"Publications Québec / Assemblée nationale du Québec","url":"https://www.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/fileadmin/Fichiers_client/lois_et_reglements/LoisAnnuelles/en/2021/2021C25A.PDF","document_date":"2021-09-22","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["canada","ca-ontario","eu"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/ca-quebec","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/fileadmin/Fichiers_client/lois_et_reglements/LoisAnnuelles/en/2021/2021C25A.PDF","source_title":"Act to modernize legislative provisions as regards the protection of personal information (S.Q. 2021, c. 25)","source_publisher":"Publications Québec / Assemblée nationale du Québec","source_document_date":"2021-09-22","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"romania","name":"Romania","short_name":"Romania","iso_code":"RO","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Eastern Europe","overview":"Romania applies the EU AI Act and adopted a National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence 2024–2027 by government decision in July 2024, coordinated by the Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitalisation with the Authority for Digitalisation of Romania (ADR). The National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing is the data-protection authority; AI Act market-surveillance designation is in progress.","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; National AI Strategy 2024–2027 adopted; authority designation in progress.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI Strategy 2024–2027.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministerul Cercetării, Inovării și Digitalizării","url":"https://www.mcid.gov.ro/","role":"Lead ministry for the AI strategy"},{"name":"Autoritatea pentru Digitalizarea României (ADR)","url":"https://www.adr.gov.ro/","role":"Digital transformation and AI programmes"},{"name":"ANSPDCP","url":"https://www.dataprotection.ro/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Strategia Națională în domeniul Inteligenței Artificiale 2024–2027","publisher":"Government of Romania (Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitalisation)","url":"https://www.mcid.gov.ro/","document_date":"2024-07-11","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","hungary","bulgaria"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/romania","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.mcid.gov.ro/","source_title":"Strategia Națională în domeniul Inteligenței Artificiale 2024–2027","source_publisher":"Government of Romania (Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitalisation)","source_document_date":"2024-07-11","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"russia","name":"Russia","short_name":"Russia","iso_code":"RU","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Eastern Europe","overview":"Russia's National Strategy for the Development of AI to 2030 was approved by Presidential Decree No. 490 of 10 October 2019 and substantially updated by Decree No. 124 of 15 February 2024. Federal Law No. 123-FZ (2020) created an experimental legal regime for AI in Moscow, and Federal Law No. 258-FZ (2020) provides a general framework for digital-innovation experimental regimes. An industry AI Code of Ethics (2021) has hundreds of signatories. No comprehensive binding AI law exists; personal-data and information laws apply.","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI strategy (2019, updated 2024) as policy; experimental legal regimes in force; AI ethics code voluntary.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Federal Law 123-FZ (Moscow AI experimental regime). Strategy or guidance: National AI Strategy to 2030 (Decree 490, updated 2024).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Digital Development, Communications and Mass Media","url":"https://digital.gov.ru/","role":"AI strategy implementation"},{"name":"Roskomnadzor","url":"https://rkn.gov.ru/","role":"Personal-data and communications supervision"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 490 of 10 October 2019 on the development of artificial intelligence","publisher":"President of Russia","url":"http://kremlin.ru/acts/bank/44731","document_date":"2019-10-10","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["kazakhstan","china"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/russia","source":{"official_source_url":"http://kremlin.ru/acts/bank/44731","source_title":"Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 490 of 10 October 2019 on the development of artificial intelligence","source_publisher":"President of Russia","source_document_date":"2019-10-10","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"rwanda","name":"Rwanda","short_name":"Rwanda","iso_code":"RW","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","overview":"Rwanda's national AI policy sets out six policy areas and fourteen recommendations covering skills and literacy, infrastructure, data, responsible AI governance, public-sector adoption and ecosystem development.","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: The National AI Policy (2023, policy, adopted). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: The National AI Policy.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"The National AI Policy","publisher":"Ministry of ICT and Innovation, Republic of Rwanda","url":"https://www.minict.gov.rw/ai-policy","document_date":"2023-04-20","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":[],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/rwanda","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.minict.gov.rw/ai-policy","source_title":"The National AI Policy","source_publisher":"Ministry of ICT and Innovation, Republic of Rwanda","source_document_date":"2023-04-20","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Generated from the source-backed legacy dataset; overview composed from the listed instruments. Reviewer to add regulators and refine.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"saint-kitts-and-nevis","name":"Saint Kitts and Nevis","short_name":"Saint Kitts and Nevis","iso_code":"KN","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Caribbean","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Government of Saint Kitts and Nevis","url":"https://www.gov.kn/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Saint Kitts and Nevis","publisher":"Government of Saint Kitts and Nevis","url":"https://www.gov.kn/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["barbados"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/saint-kitts-and-nevis","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.kn/","source_title":"Government of Saint Kitts and Nevis","source_publisher":"Government of Saint Kitts and Nevis","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"saint-lucia","name":"Saint Lucia","short_name":"Saint Lucia","iso_code":"LC","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Caribbean","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Government of Saint Lucia","url":"https://www.govt.lc/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Saint Lucia","publisher":"Government of Saint Lucia","url":"https://www.govt.lc/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["barbados"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/saint-lucia","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.govt.lc/","source_title":"Government of Saint Lucia","source_publisher":"Government of Saint Lucia","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"saint-vincent-and-the-grenadines","name":"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","short_name":"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","iso_code":"VC","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Caribbean","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Government of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","url":"https://www.gov.vc/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","publisher":"Government of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","url":"https://www.gov.vc/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["barbados"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/saint-vincent-and-the-grenadines","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.vc/","source_title":"Government of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","source_publisher":"Government of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"samoa","name":"Samoa","short_name":"Samoa","iso_code":"WS","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Oceania","subregion":null,"overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Government of Samoa","url":"https://www.samoagovt.ws/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Samoa","publisher":"Government of Samoa","url":"https://www.samoagovt.ws/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["new-zealand"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/samoa","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.samoagovt.ws/","source_title":"Government of Samoa","source_publisher":"Government of Samoa","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"san-marino","name":"San Marino","short_name":"San Marino","iso_code":"SM","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","overview":"San Marino signed the Council of Europe Framework Convention on AI (2024); no domestic AI instrument recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"San Marino signed the Council of Europe Framework Convention on AI (2024); no domestic AI instrument recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Government of San Marino","url":"https://www.gov.sm/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of San Marino","publisher":"Government of San Marino","url":"https://www.gov.sm/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["italy","council-of-europe"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/san-marino","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.sm/","source_title":"Government of San Marino","source_publisher":"Government of San Marino","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"sao-tome-and-principe","name":"Sao Tome and Principe","short_name":"Sao Tome and Principe","iso_code":"ST","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Middle Africa","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/sao-tome-and-principe","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"saudi-arabia","name":"Saudi Arabia","short_name":"Saudi Arabia","iso_code":"SA","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Gulf Cooperation Council","overview":"The national strategy, approved by royal decision in July 2020, sets an ambition for Saudi Arabia to be among the leading data- and AI-driven economies through phased milestones to 2030. SDAIA's AI Ethics Principles set out ethical principles and associated controls for entities developing, deploying or affected by AI systems in Saudi Arabia, covering fairness, privacy and security, humanity, social and environmental benefit, reliability and safety, transparency, and accountability.","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: National Strategy for Data & AI (2020, strategy, adopted); AI Ethics Principles (2025, guidance, guidance). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National Strategy for Data & AI, AI Ethics Principles.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"National Strategy for Data & AI","publisher":"Saudi Data and Artificial Intelligence Authority","url":"https://sdaia.gov.sa/en/SDAIA/SdaiaStrategies/Pages/NationalStrategyForDataAndAI.aspx","document_date":"2020-07-17","document_type":"strategy","tier":1},{"title":"AI Ethics Principles","publisher":"Saudi Data and Artificial Intelligence Authority","url":"https://sdaia.gov.sa/en/SDAIA/about/Documents/ai-principles.pdf","document_date":"2025-05-01","document_type":"guidance","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":[],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/saudi-arabia","source":{"official_source_url":"https://sdaia.gov.sa/en/SDAIA/SdaiaStrategies/Pages/NationalStrategyForDataAndAI.aspx","source_title":"National Strategy for Data & AI","source_publisher":"Saudi Data and Artificial Intelligence Authority","source_document_date":"2020-07-17","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Generated from the source-backed legacy dataset; overview composed from the listed instruments. Reviewer to add regulators and refine.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"senegal","name":"Senegal","short_name":"Senegal","iso_code":"SN","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","overview":"Senegal adopted a National Artificial Intelligence Strategy in 2025 through the Ministry of Communication, Telecommunications and Digital Affairs within the \"New Technological Deal\" digital strategy, with priorities on public services, agriculture, health, talent and ethics; Law 2008-12 on personal data and the CDP apply.","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI strategy (2025) as policy; data-protection law applies; no AI-specific law.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI Strategy (2025).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministère de la Communication, des Télécommunications et du Numérique","url":"https://numerique.gouv.sn/","role":"AI strategy lead"},{"name":"Commission de protection des Données Personnelles (CDP)","url":"https://www.cdp.sn/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministère de la Communication, des Télécommunications et du Numérique","publisher":"Government of Senegal","url":"https://numerique.gouv.sn/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","ghana","nigeria","benin"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/senegal","source":{"official_source_url":"https://numerique.gouv.sn/","source_title":"Ministère de la Communication, des Télécommunications et du Numérique","source_publisher":"Government of Senegal","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"serbia","name":"Serbia","short_name":"Serbia","iso_code":"RS","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","overview":"Serbia, an EU candidate, adopted the first AI development strategy in the Western Balkans in 2019 (2020–2025), ethical guidelines for AI in 2023, and a new AI Development Strategy 2025–2030 in 2025, and has been drafting a law on artificial intelligence aligned with the EU AI Act. The Office for IT and eGovernment and the Institute for AI Research and Development of Serbia lead implementation.","regulatory_status_summary":"AI strategy 2025–2030 adopted; ethical guidelines (2023); AI law in preparation; EU AI Act alignment as a candidate country.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: AI Development Strategy 2025–2030; Ethical guidelines for trustworthy AI (2023).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Kancelarija za informacione tehnologije i elektronsku upravu","url":"https://www.ite.gov.rs/","role":"Office for IT and eGovernment; AI strategy implementation"},{"name":"Poverenik za informacije od javnog značaja i zaštitu podataka o ličnosti","url":"https://www.poverenik.rs/en/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"AI Serbia – national AI portal","publisher":"Government of the Republic of Serbia","url":"https://www.ai.gov.rs/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","croatia","council-of-europe"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/serbia","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.ai.gov.rs/","source_title":"AI Serbia – national AI portal","source_publisher":"Government of the Republic of Serbia","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"seychelles","name":"Seychelles","short_name":"Seychelles","iso_code":"SC","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Government of Seychelles","url":"https://www.gov.sc/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Seychelles","publisher":"Government of Seychelles","url":"https://www.gov.sc/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","mauritius"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/seychelles","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.sc/","source_title":"Government of Seychelles","source_publisher":"Government of Seychelles","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"sierra-leone","name":"Sierra Leone","short_name":"Sierra Leone","iso_code":"SL","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","overview":"Sierra Leone's Ministry of Communication, Technology and Innovation adopted a National AI Strategy (2024) after UNESCO's readiness assessment, focusing on public services, health, agriculture, education and skills; no AI-specific law exists.","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI strategy (2024) as policy; no AI-specific law.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI Strategy (2024).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Communication, Technology and Innovation","url":"https://mocti.gov.sl/","role":"AI strategy lead"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Communication, Technology and Innovation","publisher":"Government of Sierra Leone","url":"https://mocti.gov.sl/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","ghana","nigeria"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/sierra-leone","source":{"official_source_url":"https://mocti.gov.sl/","source_title":"Ministry of Communication, Technology and Innovation","source_publisher":"Government of Sierra Leone","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"singapore","name":"Singapore","short_name":"Singapore","iso_code":"SG","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"South-East Asia","overview":"Singapore governs AI through voluntary frameworks, sector guidance and existing law rather than an AI statute. The Model AI Governance Framework (second edition, 2020) and the Model AI Governance Framework for Generative AI (2024) set out practical governance expectations; AI Verify provides a testing framework and toolkit; the Personal Data Protection Commission has issued advisory guidelines on personal data in AI systems; and the National AI Strategy 2.0 (December 2023) sets national direction. The Monetary Authority of Singapore, IMDA and other regulators add sector-specific expectations.\n","regulatory_status_summary":"No binding cross-sector AI law. Binding obligations come from the Personal Data Protection Act 2012, the Online Safety framework, sector regulation and consumer law. AI governance frameworks are voluntary but widely referenced.\n","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Personal Data Protection Act 2012 (PDPA), Cybersecurity Act, sector rules (for example MAS requirements for financial institutions). Guidance / voluntary: Model AI Governance Framework, Generative AI framework, AI Verify, PDPC advisory guidelines on AI, MAS FEAT principles and Veritas.\n","current_priorities":"National AI Strategy 2.0 implementation, AI Verify and generative-AI evaluation (Project Moonshot), safety guidelines for model developers and app deployers, and international interoperability of AI governance.\n","regulators":[{"name":"Infocomm Media Development Authority (IMDA)","url":"https://www.imda.gov.sg/","role":"AI governance frameworks and AI Verify"},{"name":"Personal Data Protection Commission (PDPC)","url":"https://www.pdpc.gov.sg/","role":"PDPA and AI advisory guidelines"},{"name":"AI Verify Foundation","url":"https://aiverifyfoundation.sg/","role":"AI Verify testing framework and toolkit"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Model Artificial Intelligence Governance Framework (Second Edition)","publisher":"PDPC and IMDA","url":"https://www.pdpc.gov.sg/help-and-resources/2020/01/model-ai-governance-framework","document_date":"2020-01-21","document_type":"guidance","tier":1},{"title":"Model AI Governance Framework for Generative AI","publisher":"AI Verify Foundation and IMDA","url":"https://aiverifyfoundation.sg/resources/mgf-gen-ai/","document_date":"2024-05-30","document_type":"guidance","tier":1},{"title":"National AI Strategy 2.0","publisher":"Smart Nation Singapore","url":"https://www.smartnation.gov.sg/nais/","document_date":"2023-12-04","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["india","australia","uk","eu"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/singapore","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.pdpc.gov.sg/help-and-resources/2020/01/model-ai-governance-framework","source_title":"Model AI Governance Framework (Second Edition)","source_publisher":"Personal Data Protection Commission Singapore and IMDA","source_document_date":"2020-01-21","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Initial structured record.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"slovakia","name":"Slovakia","short_name":"Slovakia","iso_code":"SK","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Eastern Europe","overview":"Slovakia applies the EU AI Act, set out its AI direction in the 2019 \"Action Plan for the Digital Transformation of Slovakia 2019–2022\" and a 2024 national AI strategy to 2030, and coordinates through the Ministry of Investments, Regional Development and Informatisation. The Office for Personal Data Protection is the data-protection authority.","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; national AI strategy 2030 (2024) as policy.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI Strategy 2030.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministerstvo investícií, regionálneho rozvoja a informatizácie SR (MIRRI)","url":"https://www.mirri.gov.sk/en/","role":"Digital and AI policy lead"},{"name":"Úrad na ochranu osobných údajov","url":"https://dataprotection.gov.sk/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Investments, Regional Development and Informatisation","publisher":"Government of Slovakia","url":"https://www.mirri.gov.sk/en/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","czechia","hungary","poland"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/slovakia","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.mirri.gov.sk/en/","source_title":"Ministry of Investments, Regional Development and Informatisation","source_publisher":"Government of Slovakia","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"slovenia","name":"Slovenia","short_name":"Slovenia","iso_code":"SI","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","overview":"Slovenia applies the EU AI Act, adopted the National Programme for the Promotion of the Development and Use of AI to 2025 (NpUI) in 2021, hosts the UNESCO International Research Centre on AI (IRCAI) in Ljubljana, and coordinates AI policy through the Ministry of Digital Transformation.","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; national AI programme (2021) as policy; IRCAI hosted.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI Programme to 2025 (NpUI).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministrstvo za digitalno preobrazbo (Ministry of Digital Transformation)","url":"https://www.gov.si/en/state-authorities/ministries/ministry-of-digital-transformation/","role":"Digital and AI policy lead"},{"name":"Informacijski pooblaščenec","url":"https://www.ip-rs.si/en/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Nacionalni program spodbujanja razvoja in uporabe umetne inteligence v Republiki Sloveniji do leta 2025 (NpUI)","publisher":"Government of Slovenia","url":"https://www.gov.si/en/state-authorities/ministries/ministry-of-digital-transformation/","document_date":"2021-05-27","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","croatia","austria","italy"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/slovenia","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.si/en/state-authorities/ministries/ministry-of-digital-transformation/","source_title":"Nacionalni program spodbujanja razvoja in uporabe umetne inteligence v Republiki Sloveniji do leta 2025 (NpUI)","source_publisher":"Government of Slovenia","source_document_date":"2021-05-27","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"solomon-islands","name":"Solomon Islands","short_name":"Solomon Islands","iso_code":"SB","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Oceania","subregion":null,"overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Solomon Islands Government","url":"https://solomons.gov.sb/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Solomon Islands Government","publisher":"Government of Solomon Islands","url":"https://solomons.gov.sb/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["australia"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/solomon-islands","source":{"official_source_url":"https://solomons.gov.sb/","source_title":"Solomon Islands Government","source_publisher":"Government of Solomon Islands","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"somalia","name":"Somalia","short_name":"Somalia","iso_code":"SO","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/somalia","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"south-africa","name":"South Africa","short_name":"South Africa","iso_code":"ZA","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Southern Africa","overview":"Approved by Cabinet in March/April 2026 and gazetted for a 60-day comment period, the draft policy proposed guiding principles, institutional arrangements and implementation pathways for AI across the public and private sectors, building on the department's 2024 National AI Policy Framework.","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: Draft South Africa National Artificial Intelligence (2026, policy, archived). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Draft South Africa National Artificial Intelligence.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Draft South Africa National Artificial Intelligence (AI) Policy","publisher":"Government Gazette No. 54477, Notice 3880 of 2026 (DCDT)","url":"https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/202604/54477gen3880.pdf","document_date":"2026-04-10","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":[],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/south-africa","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/202604/54477gen3880.pdf","source_title":"Draft South Africa National Artificial Intelligence (AI) Policy","source_publisher":"Government Gazette No. 54477, Notice 3880 of 2026 (DCDT)","source_document_date":"2026-04-10","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Generated from the source-backed legacy dataset; overview composed from the listed instruments. Reviewer to add regulators and refine.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"south-korea","name":"South Korea","short_name":"South Korea","iso_code":"KR","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Eastern Asia","overview":"Korea's AI Basic Act is a comprehensive framework statute combining industrial promotion with trust and safety rules.","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: Framework Act on the Development of Artificial Intelligence and Establishment of a Foundation for Trust (2025, act, in force). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Framework Act on the Development of Artificial Intelligence and Establishment of a Foundation for Trust. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Framework Act on the Development of Artificial Intelligence and Establishment of a Foundation for Trust (AI Basic Act, Act No. 20676)","publisher":"Korea Ministry of Government Legislation, National Law Information Center","url":"https://www.law.go.kr/lsInfoP.do?lsiSeq=268543","document_date":"2025-01-21","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":[],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/south-korea","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.law.go.kr/lsInfoP.do?lsiSeq=268543","source_title":"Framework Act on the Development of Artificial Intelligence and Establishment of a Foundation for Trust (AI Basic Act, Act No. 20676)","source_publisher":"Korea Ministry of Government Legislation, National Law Information Center","source_document_date":"2025-01-21","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Generated from the source-backed legacy dataset; overview composed from the listed instruments. Reviewer to add regulators and refine.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"south-sudan","name":"South Sudan","short_name":"South Sudan","iso_code":"SS","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/south-sudan","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"spain","name":"Spain","short_name":"Spain","iso_code":"ES","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","overview":"Spain created the first dedicated national AI supervisory agency in the EU, AESIA, by Royal Decree 729/2023, and ran the first AI Act regulatory sandbox under Royal Decree 817/2023. The government approved a draft law on the good use and governance of AI in March 2025 to implement the AI Act nationally (authorities, penalties, mandatory labelling of AI-generated content), and the 2024 AI Strategy funds compute, language models in Spanish and co-official languages, and public-sector adoption.","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; AESIA operational; national implementation bill proposed (2025); AI Strategy 2024 as policy.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Royal Decree 729/2023 (AESIA statute); Royal Decree 817/2023 (AI regulatory sandbox); Draft law on good use and governance of AI. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":"Passing the AI governance bill, AESIA supervision, the sandbox, Spanish-language foundation models and supercomputing.","regulators":[{"name":"Agencia Española de Supervisión de la Inteligencia Artificial (AESIA)","url":"https://aesia.digital.gob.es/","role":"National AI supervisory agency and market-surveillance authority"},{"name":"Agencia Española de Protección de Datos (AEPD)","url":"https://www.aepd.es/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Real Decreto 729/2023, Estatuto de la AESIA","publisher":"Boletín Oficial del Estado","url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-18911","document_date":"2023-09-07","document_type":"legislation","tier":1},{"title":"AESIA","publisher":"Ministerio para la Transformación Digital y de la Función Pública","url":"https://aesia.digital.gob.es/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","portugal","italy"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/spain","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-18911","source_title":"Real Decreto 729/2023, Estatuto de la AESIA","source_publisher":"Boletín Oficial del Estado","source_document_date":"2023-09-07","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"sri-lanka","name":"Sri Lanka","short_name":"Sri Lanka","iso_code":"LK","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"South Asia","overview":"Sri Lanka published a National AI Strategy in 2024 through the Ministry of Digital Economy (formerly Technology) with a task force and a proposed national AI centre, following UNESCO's readiness assessment; the Personal Data Protection Act No. 9 of 2022 and its Data Protection Authority apply to AI processing personal data.","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI strategy (2024) as policy; data-protection law applies; no AI-specific law.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI Strategy (2024).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Digital Economy","url":"https://www.digitaleconomy.gov.lk/","role":"AI strategy lead"},{"name":"Data Protection Authority of Sri Lanka","url":"https://www.dpa.gov.lk/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Digital Economy","publisher":"Government of Sri Lanka","url":"https://www.digitaleconomy.gov.lk/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["india","bangladesh","singapore"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/sri-lanka","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.digitaleconomy.gov.lk/","source_title":"Ministry of Digital Economy","source_publisher":"Government of Sri Lanka","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"sudan","name":"Sudan","short_name":"Sudan","iso_code":"SD","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Northern Africa","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","egypt"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/sudan","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"suriname","name":"Suriname","short_name":"Suriname","iso_code":"SR","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"South America","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Government of Suriname","url":"https://www.gov.sr/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Suriname","publisher":"Government of Suriname","url":"https://www.gov.sr/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["guyana"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/suriname","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.sr/","source_title":"Government of Suriname","source_publisher":"Government of Suriname","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"sweden","name":"Sweden","short_name":"Sweden","iso_code":"SE","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Northern Europe","overview":"Sweden applies the EU AI Act and has framed national policy through a 2018 national approach to AI and the AI Commission's roadmap for Sweden (SOU 2024:94, November 2024), which proposed investments, an AI task force, data access and public-sector adoption measures. The Swedish Authority for Privacy Protection (IMY) has published regulatory guidance and run sandboxes on AI; the government has proposed IMY, the Swedish Post and Telecom Authority and other bodies as AI Act authorities.","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; AI Commission roadmap (2024) under implementation as policy; national approach (2018).","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: AI Commission roadmap for Sweden (SOU 2024:94).","current_priorities":"AI Act authority designation, AI investment package following the AI Commission, public-sector AI and data access.","regulators":[{"name":"Integritetsskyddsmyndigheten (IMY)","url":"https://www.imy.se/en/","role":"Data-protection authority; AI regulatory sandbox"},{"name":"Regeringskansliet (Government Offices of Sweden)","url":"https://www.regeringen.se/","role":"Government policy and AI Act implementation"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Färdplan för Sverige (SOU 2024:94)","publisher":"Regeringskansliet, AI-kommissionen","url":"https://www.regeringen.se/rattsliga-dokument/statens-offentliga-utredningar/2024/11/sou-202494/","document_date":"2024-11-26","document_type":"strategy","tier":1},{"title":"IMY: artificial intelligence","publisher":"Integritetsskyddsmyndigheten","url":"https://www.imy.se/en/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","denmark","finland","norway"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/sweden","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.regeringen.se/rattsliga-dokument/statens-offentliga-utredningar/2024/11/sou-202494/","source_title":"Färdplan för Sverige (SOU 2024:94)","source_publisher":"Regeringskansliet, AI-kommissionen","source_document_date":"2024-11-26","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"switzerland","name":"Switzerland","short_name":"Switzerland","iso_code":"CH","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Western Europe","overview":"Switzerland is outside the EU and does not apply the AI Act. In February 2025 the Federal Council decided its approach: ratify the Council of Europe Framework Convention on AI, make targeted sector-specific legal changes (transparency, data protection, non-discrimination) rather than a horizontal AI law, and rely on non-binding measures such as industry self-regulation; a consultation draft was due by the end of 2026. The 2020 guidelines on AI for the Federal Administration and the Competence Network for AI (CNAI) guide public-sector use.","regulatory_status_summary":"No horizontal AI law; Federal Council approach (2025): Council of Europe convention plus sector rules; federal AI guidelines (2020).","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Federal Council AI regulatory approach (2025); Guidelines on AI for the Federal Administration (2020).","current_priorities":"Drafting the ratification and sector-law package, transparency and data-protection rules for AI, CNAI coordination.","regulators":[{"name":"Federal Office of Communications (OFCOM)","url":"https://www.bakom.admin.ch/","role":"Lead office for the AI regulatory approach"},{"name":"Federal Data Protection and Information Commissioner (FDPIC)","url":"https://www.edoeb.admin.ch/en","role":"Data-protection authority; guidance on AI and the FADP"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Federal Council wants to ratify the Council of Europe Convention on AI (press release, 12 February 2025)","publisher":"Swiss Federal Council","url":"https://www.admin.ch/gov/en/start/documentation/media-releases.msg-id-104110.html","document_date":"2025-02-12","document_type":"press_release","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","germany","france","austria","council-of-europe"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/switzerland","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.admin.ch/gov/en/start/documentation/media-releases.msg-id-104110.html","source_title":"Federal Council wants to ratify the Council of Europe Convention on AI (press release, 12 February 2025)","source_publisher":"Swiss Federal Council","source_document_date":"2025-02-12","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"syria","name":"Syria","short_name":"Syria","iso_code":"SY","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Western Asia","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["lebanon"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/syria","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"taiwan","name":"Taiwan","short_name":"Taiwan","iso_code":"TW","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Eastern Asia","overview":"Taiwan's Executive Yuan approved a draft Artificial Intelligence Basic Act in July 2024 setting principles (sustainability, human autonomy, privacy, security, transparency, fairness, accountability) and tasking the National Science and Technology Council to lead, with a risk-classification framework and sector regulation to follow; the Legislative Yuan's consideration continued into 2025. The Personal Data Protection Act and its new independent commission apply, and the Financial Supervisory Commission issued generative-AI guidelines for the financial sector.","regulatory_status_summary":"AI Basic Act adopted by the Executive Yuan (2024) and under legislative process; sector guidance from financial regulators.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Artificial Intelligence Basic Act (draft). Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Council (NSTC)","url":"https://www.nstc.gov.tw/","role":"Lead agency for the AI Basic Act"},{"name":"Ministry of Digital Affairs (moda)","url":"https://moda.gov.tw/en/","role":"AI evaluation centre and digital policy"},{"name":"Personal Data Protection Commission (preparatory office)","url":"https://www.pdpc.gov.tw/","role":"Data-protection supervision"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"National Science and Technology Council: AI Basic Act","publisher":"NSTC","url":"https://www.nstc.gov.tw/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["japan","south-korea","singapore"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/taiwan","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.nstc.gov.tw/","source_title":"National Science and Technology Council: AI Basic Act","source_publisher":"NSTC","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"tajikistan","name":"Tajikistan","short_name":"Tajikistan","iso_code":"TJ","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Central Asia","overview":"Tajikistan approved a Strategy for the Development of Artificial Intelligence until 2040 in 2021. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"Tajikistan approved a Strategy for the Development of Artificial Intelligence until 2040 in 2021. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: AI Development Strategy to 2040.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"President of Tajikistan","url":"https://www.president.tj/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"President of Tajikistan","publisher":"Government of Tajikistan","url":"https://www.president.tj/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["uzbekistan","kazakhstan"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/tajikistan","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.president.tj/","source_title":"President of Tajikistan","source_publisher":"Government of Tajikistan","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"tanzania","name":"Tanzania","short_name":"Tanzania","iso_code":"TZ","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","overview":"Tanzania's Ministry of Information, Communication and Information Technology has been preparing a National AI Strategy and issued AI guidelines for the public sector (2024–2025); the Personal Data Protection Act 2022 and the Personal Data Protection Commission apply.","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI strategy in development; data-protection law applies; no AI-specific law.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI strategy (in development).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Information, Communication and Information Technology","url":"https://www.mictit.go.tz/","role":"AI strategy lead"},{"name":"Personal Data Protection Commission","url":"https://www.pdpc.go.tz/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Information, Communication and Information Technology","publisher":"Government of Tanzania","url":"https://www.mictit.go.tz/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","kenya","uganda"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/tanzania","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.mictit.go.tz/","source_title":"Ministry of Information, Communication and Information Technology","source_publisher":"Government of Tanzania","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"us-tennessee","name":"Tennessee (United States)","short_name":"Tennessee","iso_code":"US-TN","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Americas","subregion":"Northern America","overview":"Tennessee enacted the ELVIS Act (Ensuring Likeness, Voice and Image Security Act) in March 2024, the first US state law explicitly protecting individuals' voice against unauthorised AI cloning by extending the right of publicity and adding liability for distributing tools whose primary purpose is producing unauthorised voice or likeness.","regulatory_status_summary":"ELVIS Act (voice and likeness protection against unauthorised AI cloning) in force since 1 July 2024; no general AI statute.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Tennessee ELVIS Act. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Tennessee General Assembly","url":"https://www.capitol.tn.gov/","role":"Legislative texts"},{"name":"Tennessee Attorney General","url":"https://www.tn.gov/attorneygeneral.html","role":"Consumer protection"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"ELVIS Act (Public Chapter 588, HB 2091 / SB 2096)","publisher":"Tennessee General Assembly","url":"https://www.capitol.tn.gov/Bills/113/Bill/HB2091.pdf","document_date":"2024-03-21","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["us","us-california"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/us-tennessee","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.capitol.tn.gov/Bills/113/Bill/HB2091.pdf","source_title":"ELVIS Act (Public Chapter 588, HB 2091 / SB 2096)","source_publisher":"Tennessee General Assembly","source_document_date":"2024-03-21","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"us-texas","name":"Texas (United States)","short_name":"Texas","iso_code":"US-TX","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Americas","subregion":"Northern America","overview":"Texas enacted the Texas Responsible Artificial Intelligence Governance Act (TRAIGA, HB 149) in June 2025, effective 1 January 2026. Narrower than Colorado's law, it prohibits specific harmful uses (manipulation to incite self-harm or crime, social scoring by government, unlawful discrimination with intent, certain biometric identification by government, sexual deepfakes of minors), requires government agencies to disclose AI interaction to consumers, creates an AI regulatory sandbox and a Texas AI Council, and gives the Attorney General exclusive enforcement with a 60-day cure period.","regulatory_status_summary":"TRAIGA in force from 1 January 2026; enforcement by the Attorney General.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Texas Responsible AI Governance Act (TRAIGA). Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Office of the Attorney General of Texas","url":"https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/","role":"Exclusive enforcement of TRAIGA"},{"name":"Texas Department of Information Resources","url":"https://dir.texas.gov/","role":"Administers the AI regulatory sandbox and state AI guidance"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"HB 149, 89th Legislature (Texas Responsible Artificial Intelligence Governance Act)","publisher":"Texas Legislature Online","url":"https://capitol.texas.gov/BillLookup/History.aspx?LegSess=89R&Bill=HB149","document_date":"2025-06-22","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["us","us-california","us-colorado"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/us-texas","source":{"official_source_url":"https://capitol.texas.gov/BillLookup/History.aspx?LegSess=89R&Bill=HB149","source_title":"HB 149, 89th Legislature (Texas Responsible Artificial Intelligence Governance Act)","source_publisher":"Texas Legislature Online","source_document_date":"2025-06-22","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"thailand","name":"Thailand","short_name":"Thailand","iso_code":"TH","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"South-East Asia","overview":"A cabinet-approved strategy and action plan with five strategies: readiness in ethics, law and regulation; national AI infrastructure; human capability and education; AI technology and innovation development; and promotion of AI use in public and private sectors. Draft principles for a Thai AI law released for public hearing by MDES and ETDA.","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: Thailand National AI Strategy and Action Plan (2022, strategy, adopted); (Draft) Principles of the Law on Artificial Intelligence (2025, consultation, under consultation). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Thailand National AI Strategy and Action Plan, (Draft) Principles of the Law on Artificial Intelligence.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Thailand National AI Strategy and Action Plan (2022-2027)","publisher":"National Electronics and Computer Technology Center (NECTEC), NSTDA","url":"https://www.nectec.or.th/en/about/news/cabinet-national-ai-strategy.html","document_date":"2022-07-26","document_type":"strategy","tier":1},{"title":"(Draft) Principles of the Law on Artificial Intelligence","publisher":"Electronic Transactions Development Agency (ETDA), Thailand","url":"https://www.etda.or.th/th/pr-news/law_ai.aspx","document_date":"2025-06-11","document_type":"consultation","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":[],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/thailand","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.nectec.or.th/en/about/news/cabinet-national-ai-strategy.html","source_title":"Thailand National AI Strategy and Action Plan (2022-2027)","source_publisher":"National Electronics and Computer Technology Center (NECTEC), NSTDA","source_document_date":"2022-07-26","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Generated from the source-backed legacy dataset; overview composed from the listed instruments. Reviewer to add regulators and refine.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"timor-leste","name":"Timor-Leste","short_name":"Timor-Leste","iso_code":"TL","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"South-East Asia","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Government of Timor-Leste","url":"https://timor-leste.gov.tl/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Timor-Leste","publisher":"Government of Timor-Leste","url":"https://timor-leste.gov.tl/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["asean","indonesia"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/timor-leste","source":{"official_source_url":"https://timor-leste.gov.tl/","source_title":"Government of Timor-Leste","source_publisher":"Government of Timor-Leste","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"togo","name":"Togo","short_name":"Togo","iso_code":"TG","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","overview":"Togo has used AI in social-protection payments (Novissi) and consulted on AI governance; no adopted AI-specific instrument recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"Togo has used AI in social-protection payments (Novissi) and consulted on AI governance; no adopted AI-specific instrument recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministère de l'Économie numérique","url":"https://www.numerique.gouv.tg/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministère de l'Économie numérique","publisher":"Government of Togo","url":"https://www.numerique.gouv.tg/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","benin","ghana"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/togo","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.numerique.gouv.tg/","source_title":"Ministère de l'Économie numérique","source_publisher":"Government of Togo","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"tonga","name":"Tonga","short_name":"Tonga","iso_code":"TO","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Oceania","subregion":null,"overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Government of Tonga","url":"https://www.gov.to/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Tonga","publisher":"Government of Tonga","url":"https://www.gov.to/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["new-zealand"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/tonga","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.to/","source_title":"Government of Tonga","source_publisher":"Government of Tonga","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"trinidad-and-tobago","name":"Trinidad and Tobago","short_name":"Trinidad and Tobago","iso_code":"TT","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Caribbean","overview":"Trinidad and Tobago's Ministry of Digital Transformation published a draft national AI policy for consultation in 2025. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"Trinidad and Tobago's Ministry of Digital Transformation published a draft national AI policy for consultation in 2025. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Digital Transformation","url":"https://www.mdt.gov.tt/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Digital Transformation","publisher":"Government of Trinidad and Tobago","url":"https://www.mdt.gov.tt/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["jamaica","barbados"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/trinidad-and-tobago","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.mdt.gov.tt/","source_title":"Ministry of Digital Transformation","source_publisher":"Government of Trinidad and Tobago","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"tunisia","name":"Tunisia","short_name":"Tunisia","iso_code":"TN","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Northern Africa","overview":"Tunisia's Ministry of Communication Technologies launched a National Artificial Intelligence Strategy in 2025 after a 2018 task-force roadmap, with priorities on talent, public services, start-ups and ethics; the personal-data authority INPDP applies the 2004 data-protection law to AI.","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI strategy (2025) as policy; data-protection law applies; no AI-specific law.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI Strategy (2025).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministère des Technologies de la Communication","url":"https://www.mtc.gov.tn/","role":"AI strategy lead"},{"name":"Instance Nationale de Protection des Données Personnelles (INPDP)","url":"https://www.inpdp.tn/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministère des Technologies de la Communication","publisher":"Government of Tunisia","url":"https://www.mtc.gov.tn/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","morocco","algeria"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/tunisia","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.mtc.gov.tn/","source_title":"Ministère des Technologies de la Communication","source_publisher":"Government of Tunisia","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"turkiye","name":"Türkiye","short_name":"Türkiye","iso_code":"TR","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Western Asia","overview":"Türkiye adopted its National Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2021–2025 in August 2021 (Digital Transformation Office of the Presidency and Ministry of Industry and Technology) and updated the action plan for 2024–2025. A draft Artificial Intelligence Law was submitted to the Grand National Assembly in June 2024 but has not been enacted; the Personal Data Protection Authority (KVKK) has issued AI recommendations. Türkiye signed the Council of Europe Framework Convention on AI.","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI strategy 2021–2025 as policy; draft AI law pending in parliament; KVKK AI guidance.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Draft Artificial Intelligence Law (2024). Strategy or guidance: National AI Strategy 2021–2025.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Cumhurbaşkanlığı Dijital Dönüşüm Ofisi (Digital Transformation Office)","url":"https://cbddo.gov.tr/en/","role":"National AI strategy coordination"},{"name":"Kişisel Verileri Koruma Kurumu (KVKK)","url":"https://www.kvkk.gov.tr/","role":"Data-protection authority; AI recommendations"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"National Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2021–2025","publisher":"Digital Transformation Office of the Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye","url":"https://cbddo.gov.tr/en/nais/","document_date":"2021-08-20","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","council-of-europe"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/turkiye","source":{"official_source_url":"https://cbddo.gov.tr/en/nais/","source_title":"National Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2021–2025","source_publisher":"Digital Transformation Office of the Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye","source_document_date":"2021-08-20","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"turkmenistan","name":"Turkmenistan","short_name":"Turkmenistan","iso_code":"TM","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Central Asia","overview":"Turkmenistan's digital economy programme references AI; no AI-specific instrument recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"Turkmenistan's digital economy programme references AI; no AI-specific instrument recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["uzbekistan"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/turkmenistan","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"tuvalu","name":"Tuvalu","short_name":"Tuvalu","iso_code":"TV","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Oceania","subregion":null,"overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["new-zealand"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/tuvalu","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"uganda","name":"Uganda","short_name":"Uganda","iso_code":"UG","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","overview":"Uganda's Ministry of ICT and National Guidance has been developing a National AI Strategy (2024–2025) and AI guidelines within the Digital Transformation Roadmap; the Data Protection and Privacy Act 2019 and the Personal Data Protection Office apply to AI processing personal data.","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI strategy in development; data-protection law applies; no AI-specific law.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI strategy (in development).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of ICT and National Guidance","url":"https://ict.go.ug/","role":"AI strategy lead"},{"name":"Personal Data Protection Office","url":"https://www.pdpo.go.ug/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministry of ICT and National Guidance","publisher":"Government of Uganda","url":"https://ict.go.ug/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","kenya","rwanda"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/uganda","source":{"official_source_url":"https://ict.go.ug/","source_title":"Ministry of ICT and National Guidance","source_publisher":"Government of Uganda","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"ukraine","name":"Ukraine","short_name":"Ukraine","iso_code":"UA","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Eastern Europe","overview":"Ukraine, an EU candidate, adopted a Concept for the Development of AI in 2020 and, through the Ministry of Digital Transformation, a 2023 roadmap for AI regulation that follows a \"bottom-up\" approach: voluntary tools, a code of conduct and sandboxes first, with a law aligned to the EU AI Act to follow. Ukraine signed the Council of Europe Framework Convention on AI in 2024.","regulatory_status_summary":"AI concept (2020) and regulation roadmap (2023) as policy; AI law in preparation; Council of Europe convention signed.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Roadmap for AI regulation (2023).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Digital Transformation of Ukraine","url":"https://thedigital.gov.ua/","role":"AI policy lead; expert committee on AI"},{"name":"Ukrainian Parliament Commissioner for Human Rights","url":"https://www.ombudsman.gov.ua/","role":"Data-protection supervision"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Digital Transformation of Ukraine","publisher":"Government of Ukraine","url":"https://thedigital.gov.ua/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","poland","council-of-europe"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/ukraine","source":{"official_source_url":"https://thedigital.gov.ua/","source_title":"Ministry of Digital Transformation of Ukraine","source_publisher":"Government of Ukraine","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"uae","name":"United Arab Emirates","short_name":"UAE","iso_code":"AE","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Western Asia","overview":"The United Arab Emirates governs AI mainly through national strategy and principles rather than a dedicated AI statute. The UAE National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence 2031, overseen by the Minister of State for AI, sets the direction; the AI Ethics Principles and Guidelines and the 2024 UAE Charter for the Development and Use of AI set out expectations; and the Federal Decree-Law No. 45 of 2021 on Personal Data Protection provides binding rules for personal data, including automated decision-making. Financial free zones (DIFC and ADGM) have their own data-protection regimes with specific provisions on autonomous and semi-autonomous systems.\n","regulatory_status_summary":"No binding federal AI law; national AI strategy and ethics guidance in place; binding personal-data rules at federal level and in the DIFC and ADGM free zones. A reviewer must confirm the current status of any AI-specific regulation announced by the UAE's regulatory intelligence office or the Regulations Lab.\n","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Federal Decree-Law No. 45 of 2021 (PDPL) and its executive regulations when issued, DIFC Data Protection Law and Regulation 10 (autonomous systems), ADGM Data Protection Regulations, sector rules (Central Bank, TDRA). Guidance: National AI Strategy 2031, AI Ethics Principles and Guidelines, UAE AI Charter, AI adoption guidelines.\n","current_priorities":"AI adoption across government, AI in education, sovereign compute and models, a regulatory framework through the Regulations Lab, and international AI partnerships.\n","regulators":[{"name":"Office of the Minister of State for Artificial Intelligence, Digital Economy and Remote Work Applications","url":"https://ai.gov.ae/","role":"National AI strategy and governance"},{"name":"UAE Data Office","url":"https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/digital-uae/data/data-protection","role":"Federal personal data protection"},{"name":"DIFC Commissioner of Data Protection","url":"https://www.difc.ae/","role":"DIFC data protection, including autonomous systems regulation"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"UAE National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence 2031","publisher":"UAE Government, Office of the Minister of State for AI","url":"https://ai.gov.ae/","document_date":null,"document_type":"strategy","tier":1},{"title":"Federal Decree-Law No. 45 of 2021 on Personal Data Protection","publisher":"UAE Government portal","url":"https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/digital-uae/data/data-protection","document_date":"2021-09-20","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["india","singapore","eu"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/uae","source":{"official_source_url":"https://ai.gov.ae/","source_title":"UAE Artificial Intelligence — official portal","source_publisher":"UAE Government","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":"Document-level URLs to be confirmed by reviewer","source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Initial structured record.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"uk","name":"United Kingdom","short_name":"UK","iso_code":"GB","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":null,"overview":"The United Kingdom has not enacted a cross-sector AI statute. Its approach, set out in the March 2023 white paper \"A pro-innovation approach to AI regulation\" and confirmed in the February 2024 government response, asks existing regulators to apply five cross-cutting principles within their remits, supported by central functions and the AI Security Institute. Binding obligations for AI therefore come mainly from existing law: UK GDPR and the Data Protection Act 2018 (as amended by the Data (Use and Access) Act 2025), equality, consumer, financial-services, competition and online-safety legislation.\n","regulatory_status_summary":"Principles-based, regulator-led framework; no AI-specific Act in force. The government has signalled a future bill targeting the most powerful AI models, but as of the last check no such bill had been introduced. Sector regulators (ICO, FCA, CMA, Ofcom, MHRA, EHRC) publish AI guidance and enforce existing law.\n","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: UK GDPR and Data Protection Act 2018 (including rules on automated decision-making), Equality Act 2010, Consumer Rights Act 2015, Online Safety Act 2023, sector rules such as FCA Consumer Duty. Guidance: the AI regulation white paper principles, ICO guidance on AI and data protection, DSIT and regulator AI guidance, the Algorithmic Transparency Recording Standard for public bodies.\n","current_priorities":"Delivering the AI Opportunities Action Plan (January 2025), AI Growth Zones and compute, the AI Security Institute's evaluation work, regulator capacity through the Regulatory Innovation Office, and implementation of the Data (Use and Access) Act 2025 changes to automated decision-making rules.\n","regulators":[{"name":"Department for Science, Innovation and Technology (DSIT)","url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-science-innovation-and-technology","role":"AI policy lead"},{"name":"Information Commissioner's Office (ICO)","url":"https://ico.org.uk/","role":"Data protection, including AI guidance"},{"name":"AI Security Institute","url":"https://www.aisi.gov.uk/","role":"Evaluation of advanced AI models"},{"name":"Competition and Markets Authority (CMA)","url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/competition-and-markets-authority","role":"Competition and consumer aspects of AI and foundation models"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"A pro-innovation approach to AI regulation (white paper)","publisher":"Department for Science, Innovation and Technology","url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-regulation-a-pro-innovation-approach","document_date":"2023-03-29","document_type":"guidance","tier":1},{"title":"AI Opportunities Action Plan","publisher":"Department for Science, Innovation and Technology","url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-opportunities-action-plan","document_date":"2025-01-13","document_type":"strategy","tier":1},{"title":"Guidance on AI and data protection","publisher":"Information Commissioner's Office","url":"https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/uk-gdpr-guidance-and-resources/artificial-intelligence/guidance-on-ai-and-data-protection/","document_type":"guidance","tier":2}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","us","singapore","australia"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/uk","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-regulation-a-pro-innovation-approach","source_title":"A pro-innovation approach to AI regulation","source_publisher":"UK Government, Department for Science, Innovation and Technology","source_document_date":"2023-03-29","source_reference":"Command Paper CP 815","source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Initial structured record.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"us","name":"United States","short_name":"US","iso_code":"US","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Northern America","overview":"The United States has no comprehensive federal AI statute. Federal policy is set through executive orders, Office of Management and Budget (OMB) memoranda for federal agencies, agency enforcement under existing consumer-protection, civil-rights, employment and financial laws, and voluntary frameworks such as the NIST AI Risk Management Framework. States have moved faster: Colorado enacted the first cross-sector algorithmic-discrimination law in 2024, and California, Texas, Utah and others have adopted AI-specific statutes on transparency, frontier models, chatbots and government use. The result is a patchwork that organisations must map state by state and sector by sector.\n","regulatory_status_summary":"Federal: executive-branch policy (Executive Order 14179 of January 2025 and the July 2025 AI Action Plan) plus binding OMB requirements for federal agencies' use and procurement of AI; NIST AI RMF is voluntary. States: a growing number of binding statutes with 2025–2026 effective dates. A reviewer must confirm the status of federal efforts to pre-empt or discourage state AI laws announced in late 2025.\n","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding on the private sector: state statutes (for example Colorado SB 24-205, California SB 53, Texas HB 149), sector laws (FCRA, ECOA, Title VII, HIPAA, FTC Act Section 5) as applied to AI. Binding on federal agencies: OMB memoranda M-25-21 and M-25-22. Voluntary: NIST AI RMF and its Generative AI Profile.\n","current_priorities":"Federal deregulatory agenda and infrastructure build-out under the AI Action Plan, agency AI use-case inventories and procurement rules, state implementation of algorithmic-discrimination and frontier-model transparency laws, and litigation and enforcement by state attorneys general and the FTC on deceptive AI claims.\n","regulators":[{"name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)","url":"https://www.nist.gov/itl/ai-risk-management-framework","role":"Voluntary frameworks and standards"},{"name":"Office of Management and Budget (OMB)","url":"https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/","role":"Federal agency AI use and procurement policy"},{"name":"Federal Trade Commission (FTC)","url":"https://www.ftc.gov/","role":"Consumer protection and unfair or deceptive AI practices"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"NIST AI Risk Management Framework (AI RMF 1.0)","publisher":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","url":"https://www.nist.gov/itl/ai-risk-management-framework","document_date":"2023-01-26","document_type":"standard","tier":1},{"title":"Executive Order 14179: Removing Barriers to American Leadership in Artificial Intelligence","publisher":"The White House","url":"https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/01/removing-barriers-to-american-leadership-in-artificial-intelligence/","document_date":"2025-01-23","document_type":"legislation","tier":1},{"title":"America's AI Action Plan","publisher":"The White House / Office of Science and Technology Policy","url":"https://www.ai.gov/action-plan","document_date":"2025-07-23","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["eu","uk","us-colorado","us-california"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/us","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.ai.gov/","source_title":"AI.gov — United States federal AI policy hub","source_publisher":"Office of Science and Technology Policy","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Initial structured record.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"uruguay","name":"Uruguay","short_name":"Uruguay","iso_code":"UY","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"South America","overview":"Uruguay's 2024-2030 strategy was approved on 21 November 2024 by the public-sector Strategic Committee for AI and Data after a participatory process involving more than 300 people from state bodies, civil society and the private sector, with technical support from CAF and UNESCO.","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: Estrategia Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial del Uruguay 2024-2030 (2024, strategy, adopted). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Estrategia Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial del Uruguay 2024-2030.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Estrategia Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial del Uruguay 2024-2030 (National Artificial Intelligence Strategy of Uruguay 2024-2030)","publisher":"Agesic (gub.uy)","url":"https://www.gub.uy/agencia-gobierno-electronico-sociedad-informacion-conocimiento/comunicacion/publicaciones/estrategia-nacional-inteligencia-artificial-2024-2030","document_date":"2024-11-21","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":[],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/uruguay","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gub.uy/agencia-gobierno-electronico-sociedad-informacion-conocimiento/comunicacion/publicaciones/estrategia-nacional-inteligencia-artificial-2024-2030","source_title":"Estrategia Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial del Uruguay 2024-2030 (National Artificial Intelligence Strategy of Uruguay 2024-2030)","source_publisher":"Agesic (gub.uy)","source_document_date":"2024-11-21","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Generated from the source-backed legacy dataset; overview composed from the listed instruments. Reviewer to add regulators and refine.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"us-utah","name":"Utah (United States)","short_name":"Utah","iso_code":"US-UT","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Americas","subregion":"Northern America","overview":"Utah enacted the Artificial Intelligence Policy Act (SB 149) in March 2024, effective 1 May 2024, the first US state law on generative-AI disclosure: businesses must tell consumers when they are interacting with generative AI if asked, and regulated occupations must disclose proactively. It created the Office of Artificial Intelligence Policy and a learning-laboratory (sandbox) programme, amended in 2025 (SB 226 and SB 332) to narrow disclosure to \"high-risk\" interactions and extend the sunset, plus HB 452 on mental-health chatbots.","regulatory_status_summary":"AI Policy Act in force since May 2024 (amended 2025); mental-health chatbot law (2025); Office of AI Policy operating.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Utah Artificial Intelligence Policy Act (SB 149). Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Utah Office of Artificial Intelligence Policy","url":"https://ai.utah.gov/","role":"Administers the learning laboratory and regulatory mitigation agreements"},{"name":"Utah Division of Consumer Protection","url":"https://dcp.utah.gov/","role":"Enforces disclosure requirements"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"SB 149 Artificial Intelligence Amendments (2024 General Session)","publisher":"Utah State Legislature","url":"https://le.utah.gov/~2024/bills/static/SB0149.html","document_date":"2024-03-13","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["us","us-colorado","us-texas"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/us-utah","source":{"official_source_url":"https://le.utah.gov/~2024/bills/static/SB0149.html","source_title":"SB 149 Artificial Intelligence Amendments (2024 General Session)","source_publisher":"Utah State Legislature","source_document_date":"2024-03-13","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"uzbekistan","name":"Uzbekistan","short_name":"Uzbekistan","iso_code":"UZ","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Central Asia","overview":"Uzbekistan approved a Strategy for the development of artificial intelligence technologies until 2030 by Presidential Resolution in October 2024, building on the 2021 AI development measures, with priorities on public services, data, talent and an AI ethics framework; the Personal Data Law applies.","regulatory_status_summary":"AI development strategy to 2030 (2024) as policy; no AI-specific law.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: AI development strategy to 2030 (2024).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Digital Technologies","url":"https://digital.uz/","role":"AI strategy implementation"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"National database of legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan (Lex.uz)","publisher":"Ministry of Justice","url":"https://lex.uz/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["kazakhstan","russia"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/uzbekistan","source":{"official_source_url":"https://lex.uz/","source_title":"National database of legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan (Lex.uz)","source_publisher":"Ministry of Justice","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"vanuatu","name":"Vanuatu","short_name":"Vanuatu","iso_code":"VU","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Oceania","subregion":null,"overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Government of Vanuatu","url":"https://www.gov.vu/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Vanuatu","publisher":"Government of Vanuatu","url":"https://www.gov.vu/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["australia"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/vanuatu","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.vu/","source_title":"Government of Vanuatu","source_publisher":"Government of Vanuatu","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"venezuela","name":"Venezuela","short_name":"Venezuela","iso_code":"VE","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"South America","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["colombia"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/venezuela","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"vietnam","name":"Vietnam","short_name":"Vietnam","iso_code":"VN","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"South-East Asia","overview":"A prime ministerial decision promulgating Vietnam's national AI strategy to 2030. Vietnam's first dedicated AI statute, with eight chapters and 35 articles governing the research, development, provision, deployment and use of AI systems.","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: National Strategy on Research, Development and Application of Artificial Intelligence to 2030 (2021, strategy, adopted); Law on Artificial Intelligence (2025, act, in force). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Law on Artificial Intelligence. Strategy or guidance: National Strategy on Research, Development and Application of Artificial Intelligence to 2030.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"National Strategy on Research, Development and Application of Artificial Intelligence to 2030 (Decision No. 127/QD-TTg)","publisher":"Government of Vietnam legal document portal (vanban.chinhphu.vn)","url":"https://vanban.chinhphu.vn/default.aspx?pageid=27160&docid=202565","document_date":"2021-01-26","document_type":"strategy","tier":1},{"title":"Law on Artificial Intelligence (Law No. 134/2025/QH15)","publisher":"Government of Vietnam legal document portal (vanban.chinhphu.vn)","url":"https://vanban.chinhphu.vn/?pageid=27160&docid=216334&classid=1&orggroupid=1","document_date":"2025-12-10","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":[],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/vietnam","source":{"official_source_url":"https://vanban.chinhphu.vn/default.aspx?pageid=27160&docid=202565","source_title":"National Strategy on Research, Development and Application of Artificial Intelligence to 2030 (Decision No. 127/QD-TTg)","source_publisher":"Government of Vietnam legal document portal (vanban.chinhphu.vn)","source_document_date":"2021-01-26","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Generated from the source-backed legacy dataset; overview composed from the listed instruments. Reviewer to add regulators and refine.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"yemen","name":"Yemen","short_name":"Yemen","iso_code":"YE","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Western Asia","overview":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems. This record exists so that coverage is complete and honest: it will be expanded when an official AI instrument is published or a reviewer adds one with its source.","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[],"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"related_jurisdictions":["saudi-arabia"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/yemen","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":3,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"zambia","name":"Zambia","short_name":"Zambia","iso_code":"ZM","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Southern Africa","overview":"Zambia's Ministry of Technology and Science launched a National Artificial Intelligence Strategy (2024) alongside the Data Protection Act 2021 and the Office of the Data Protection Commissioner, with priorities on public services, agriculture, health, skills and ethics.","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI strategy (2024) as policy; data-protection law applies; no AI-specific law.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI Strategy (2024).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Technology and Science","url":"https://www.mots.gov.zm/","role":"AI strategy lead"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Technology and Science","publisher":"Government of Zambia","url":"https://www.mots.gov.zm/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","south-africa","zimbabwe"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/zambia","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.mots.gov.zm/","source_title":"Ministry of Technology and Science","source_publisher":"Government of Zambia","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"zimbabwe","name":"Zimbabwe","short_name":"Zimbabwe","iso_code":"ZW","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Southern Africa","overview":"Zimbabwe's Ministry of ICT, Postal and Courier Services approved a National AI Policy (2025) under the Smart Zimbabwe 2030 agenda, and the Cyber and Data Protection Act 2021 with POTRAZ as data-protection authority applies to AI processing personal data.","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI policy (2025) as policy; data-protection law applies; no AI-specific law.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI Policy (2025).","current_priorities":null,"regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Information Communication Technology, Postal and Courier Services","url":"https://www.ictministry.gov.zw/","role":"AI policy lead"},{"name":"POTRAZ","url":"https://www.potraz.gov.zw/","role":"Telecoms regulator and data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministry of ICT, Postal and Courier Services","publisher":"Government of Zimbabwe","url":"https://www.ictministry.gov.zw/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"related_jurisdictions":["african-union","south-africa","zambia"],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/zimbabwe","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.ictministry.gov.zw/","source_title":"Ministry of ICT, Postal and Courier Services","source_publisher":"Government of Zimbabwe","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion; overview composed from the listed instruments and official sources. Reviewer to confirm regulators and status.","reviewed_by":null}}],"policies":[{"slug":"african-union-continental-artificial-intelligence-strategy","title":"Continental Artificial Intelligence Strategy","short_title":"Continental Artificial Intelligence Strategy","jurisdiction":"african-union","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"African Union Commission (endorsed by the AU Executive Council)","summary_plain":"A continental framework that guides AU member states on harnessing AI for development while managing risks. It is organised around five focus areas: capturing AI benefits, building capabilities, minimising risks, stimulating investment, and fostering cooperation. It is non-binding and intended to inform national strategies and regional harmonisation.","adopted_on":"2024-07-18","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://au.int/en/documents/20240809/continental-artificial-intelligence-strategy","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:52:57+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/african-union-continental-artificial-intelligence-strategy","status_note":"Announcement date is the AU Executive Council endorsement at its 45th Ordinary Session in Accra (18-19 July 2024) as stated on the AU document page; the document itself is dated July 2024 and was posted 9 August 2024.","scope_summary":"Scope is as set out in the official text linked below. Issued by African Union Commission (endorsed by the AU Executive Council). Oversight: AU Commission coordinates; member states implement nationally. Stated purpose: Africa-centric, development-focused AI adoption aligned with Agenda 2063.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2024-06-13: Adopted by African ICT and Communications Ministers (virtual session, 11-13 June 2024); 2024-08-09: Strategy document published on AU website (English PDF)","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Only the announcement or adoption date is recorded from the source; in-force and application dates are to be confirmed by a reviewer.","taxonomy":[],"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Continental Artificial Intelligence Strategy","publisher":"African Union","url":"https://au.int/en/documents/20240809/continental-artificial-intelligence-strategy","document_date":"2024-07-18","document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"Adopted by African ICT and Communications Ministers (virtual session, 11-13 June 2024)","publisher":"African Union","url":"https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20240617/african-ministers-adopt-landmark-continental-artificial-intelligence-strategy","document_date":"2024-06-13","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"Strategy document published on AU website (English PDF)","publisher":"African Union","url":"https://au.int/sites/default/files/documents/44004-doc-EN-_Continental_AI_Strategy_July_2024.pdf","document_date":"2024-08-09","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://au.int/en/documents/20240809/continental-artificial-intelligence-strategy","source_title":"Continental Artificial Intelligence Strategy","source_publisher":"African Union","source_document_date":"2024-07-18","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported from the source-backed legacy dataset (database/data/ai_policies.json); fields limited to what the official source page states. Reviewer to enrich scope, dates and obligations.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"algeria-national-ai-strategy-2025","title":"Stratégie nationale de l'intelligence artificielle de l'Algérie","short_title":"National AI strategy (2025)","jurisdiction":"algeria","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Government of Algeria","summary_plain":"The strategy sets priorities on AI talent and research, start-ups, public-sector and industrial adoption, data and compute, and governance through the National AI Council.","adopted_on":null,"in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.mecsme.gov.dz/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:52:57+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/algeria-national-ai-strategy-2025","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Government programme; no obligations on private organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Adoption date not established from the official source and left empty rather than estimated; the year in the title or summary is the best available indication. Reviewer to add the exact date with a source reference.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Ministère de l'Économie de la Connaissance","publisher":"Government of Algeria","url":"https://www.mecsme.gov.dz/","document_date":null,"document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.mecsme.gov.dz/","source_title":"Ministère de l'Économie de la Connaissance","source_publisher":"Government of Algeria","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"argentina-decision-administrativa-899-2024","title":"Decisión Administrativa 899/2024 – Mesa Interministerial sobre Inteligencia Artificial (Administrative Decision 899/2024 – Interministerial Board on Artificial Intelligence)","short_title":"Decisión Administrativa 899/2024","jurisdiction":"argentina","instrument_type":"regulation","status":"in_force","is_binding":true,"issuing_body":"Jefatura de Gabinete de Ministros","summary_plain":"This administrative decision restructures the Interministerial Board on AI originally created in 2023, placing it under the presidency of the Secretariat of Innovation, Science and Technology and expanding its membership to ministries including Defence, Economy, Foreign Affairs, Health, Security, Human Capital, Justice and State Deregulation. The board is tasked with coordinating the government's approach to AI adoption across economic and social sectors and with developing national strategies. Argentina has not yet adopted a standalone national AI strategy or a binding AI law.","adopted_on":"2024-09-24","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.boletinoficial.gob.ar/detalleAviso/primera/314465/20240924","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:52:57+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/argentina-decision-administrativa-899-2024","status_note":"Signed 20 September 2024, published 24 September 2024. The original 2023 administrative decision creating the board was not separately fetched.","scope_summary":"Scope is as set out in the official text linked below. Issued by Jefatura de Gabinete de Ministros. Oversight: Board chaired by the Secretaría de Innovación, Ciencia y Tecnología, co-coordinated with the Secretaría de Asuntos Estratégicos, with ministry members. Stated purpose: Coordinate national AI policy across ministries.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2024-09-24: Decisión Administrativa 899/2024 published in the Boletín Oficial","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Only the announcement or adoption date is recorded from the source; in-force and application dates are to be confirmed by a reviewer.","taxonomy":[],"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Decisión Administrativa 899/2024 – Mesa Interministerial sobre Inteligencia Artificial (Administrative Decision 899/2024 – Interministerial Board on Artificial Intelligence)","publisher":"Boletín Oficial de la República Argentina","url":"https://www.boletinoficial.gob.ar/detalleAviso/primera/314465/20240924","document_date":"2024-09-24","document_type":"legislation","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.boletinoficial.gob.ar/detalleAviso/primera/314465/20240924","source_title":"Decisión Administrativa 899/2024 – Mesa Interministerial sobre Inteligencia Artificial (Administrative Decision 899/2024 – Interministerial Board on Artificial Intelligence)","source_publisher":"Boletín Oficial de la República Argentina","source_document_date":"2024-09-24","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported from the source-backed legacy dataset (database/data/ai_policies.json); fields limited to what the official source page states. Reviewer to enrich scope, dates and obligations.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"argentina-disposicion-2-2023","title":"Disposición 2/2023 – Recomendaciones para una Inteligencia Artificial Fiable (Disposition 2/2023 – Recommendations for Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence)","short_title":"Disposición 2/2023","jurisdiction":"argentina","instrument_type":"regulation","status":"in_force","is_binding":true,"issuing_body":"Subsecretaría de Tecnologías de la Información, Jefatura de Gabinete de Ministros","summary_plain":"Disposición 2/2023 approves a set of recommendations for trustworthy AI addressed to projects designed, developed or adopted by the national public sector, together with a diagram of the stages of an AI project. Aligned with the UNESCO Recommendation on the Ethics of AI, it emphasises human-centred design, transparency, human oversight, non-discrimination, data protection and accountability across the project lifecycle. It is guidance rather than a binding regulatory regime.","adopted_on":"2023-06-02","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativa/nacional/disposici%C3%B3n-2-2023-384656/texto","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:52:57+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/argentina-disposicion-2-2023","status_note":"Signed 1 June 2023, published 2 June 2023. Both official pages fetched successfully.","scope_summary":"Scope is as set out in the official text linked below. Issued by Subsecretaría de Tecnologías de la Información, Jefatura de Gabinete de Ministros. Oversight: Public-sector bodies apply the recommendations to their own AI projects. Stated purpose: Ethical guidance for AI projects in the national public administration.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2023-06-02: Published in the Boletín Oficial","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Only the announcement or adoption date is recorded from the source; in-force and application dates are to be confirmed by a reviewer.","taxonomy":[],"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Disposición 2/2023 – Recomendaciones para una Inteligencia Artificial Fiable (Disposition 2/2023 – Recommendations for Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence)","publisher":"Argentina.gob.ar (Jefatura de Gabinete de Ministros)","url":"https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativa/nacional/disposici%C3%B3n-2-2023-384656/texto","document_date":"2023-06-02","document_type":"legislation","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"Published in the Boletín Oficial","publisher":"Argentina.gob.ar (Jefatura de Gabinete de Ministros)","url":"https://www.boletinoficial.gob.ar/detalleAviso/primera/287679/20230602","document_date":"2023-06-02","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativa/nacional/disposici%C3%B3n-2-2023-384656/texto","source_title":"Disposición 2/2023 – Recomendaciones para una Inteligencia Artificial Fiable (Disposition 2/2023 – Recommendations for Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence)","source_publisher":"Argentina.gob.ar (Jefatura de Gabinete de Ministros)","source_document_date":"2023-06-02","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported from the source-backed legacy dataset (database/data/ai_policies.json); fields limited to what the official source page states. Reviewer to enrich scope, dates and obligations.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"asean-expanded-guide-on-generative-ai","title":"Expanded ASEAN Guide on AI Governance and Ethics – Generative AI","short_title":"Expanded ASEAN Guide on AI Governance and Ethics – Generative AI (2025)","jurisdiction":"asean","instrument_type":"guidance","status":"guidance","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"ASEAN Digital Ministers' Meeting","summary_plain":"Endorsed in January 2025, the expanded guide addresses risks specific to generative AI (hallucination, deepfakes and misinformation, intellectual property, privacy, security, bias, embedded values) and proposes governance dimensions covering accountability, data, development and deployment, incident reporting, testing and assurance, security, content provenance, safety research and public-interest use, with policy recommendations for member states.","adopted_on":"2025-01-17","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://asean.org/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:52:57+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/asean-expanded-guide-on-generative-ai","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Voluntary; developers and deployers of generative AI across ASEAN.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Dates are taken from the linked official source; a reviewer should confirm in-force and application dates before relying on them.","taxonomy":{"actor":["provider","deployer","gpai_provider"],"ai_system_type":["general_purpose_ai_model","generative_ai"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["generative_ai"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Expanded ASEAN Guide on AI Governance and Ethics – Generative AI","publisher":"ASEAN Secretariat","url":"https://asean.org/","document_date":"2025-01-17","document_type":"guidance","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://asean.org/","source_title":"Expanded ASEAN Guide on AI Governance and Ethics – Generative AI","source_publisher":"ASEAN Secretariat","source_document_date":"2025-01-17","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"asean-guide-on-ai-governance-and-ethics","title":"ASEAN Guide on AI Governance and Ethics","short_title":"ASEAN Guide on AI Governance and Ethics (2024)","jurisdiction":"asean","instrument_type":"guidance","status":"guidance","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"ASEAN Digital Ministers' Meeting","summary_plain":"Endorsed at the 4th ASEAN Digital Ministers' Meeting in February 2024, the guide sets seven guiding principles (transparency and explainability, fairness and equity, security and safety, human-centricity, privacy and data governance, accountability and integrity, robustness and reliability) and a four-part governance framework (internal governance structures, human involvement in decision-making, operations management, stakeholder interaction), with national and regional recommendations including an ASEAN working group on AI governance.","adopted_on":"2024-02-02","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/ASEAN-Guide-on-AI-Governance-and-Ethics_beautified_201223_v2.pdf","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:52:57+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/asean-guide-on-ai-governance-and-ethics","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Voluntary; for organisations deploying traditional AI in commercial and non-military contexts across ASEAN member states.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Dates are taken from the linked official source; a reviewer should confirm in-force and application dates before relying on them.","taxonomy":{"actor":["provider","deployer"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["customer_service"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"ASEAN Guide on AI Governance and Ethics","publisher":"ASEAN Secretariat","url":"https://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/ASEAN-Guide-on-AI-Governance-and-Ethics_beautified_201223_v2.pdf","document_date":"2024-02-02","document_type":"guidance","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/ASEAN-Guide-on-AI-Governance-and-Ethics_beautified_201223_v2.pdf","source_title":"ASEAN Guide on AI Governance and Ethics","source_publisher":"ASEAN Secretariat","source_document_date":"2024-02-02","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"australia-mandatory-guardrails-proposal","title":"Proposals paper: introducing mandatory guardrails for AI in high-risk settings (Australia)","short_title":"Australian mandatory guardrails proposal","jurisdiction":"australia","instrument_type":"consultation","status":"under_consultation","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Department of Industry, Science and Resources","summary_plain":"The proposals paper sought views on ten mandatory guardrails for developers and deployers of AI in high-risk settings, a principles-based definition of high-risk AI (with general-purpose AI treated as high-risk), and three regulatory options: adapting existing laws, framework legislation, or a new cross-economy AI Act. The guardrails mirror the Voluntary AI Safety Standard, covering accountability, risk management, data governance, testing, human control, transparency, contestability, supply-chain transparency, records, and conformity assessment.\n","adopted_on":null,"in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://consult.industry.gov.au/ai-mandatory-guardrails","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:52:57+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/australia-mandatory-guardrails-proposal","status_note":"Consultation ran September to October 2024. The December 2025 National AI Plan reportedly signalled that the government would strengthen existing laws rather than introduce a standalone AI Act; a reviewer must confirm whether the mandatory-guardrails proposal has been formally dropped, adapted or superseded and update the status.\n","scope_summary":"A consultation document, not law. If adopted, the guardrails would apply to organisations developing or deploying AI in high-risk settings in Australia.\n","who_it_applies_to":"Prospectively, developers and deployers of high-risk AI in Australia; currently no one.","key_dates_summary":"Published 5 September 2024; submissions closed 4 October 2024; government response pending at last check.","penalties_summary":"None; consultation.","what_organizations_must_do":"Nothing yet. Organisations can prepare by adopting the Voluntary AI Safety Standard, whose guardrails match the proposed mandatory ones.\n","published_on":"2024-09-05","date_notes":null,"taxonomy":{"actor":["provider","deployer","gpai_provider"],"ai_system_type":["general_purpose_ai_model","automated_decision_system"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"risk_category":["high_risk"],"use_case":["hiring_and_hr","finance_and_credit","generative_ai"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[{"title":"Consultation closed","due_on":"2024-10-04","date_precision":"exact","date_label":null,"display_date":"4 October 2024","description":"Submissions deadline.","source_reference":null,"official_source_url":null,"status":"passed","confidence_level":"high"},{"title":"Government decision on regulatory option","due_on":null,"date_precision":"tbd","date_label":"Pending; see National AI Plan (December 2025)","display_date":"Pending; see National AI Plan (December 2025)","description":"Reviewer to confirm the outcome.","source_reference":null,"official_source_url":null,"status":"tbd","confidence_level":"low"}],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Safe and responsible AI in Australia: proposals paper for introducing mandatory guardrails for AI in high-risk settings","publisher":"Department of Industry, Science and Resources","url":"https://consult.industry.gov.au/ai-mandatory-guardrails","document_date":"2024-09-05","document_type":"consultation","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":["australia-voluntary-ai-safety-standard","eu-ai-act"],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://consult.industry.gov.au/ai-mandatory-guardrails","source_title":"Proposals paper for introducing mandatory guardrails for AI in high-risk settings","source_publisher":"Australian Government, Department of Industry, Science and Resources","source_document_date":"2024-09-05","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Initial structured record; outcome after the National AI Plan unverified.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"australia-national-ai-plan","title":"National AI Plan","short_title":"National AI Plan","jurisdiction":"australia","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Department of Industry, Science and Resources","summary_plain":"The National AI Plan is the Australian Government's whole-of-government AI strategy with three goals: capture the opportunity through infrastructure, domestic capability and investment; spread the benefits through adoption, skills and better public services; and keep Australians safe through legal and regulatory frameworks and responsible-practice guidance. It consolidates existing AI funding commitments and signals a sector-by-sector regulatory approach supported by an AI Safety Institute, rather than a standalone AI act.","adopted_on":"2025-12-02","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.industry.gov.au/publications/national-ai-plan","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:52:58+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/australia-national-ai-plan","status_note":"industry.gov.au could not be reached via curl/WebFetch from this environment but the page was loaded and read in a browser session, confirming title, publisher and 'Date published: 2 December 2025'.","scope_summary":"Scope is as set out in the official text linked below. Issued by Department of Industry, Science and Resources. Oversight: DISR leads whole-of-government delivery; National AI Centre supports industry; new Australian AI Safety Institute. Stated purpose: Grow an AI-enabled economy while managing harms through existing and targeted regulation.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2024-09-05: Preceding consultation on mandatory guardrails for high-risk AI opened (government later chose not to proceed with them); 2025-12-02: National AI Plan launched by ministers","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Only the announcement or adoption date is recorded from the source; in-force and application dates are to be confirmed by a reviewer.","taxonomy":[],"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"National AI Plan","publisher":"Department of Industry, Science and Resources","url":"https://www.industry.gov.au/publications/national-ai-plan","document_date":"2025-12-02","document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"Preceding consultation on mandatory guardrails for high-risk AI opened (government later chose not to proceed with them)","publisher":"Department of Industry, Science and Resources","url":"https://consult.industry.gov.au/ai-mandatory-guardrails","document_date":"2024-09-05","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.industry.gov.au/publications/national-ai-plan","source_title":"National AI Plan","source_publisher":"Department of Industry, Science and Resources","source_document_date":"2025-12-02","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported from the source-backed legacy dataset (database/data/ai_policies.json); fields limited to what the official source page states. Reviewer to enrich scope, dates and obligations.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"australia-voluntary-ai-safety-standard","title":"Voluntary AI Safety Standard (Australia)","short_title":"Australian Voluntary AI Safety Standard","jurisdiction":"australia","instrument_type":"standard","status":"voluntary_standard","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Department of Industry, Science and Resources","summary_plain":"The Voluntary AI Safety Standard gives Australian organisations ten guardrails for developing and deploying AI safely and responsibly: accountability and governance, risk management, data governance and protection, testing and monitoring, human control and intervention, user transparency, contestability, supply-chain transparency, record keeping, and stakeholder engagement. The guardrails were designed to align with the mandatory guardrails proposed for high-risk settings so that early adopters would be prepared if those became law.\n","adopted_on":"2024-09-05","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.industry.gov.au/publications/voluntary-ai-safety-standard","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:52:58+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/australia-voluntary-ai-safety-standard","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Voluntary; aimed at organisations deploying AI in Australia, especially deployers of AI systems in higher-risk settings. It creates no legal obligations.\n","who_it_applies_to":"Any Australian organisation deploying or developing AI (voluntary), with practical focus on deployers.","key_dates_summary":"Published 5 September 2024 alongside the mandatory-guardrails proposals paper.","penalties_summary":"None; voluntary.","what_organizations_must_do":"Nothing mandatory. Adopters implement the ten guardrails proportionately to the risk of their AI use cases.\n","published_on":"2024-09-05","date_notes":null,"taxonomy":{"actor":["provider","deployer"],"ai_system_type":["general_purpose_ai_model","generative_ai","automated_decision_system"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"risk_category":["unclassified"],"use_case":["hiring_and_hr","finance_and_credit","public_services","generative_ai"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[{"slug":"australia-vaiss-accountability-and-risk-management","title":"Establish accountability processes and a risk-management process (guardrails 1 and 2)","category":"governance_accountability","summary":"Guardrail 1 asks organisations to set up accountability processes including governance, internal capability and a strategy for regulatory compliance; guardrail 2 asks for a risk-management process to identify and mitigate risks across the AI lifecycle.\n","practical_action":"Adopt an AI policy, assign an accountable owner and run per-use-case risk assessments.","is_binding":false,"applies_from":null,"section":null,"source_reference":"Guardrails 1 and 2","official_source_url":"https://www.industry.gov.au/publications/voluntary-ai-safety-standard","review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","last_verified_at":null,"actors":["deployer","provider"],"sectors":["cross_sector"],"use_cases":["generative_ai","public_services"],"applicability":[{"description":"Voluntary for all Australian organisations using AI.","actors":["deployer","provider"],"conditions":null}],"evidence_examples":[{"title":"AI accountability and risk-management documentation","description":null,"artifact_type":"document"}],"framework_mappings":[{"framework":"iso_42001","framework_name":"ISO/IEC 42001:2023","reference":"Clauses 5 and 6","note":"The standard states it is aligned with ISO/IEC 42001 and the NIST AI RMF.","confidence_level":"high","is_original":true},{"framework":"nist_ai_rmf","framework_name":"NIST AI RMF 1.0","reference":"GOVERN and MAP","note":"Original editorial mapping.","confidence_level":"high","is_original":true}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/obligations/australia-vaiss-accountability-and-risk-management"},{"slug":"australia-vaiss-testing-human-control-transparency","title":"Test and monitor systems, enable human control, and be transparent with users (guardrails 4 to 6)","category":"human_oversight","summary":"Test AI models and systems before deployment and monitor them in operation; enable meaningful human control and intervention; and inform end users about AI-enabled decisions, interactions with AI and AI-generated content.\n","practical_action":"Publish AI disclosures, define override paths and keep test and monitoring records.","is_binding":false,"applies_from":null,"section":null,"source_reference":"Guardrails 4, 5 and 6","official_source_url":"https://www.industry.gov.au/publications/voluntary-ai-safety-standard","review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","last_verified_at":null,"actors":["deployer","provider"],"sectors":["cross_sector"],"use_cases":["customer_service","hiring_and_hr"],"applicability":[{"description":"Voluntary for all Australian organisations using AI.","actors":["deployer","provider"],"conditions":null}],"evidence_examples":[{"title":"Test reports and user disclosure records","description":null,"artifact_type":"report"}],"framework_mappings":[{"framework":"nist_ai_rmf","framework_name":"NIST AI RMF 1.0","reference":"MEASURE and MANAGE functions","note":"Original editorial mapping.","confidence_level":"medium","is_original":true}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/obligations/australia-vaiss-testing-human-control-transparency"},{"slug":"australia-vaiss-contestability-supply-chain-records","title":"Provide contestability, supply-chain transparency and records (guardrails 7 to 9)","category":"vendor_governance","summary":"Establish processes for people impacted by AI to challenge use or outcomes; be transparent with other organisations across the AI supply chain about data, models and systems; and keep and maintain records to allow third parties to assess compliance.\n","practical_action":"Add AI clauses to supplier contracts and keep an AI system register with evidence links.","is_binding":false,"applies_from":null,"section":null,"source_reference":"Guardrails 7, 8 and 9","official_source_url":"https://www.industry.gov.au/publications/voluntary-ai-safety-standard","review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","last_verified_at":null,"actors":["deployer","provider"],"sectors":["cross_sector"],"use_cases":["finance_and_credit","public_services"],"applicability":[{"description":"Voluntary for all Australian organisations using AI.","actors":["deployer","provider"],"conditions":null}],"evidence_examples":[{"title":"AI system register and supplier disclosures","description":null,"artifact_type":"register"}],"framework_mappings":[{"framework":"nist_ai_rmf","framework_name":"NIST AI RMF 1.0","reference":"GOVERN 6.x","note":"Third-party risk.","confidence_level":"medium","is_original":true}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/obligations/australia-vaiss-contestability-supply-chain-records"}],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Voluntary AI Safety Standard","publisher":"Department of Industry, Science and Resources","url":"https://www.industry.gov.au/publications/voluntary-ai-safety-standard","document_date":"2024-09-05","document_type":"guidance","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":["australia-mandatory-guardrails-proposal","us-nist-ai-rmf","singapore-model-ai-governance-framework"],"related_frameworks":["iso_42001","nist_ai_rmf"],"faq":[{"question":"Is the Australian Voluntary AI Safety Standard mandatory?","answer":"No. It is voluntary guidance from the Department of Industry, Science and Resources, aligned with ISO/IEC 42001 and the NIST AI RMF."}],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.industry.gov.au/publications/voluntary-ai-safety-standard","source_title":"Voluntary AI Safety Standard","source_publisher":"Australian Government, Department of Industry, Science and Resources","source_document_date":"2024-09-05","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Initial structured record.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"austria-aim-at-2030","title":"Strategie der Bundesregierung für Künstliche Intelligenz – Artificial Intelligence Mission Austria 2030 (AIM AT 2030)","short_title":"AIM AT 2030 (AI strategy)","jurisdiction":"austria","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Federal Government of Austria","summary_plain":"Adopted in August 2021, AIM AT 2030 sets three objectives: broad use of AI oriented to the common good and fundamental rights, Austria as a research and innovation location, and competitiveness of the Austrian technology and business location. It lists fields of action including trustworthy AI, public administration, skills, data and infrastructure, with an implementation and monitoring structure.","adopted_on":"2021-08-25","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.rtr.at/rtr/service/ki-servicestelle/ki-servicestelle.en.html","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:52:58+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/austria-aim-at-2030","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Government programme; no obligations on private organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Adopted by the Council of Ministers in August 2021.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector","public_services"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"KI-Servicestelle: AI strategy","publisher":"RTR","url":"https://www.rtr.at/rtr/service/ki-servicestelle/ki-servicestelle.en.html","document_date":null,"document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.rtr.at/rtr/service/ki-servicestelle/ki-servicestelle.en.html","source_title":"KI-Servicestelle: AI strategy","source_publisher":"RTR","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"azerbaijan-ai-strategy-2025-2028","title":"Artificial Intelligence Strategy of the Republic of Azerbaijan for 2025–2028 (presidential decree, March 2025)","short_title":"AI Strategy 2025–2028","jurisdiction":"azerbaijan","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"President of the Republic of Azerbaijan","summary_plain":"Approved by presidential decree in March 2025, the strategy sets goals for AI in public administration, the economy and education, data and computing infrastructure, talent, ethical and safe AI, and a coordinating institutional structure, with an action plan to 2028.","adopted_on":"2025-03-19","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://president.az/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:52:58+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/azerbaijan-ai-strategy-2025-2028","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Government programme; no obligations on private organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Decree date as reported officially; confirm on president.az.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"President of the Republic of Azerbaijan: documents","publisher":"President of Azerbaijan","url":"https://president.az/","document_date":null,"document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://president.az/","source_title":"President of the Republic of Azerbaijan: documents","source_publisher":"President of Azerbaijan","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"bahrain-general-policy-for-the-use-of-artificial-intelligence","title":"General Policy for the Use of Artificial Intelligence","short_title":"General Policy for the Use of Artificial Intelligence","jurisdiction":"bahrain","instrument_type":"policy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Information & eGovernment Authority (iGA)","summary_plain":"A binding policy for Bahraini government entities structured around four pillars: compliance with AI-related laws and policies (including the Personal Data Protection Law and the GCC AI ethics guide), use and adoption of AI technologies, awareness and education, and local and international cooperation. It defines roles and responsibilities for entities and assigns oversight to iGA. Alongside the policy, Bahrain adopted the GCC Guiding Manual on the Ethics of AI Use.","adopted_on":"2025-07-27","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.iga.gov.bh/Media/Publications/National%20Digital%20Policies/General%20Policy%20for%20the%20Use%20of%20AI%20-%20%20Final%2030%20Jul%202025.pdf","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:52:58+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/bahrain-general-policy-for-the-use-of-artificial-intelligence","status_note":"Document is dated 20 May 2025 (v1.0) while the iGA announcement is dated 27 July 2025; the announcement date is used. A separate standalone AI regulation bill (38 articles) was approved by the Shura Council in April 2024 and returned by the government for reconsideration, but no official Shura/parliament page could be verified, so it is omitted. A national AI strategy is reported to be in development (iGA) but no official document was found.","scope_summary":"Scope is as set out in the official text linked below. Issued by Information & eGovernment Authority (iGA). Oversight: iGA under the Ministerial Committee for Information Technology and Communication (MCICT). Stated purpose: Ensure safe, ethical and lawful use of AI by government entities in line with Vision 2030.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2025-05-20: Policy version 1.0 first release date (per document); 2025-07-27: iGA publicly launches the National Policy for the Use of AI and adopts the GCC AI ethics manual","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Only the announcement or adoption date is recorded from the source; in-force and application dates are to be confirmed by a reviewer.","taxonomy":[],"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"General Policy for the Use of Artificial Intelligence","publisher":"Information & eGovernment Authority, Kingdom of Bahrain","url":"https://www.iga.gov.bh/Media/Publications/National%20Digital%20Policies/General%20Policy%20for%20the%20Use%20of%20AI%20-%20%20Final%2030%20Jul%202025.pdf","document_date":"2025-07-27","document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"iGA publicly launches the National Policy for the Use of AI and adopts the GCC AI ethics manual","publisher":"Information & eGovernment Authority, Kingdom of Bahrain","url":"https://www.iga.gov.bh/en/article/bahrain-launches-national-ai-policy-and-adopts-gcc-ethics-manual","document_date":"2025-07-27","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.iga.gov.bh/Media/Publications/National%20Digital%20Policies/General%20Policy%20for%20the%20Use%20of%20AI%20-%20%20Final%2030%20Jul%202025.pdf","source_title":"General Policy for the Use of Artificial Intelligence","source_publisher":"Information & eGovernment Authority, Kingdom of Bahrain","source_document_date":"2025-07-27","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported from the source-backed legacy dataset (database/data/ai_policies.json); fields limited to what the official source page states. Reviewer to enrich scope, dates and obligations.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"bangladesh-national-artificial-intelligence-policy-2026-2030","title":"National Artificial Intelligence Policy 2026-2030 (Draft V2.0)","short_title":"National Artificial Intelligence Policy 2026-2030","jurisdiction":"bangladesh","instrument_type":"consultation","status":"under_consultation","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"ICT Division, Ministry of Posts, Telecommunications and Information Technology","summary_plain":"A revised draft national AI policy published by the ICT Division for public review. It proposes a risk-based approach to AI regulation with prohibitions on certain uses, impact assessments for high-risk systems, and institutional arrangements for coordination and capacity building. Public consultation on the draft closed in February 2026 and the committee is reviewing submissions before finalisation.","adopted_on":"2026-02-09","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://aipolicy.gov.bd/docs/national-ai-policy-bangladesh-2026-2030-draft-v2.0.pdf","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:52:58+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/bangladesh-national-artificial-intelligence-policy-2026-2030","status_note":"An earlier draft National AI Policy 2024 (April 2024) existed on the ICT Division portal but that URL now returns 404, so it is not recorded. Final adoption not yet confirmed as of access date.","scope_summary":"Scope is as set out in the official text linked below. Issued by ICT Division, Ministry of Posts, Telecommunications and Information Technology. Oversight: ICT Division AI Policy Committee; proposed national AI coordination body. Stated purpose: Create a risk-based, rights-respecting framework for AI adoption after an earlier 2024 draft stalled.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2026-01-25: Draft V1.1 released for public consultation; 2026-02-09: Draft V2.0 published; consultation closed 8 February 2026","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Only the announcement or adoption date is recorded from the source; in-force and application dates are to be confirmed by a reviewer.","taxonomy":[],"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"National Artificial Intelligence Policy 2026-2030 (Draft V2.0)","publisher":"ICT Division, Government of Bangladesh","url":"https://aipolicy.gov.bd/docs/national-ai-policy-bangladesh-2026-2030-draft-v2.0.pdf","document_date":"2026-02-09","document_type":"consultation","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"Draft V1.1 released for public consultation","publisher":"ICT Division, Government of Bangladesh","url":"https://aipolicy.gov.bd/","document_date":"2026-01-25","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"Draft V2.0 published; consultation closed 8 February 2026","publisher":"ICT Division, Government of Bangladesh","url":"https://aipolicy.gov.bd/","document_date":"2026-02-09","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://aipolicy.gov.bd/docs/national-ai-policy-bangladesh-2026-2030-draft-v2.0.pdf","source_title":"National Artificial Intelligence Policy 2026-2030 (Draft V2.0)","source_publisher":"ICT Division, Government of Bangladesh","source_document_date":"2026-02-09","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported from the source-backed legacy dataset (database/data/ai_policies.json); fields limited to what the official source page states. Reviewer to enrich scope, dates and obligations.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"belgium-national-convergence-plan-for-ai-2022","title":"Plan national de convergence pour le développement de l'intelligence artificielle","short_title":"National Convergence Plan for AI (2022)","jurisdiction":"belgium","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Federal Government of Belgium with the Regions and Communities","summary_plain":"Adopted in 2022, the convergence plan coordinates the federal and regional AI initiatives around nine objectives, including trustworthy AI, skills, data, research, public-sector adoption and international positioning, with AI4Belgium as the delivery coalition.","adopted_on":"2022-10-01","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://ai4belgium.be/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:52:58+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/belgium-national-convergence-plan-for-ai-2022","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Government programme; no obligations on private organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Year-level date; exact adoption date to be confirmed by a reviewer.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"AI4Belgium","publisher":"FPS BOSA","url":"https://ai4belgium.be/","document_date":null,"document_type":"official","tier":2,"tier_label":"Official consultation, guidance, enforcement, procurement or agency source"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://ai4belgium.be/","source_title":"AI4Belgium","source_publisher":"FPS BOSA","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":2,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"benin-national-ai-and-big-data-strategy-2023-2027","title":"Stratégie nationale d'intelligence artificielle et des mégadonnées 2023–2027","short_title":"National AI and Big Data Strategy 2023–2027","jurisdiction":"benin","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Government of Benin (Ministry of Digital Affairs and Digitalisation)","summary_plain":"Adopted by the Council of Ministers in January 2023, the strategy sets objectives for AI and big-data skills, research, data infrastructure and governance, ethical AI and priority use cases in health, education, agriculture, tourism and living environment, with a 2027 horizon.","adopted_on":"2023-01-25","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://numerique.gouv.bj/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:52:58+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/benin-national-ai-and-big-data-strategy-2023-2027","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Government programme; no obligations on private organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Dates are taken from the linked official source; a reviewer should confirm in-force and application dates before relying on them.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Stratégie nationale IA et mégadonnées 2023–2027","publisher":"Ministère du Numérique et de la Digitalisation","url":"https://numerique.gouv.bj/","document_date":"2023-01-25","document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://numerique.gouv.bj/","source_title":"Stratégie nationale IA et mégadonnées 2023–2027","source_publisher":"Ministère du Numérique et de la Digitalisation","source_document_date":"2023-01-25","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"bhutan-bhutan-national-ai-strategy-2025","title":"Bhutan National AI Strategy 2025 (NAIS 2025)","short_title":"Bhutan National AI Strategy 2025","jurisdiction":"bhutan","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"GovTech Agency, Royal Government of Bhutan","summary_plain":"A national strategy framed around the vision of AI rooted in Gross National Happiness. It identifies eight focus areas (agriculture and livestock, tourism, green energy, education, health, public service delivery, natural resources and biodiversity, and culture and language) and seven enablers such as infrastructure, governance and regulation, cybersecurity, skills, research, collaboration and funding. It aims to raise Bhutan's AI maturity by the end of the 13th Five Year Plan and includes monitoring, evaluation and risk-mitigation provisions.","adopted_on":"2025-10-01","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://tech.gov.bt/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/National-AI-Strategy-2025.pdf","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:52:58+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/bhutan-bhutan-national-ai-strategy-2025","status_note":"Month-level date: PDF metadata shows creation on 10 October 2025 and it was uploaded to tech.gov.bt in October 2025. Formal approval by the GovTech Commission/Cabinet could not be confirmed from an official source; as of July 2025 it was reported as a draft pending submission.","scope_summary":"Scope is as set out in the official text linked below. Issued by GovTech Agency, Royal Government of Bhutan. Oversight: GovTech Agency with annual action-plan reviews and a five-year strategy review. Stated purpose: Apply AI to national development in line with Gross National Happiness values.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2025-10-01: NAIS 2025 published in GovTech Agency's official publications list","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Only the announcement or adoption date is recorded from the source; in-force and application dates are to be confirmed by a reviewer.","taxonomy":[],"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Bhutan National AI Strategy 2025 (NAIS 2025)","publisher":"GovTech Agency, Royal Government of Bhutan","url":"https://tech.gov.bt/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/National-AI-Strategy-2025.pdf","document_date":"2025-10-01","document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"NAIS 2025 published in GovTech Agency's official publications list","publisher":"GovTech Agency, Royal Government of Bhutan","url":"https://tech.gov.bt/publications/","document_date":"2025-10-01","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://tech.gov.bt/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/National-AI-Strategy-2025.pdf","source_title":"Bhutan National AI Strategy 2025 (NAIS 2025)","source_publisher":"GovTech Agency, Royal Government of Bhutan","source_document_date":"2025-10-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported from the source-backed legacy dataset (database/data/ai_policies.json); fields limited to what the official source page states. Reviewer to enrich scope, dates and obligations.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"bletchley-declaration-ai-safety-summit-2023","title":"The Bletchley Declaration by countries attending the AI Safety Summit, 1–2 November 2023","short_title":"Bletchley Declaration (AI Safety Summit 2023)","jurisdiction":"international","instrument_type":"policy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"28 countries and the European Union attending the AI Safety Summit hosted by the United Kingdom","summary_plain":"Signed by countries including the United States, China, the EU, India, Japan and Brazil, the declaration recognises the opportunities of AI and the risks of frontier models, commits signatories to cooperate on identifying AI safety risks and building risk-based policies, and launched the summit series continued in Seoul (2024) and Paris (2025) and the network of AI safety institutes.","adopted_on":"2023-11-01","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-safety-summit-2023-the-bletchley-declaration/the-bletchley-declaration-by-countries-attending-the-ai-safety-summit-1-2-november-2023","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:03+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/bletchley-declaration-ai-safety-summit-2023","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Political declaration; no obligations for organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Dates are taken from the linked official source; a reviewer should confirm in-force and application dates before relying on them.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority","gpai_provider"],"ai_system_type":["general_purpose_ai_model"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"risk_category":["systemic_risk"],"use_case":["generative_ai"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"The Bletchley Declaration by Countries Attending the AI Safety Summit, 1-2 November 2023","publisher":"UK Government (GOV.UK)","url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-safety-summit-2023-the-bletchley-declaration/the-bletchley-declaration-by-countries-attending-the-ai-safety-summit-1-2-november-2023","document_date":"2023-11-01","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-safety-summit-2023-the-bletchley-declaration/the-bletchley-declaration-by-countries-attending-the-ai-safety-summit-1-2-november-2023","source_title":"The Bletchley Declaration by Countries Attending the AI Safety Summit, 1-2 November 2023","source_publisher":"UK Government (GOV.UK)","source_document_date":"2023-11-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"brazil-plano-brasileiro-de-inteligencia-artificial-2024-2028","title":"Plano Brasileiro de Inteligência Artificial 2024-2028 – PBIA (Brazilian Artificial Intelligence Plan 2024-2028)","short_title":"Plano Brasileiro de Inteligência Artificial 2024-2028","jurisdiction":"brazil","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação (MCTI) with the Conselho Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (CCT)","summary_plain":"The PBIA is a four-year national plan that commits around R$23 billion to AI infrastructure, skills, public-sector applications, business innovation and governance. Headline measures include acquiring a top-tier supercomputer powered by renewable energy, developing Portuguese-language models, and short-term actions in health, education, agriculture and public services. The proposal was presented at the 5th National Conference on Science, Technology and Innovation and formally approved by the CCT through Resolução CCT nº 4/2024, with a final version later published under MCTI coordination.","adopted_on":null,"in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.br/mcti/pt-br/acompanhe-o-mcti/transformacaodigital/plano-brasileiro-de-inteligencia-artificial","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:52:58+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/brazil-plano-brasileiro-de-inteligencia-artificial-2024-2028","status_note":"The MCTI landing page confirms launch at the 5th CNCTI without printing the day; the 30 July 2024 date is drawn from gov.br news search snippets (MGI/MCTI) and the CCT resolution records its plenary of 29 July 2024. MGI news page and CCT resolution page both return HTTP 200 (MGI page content not text-parsed). Full plan PDF at gov.br returns HTTP 200. Some MCTI news pages served a 'Conteúdo Restrito' placeholder to automated fetches.","scope_summary":"Scope is as set out in the official text linked below. Issued by Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação (MCTI) with the Conselho Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (CCT). Oversight: MCTI coordinates implementation; plan proposal approved by the CCT. Stated purpose: Build sovereign AI capacity and public-interest AI applications.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2024-07-30: PBIA proposal presented at the 5th National CT&I Conference; 2024-11-12: Resolução CCT nº 4/2024 approving the PBIA proposal published in the DOU","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Adoption date not established from the official source and left empty rather than estimated; the year in the title or summary is the best available indication. Reviewer to add the exact date with a source reference.","taxonomy":[],"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Plano Brasileiro de Inteligência Artificial 2024-2028 – PBIA (Brazilian Artificial Intelligence Plan 2024-2028)","publisher":"Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação (gov.br)","url":"https://www.gov.br/mcti/pt-br/acompanhe-o-mcti/transformacaodigital/plano-brasileiro-de-inteligencia-artificial","document_date":"2024-07-30","document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"PBIA proposal presented at the 5th National CT&I Conference","publisher":"Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação (gov.br)","url":"https://www.gov.br/gestao/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/2024/julho/novo-plano-brasileiro-de-inteligencia-artificial-preve-o-investimento-de-r-1-76-bi-para-melhoria-de-servicos-publicos","document_date":"2024-07-30","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"Resolução CCT nº 4/2024 approving the PBIA proposal published in the DOU","publisher":"Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação (gov.br)","url":"https://antigo.mctic.gov.br/mctic/opencms/legislacao/outros_atos/resolucoes/Resolucao_CCT_n_4_de_08112024.html","document_date":"2024-11-12","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.br/mcti/pt-br/acompanhe-o-mcti/transformacaodigital/plano-brasileiro-de-inteligencia-artificial","source_title":"Plano Brasileiro de Inteligência Artificial 2024-2028 – PBIA (Brazilian Artificial Intelligence Plan 2024-2028)","source_publisher":"Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação (gov.br)","source_document_date":"2024-07-30","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported from the source-backed legacy dataset (database/data/ai_policies.json); fields limited to what the official source page states. Reviewer to enrich scope, dates and obligations.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"brazil-projeto-de-lei-no-2338-2023","title":"Projeto de Lei nº 2338/2023 – Dispõe sobre o uso da Inteligência Artificial (Bill No. 2338/2023 – On the use of Artificial Intelligence)","short_title":"Projeto de Lei nº 2338/2023","jurisdiction":"brazil","instrument_type":"bill","status":"proposed","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Senado Federal (author: Senator Rodrigo Pacheco); now before the Câmara dos Deputados","summary_plain":"PL 2338/2023 is Brazil's flagship AI bill, introduced in the Senate in May 2023 and approved by the Senate plenary on 10 December 2024 after extensive amendment. It classifies AI systems by risk, bans certain uses, sets obligations for developers and deployers of high-risk systems, and provides for rights of affected persons and a national governance system. The Senate transmitted the text to the Chamber of Deputies on 17 March 2025, where a special committee is examining it.","adopted_on":"2023-05-03","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www25.senado.leg.br/web/atividade/materias/-/materia/157233","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:52:58+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/brazil-projeto-de-lei-no-2338-2023","status_note":"Senate page confirms presentation 03/05/2023, plenary approval 10/12/2024 and remittance to the Chamber 17/03/2025. Chamber special committee page loads (HTTP 200) and shows ongoing hearings through late 2025; exact committee installation date not captured.","scope_summary":"Scope is as set out in the official text linked below. Issued by Senado Federal (author: Senator Rodrigo Pacheco); now before the Câmara dos Deputados. Oversight: Bill proposes a national AI governance system led by a competent authority (SIA); currently under review by a Chamber of Deputies special committee. Stated purpose: Create a comprehensive, risk-based legal framework for AI in Brazil.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2024-12-10: Approved by the Senate plenary; 2025-03-17: Sent to the Chamber of Deputies for review; special committee subsequently created","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Only the announcement or adoption date is recorded from the source; in-force and application dates are to be confirmed by a reviewer.","taxonomy":[],"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Projeto de Lei nº 2338/2023 – Dispõe sobre o uso da Inteligência Artificial (Bill No. 2338/2023 – On the use of Artificial Intelligence)","publisher":"Senado Federal","url":"https://www25.senado.leg.br/web/atividade/materias/-/materia/157233","document_date":"2023-05-03","document_type":"legislation","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"Sent to the Chamber of Deputies for review; special committee subsequently created","publisher":"Senado Federal","url":"https://www2.camara.leg.br/atividade-legislativa/comissoes/comissoes-temporarias/especiais/57a-legislatura/comissao-especial-sobre-inteligencia-artificial-pl-2338-23","document_date":"2025-03-17","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www25.senado.leg.br/web/atividade/materias/-/materia/157233","source_title":"Projeto de Lei nº 2338/2023 – Dispõe sobre o uso da Inteligência Artificial (Bill No. 2338/2023 – On the use of Artificial Intelligence)","source_publisher":"Senado Federal","source_document_date":"2023-05-03","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported from the source-backed legacy dataset (database/data/ai_policies.json); fields limited to what the official source page states. Reviewer to enrich scope, dates and obligations.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"bulgaria-ai-concept-2030","title":"Концепция за развитието на изкуствения интелект в България до 2030 г.","short_title":"Concept for the development of AI until 2030","jurisdiction":"bulgaria","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Council of Ministers of Bulgaria","summary_plain":"Adopted in December 2020, the concept sets a framework for AI in Bulgaria to 2030 in line with the EU coordinated plan: research and infrastructure, skills, data, adoption in business and public administration, and trustworthy, ethical AI.","adopted_on":"2020-12-16","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://egov.government.bg/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:52:58+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/bulgaria-ai-concept-2030","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Government programme; no obligations on private organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Dates are taken from the linked official source; a reviewer should confirm in-force and application dates before relying on them.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Concept for the development of AI in Bulgaria until 2030","publisher":"Council of Ministers","url":"https://egov.government.bg/","document_date":"2020-12-16","document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://egov.government.bg/","source_title":"Concept for the development of AI in Bulgaria until 2030","source_publisher":"Council of Ministers","source_document_date":"2020-12-16","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"cambodia-national-ai-strategy","title":"Cambodia National Artificial Intelligence Strategy","short_title":"National AI strategy (in preparation)","jurisdiction":"cambodia","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"proposed","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Government of Cambodia (MPTC and MISTI)","summary_plain":"A national AI strategy and ethics framework under preparation with UNESCO support, expected to cover governance, talent, public-sector use and the digital economy.","adopted_on":null,"in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.mptc.gov.kh/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:52:59+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/cambodia-national-ai-strategy","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Government programme; no obligations on private organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Adoption date not established from the official source and left empty rather than estimated; the year in the title or summary is the best available indication. Reviewer to add the exact date with a source reference.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Post and Telecommunications","publisher":"Government of Cambodia","url":"https://www.mptc.gov.kh/","document_date":null,"document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.mptc.gov.kh/","source_title":"Ministry of Post and Telecommunications","source_publisher":"Government of Cambodia","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"canada-artificial-intelligence-and-data-act","title":"Artificial Intelligence and Data Act (Part 3 of Bill C-27, Digital Charter Implementation Act, 2022)","short_title":"Artificial Intelligence and Data Act","jurisdiction":"canada","instrument_type":"bill","status":"archived","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Parliament of Canada (sponsored by the Minister of Innovation, Science and Industry)","summary_plain":"The Artificial Intelligence and Data Act (AIDA) was proposed as Part 3 of Bill C-27 and would have required organisations designing, developing or deploying high-impact AI systems to assess and mitigate risks of harm and bias, keep records and publish information, with enforcement by an AI and Data Commissioner and penalties for serious offences. The bill passed second reading in the House of Commons in April 2023 and was studied in committee through 2024 but never advanced to report stage. It lapsed when the 44th Parliament ended in early 2025 without the bill being passed.","adopted_on":"2022-06-16","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.parl.ca/legisinfo/en/bill/44-1/c-27","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:52:59+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/canada-artificial-intelligence-and-data-act","status_note":"LEGISinfo still displays 'At consideration in committee' as the last recorded stage and does not itself state that the bill died. The 'cancelled' status reflects that the 44th Parliament was prorogued in January 2025 and dissolved in March 2025, which terminates unpassed bills; this was not confirmed on the fetched page.","scope_summary":"Scope is as set out in the official text linked below. Issued by Parliament of Canada (sponsored by the Minister of Innovation, Science and Industry). Oversight: Proposed AI and Data Commissioner within Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada. Stated purpose: Regulate high-impact AI systems to prevent harm and biased output in the private sector.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2022-06-16: Bill C-27 introduced at first reading in the House of Commons; 2023-04-24: Second reading passed; referred to the Standing Committee on Industry and Technology","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Only the announcement or adoption date is recorded from the source; in-force and application dates are to be confirmed by a reviewer.","taxonomy":[],"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Artificial Intelligence and Data Act (Part 3 of Bill C-27, Digital Charter Implementation Act, 2022)","publisher":"Parliament of Canada (LEGISinfo)","url":"https://www.parl.ca/legisinfo/en/bill/44-1/c-27","document_date":"2022-06-16","document_type":"legislation","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.parl.ca/legisinfo/en/bill/44-1/c-27","source_title":"Artificial Intelligence and Data Act (Part 3 of Bill C-27, Digital Charter Implementation Act, 2022)","source_publisher":"Parliament of Canada (LEGISinfo)","source_document_date":"2022-06-16","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported from the source-backed legacy dataset (database/data/ai_policies.json); fields limited to what the official source page states. Reviewer to enrich scope, dates and obligations.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"canada-pan-canadian-artificial-intelligence-strategy","title":"Pan-Canadian Artificial Intelligence Strategy","short_title":"Pan-Canadian Artificial Intelligence Strategy","jurisdiction":"canada","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada","summary_plain":"The Pan-Canadian AI Strategy is Canada's national AI strategy, first funded in Budget 2017 with $125 million and delivered largely through CIFAR and three national AI institutes. A second phase from 2021 added funding for commercialisation, standards and computing capacity, with further support in the 2024 Fall Economic Statement. It focuses on attracting and retaining researchers, translating research into industry adoption and promoting responsible AI.","adopted_on":"2017-03-22","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/ai-strategy/en","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:52:59+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/canada-pan-canadian-artificial-intelligence-strategy","status_note":"The ISED page gives launch year 2017 and Budget 2017/2021 funding but not exact dates; 2017-03-22 and 2021-04-19 are the federal budget dates and were not shown on the page itself.","scope_summary":"Scope is as set out in the official text linked below. Issued by Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada. Oversight: ISED oversees; CIFAR delivers research and talent pillars with Amii, Mila and the Vector Institute. Stated purpose: Build Canadian AI research capacity, talent and commercialisation.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2017-03-22: Strategy funded in Budget 2017 (Phase I, $125 million); 2021-04-19: Phase II announced in Budget 2021 ($443.8 million)","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Only the announcement or adoption date is recorded from the source; in-force and application dates are to be confirmed by a reviewer.","taxonomy":[],"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Pan-Canadian Artificial Intelligence Strategy","publisher":"Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada","url":"https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/ai-strategy/en","document_date":"2017-03-22","document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/ai-strategy/en","source_title":"Pan-Canadian Artificial Intelligence Strategy","source_publisher":"Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada","source_document_date":"2017-03-22","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported from the source-backed legacy dataset (database/data/ai_policies.json); fields limited to what the official source page states. Reviewer to enrich scope, dates and obligations.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"canada-voluntary-code-of-conduct-on-the-responsible-development-and-management-of-advanced-generative-ai-syste","title":"Voluntary Code of Conduct on the Responsible Development and Management of Advanced Generative AI Systems","short_title":"Voluntary Code of Conduct on the Responsible Development and Management of Advanced Generative AI Systems","jurisdiction":"canada","instrument_type":"guidance","status":"guidance","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada","summary_plain":"This voluntary code asks Canadian developers and managers of advanced generative AI systems to commit to measures under six principles: accountability, safety, fairness and equity, transparency, human oversight and monitoring, and validity and robustness. Obligations are scaled according to whether a system is made available for general public use. It was introduced as a bridge while the Artificial Intelligence and Data Act was before Parliament, and lists around fifty signatory organisations.","adopted_on":"2023-09-27","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/ised/en/voluntary-code-conduct-responsible-development-and-management-advanced-generative-ai-systems","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:52:59+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/canada-voluntary-code-of-conduct-on-the-responsible-development-and-management-of-advanced-generative-ai-syste","status_note":"The fetched page shows 'September 2023' without a day; 27 September 2023 is the widely reported launch date but was not confirmed on the page.","scope_summary":"Scope is as set out in the official text linked below. Issued by Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada. Oversight: ISED administers; signatory companies self-implement the commitments. Stated purpose: Interim voluntary safeguards for generative AI developers pending binding legislation.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2023-09-27: Code published with initial signatories","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Only the announcement or adoption date is recorded from the source; in-force and application dates are to be confirmed by a reviewer.","taxonomy":[],"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Voluntary Code of Conduct on the Responsible Development and Management of Advanced Generative AI Systems","publisher":"Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada","url":"https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/ised/en/voluntary-code-conduct-responsible-development-and-management-advanced-generative-ai-systems","document_date":"2023-09-27","document_type":"guidance","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/ised/en/voluntary-code-conduct-responsible-development-and-management-advanced-generative-ai-systems","source_title":"Voluntary Code of Conduct on the Responsible Development and Management of Advanced Generative AI Systems","source_publisher":"Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada","source_document_date":"2023-09-27","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported from the source-backed legacy dataset (database/data/ai_policies.json); fields limited to what the official source page states. Reviewer to enrich scope, dates and obligations.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"ca-ontario-enhancing-digital-security-and-trust-act-2024","title":"Strengthening Cyber Security and Building Trust in the Public Sector Act, 2024 (Bill 194), Schedule 1: Enhancing Digital Security and Trust Act, 2024","short_title":"Ontario Enhancing Digital Security and Trust Act, 2024 (Bill 194)","jurisdiction":"ca-ontario","instrument_type":"act","status":"adopted","is_binding":true,"issuing_body":"Legislative Assembly of Ontario","summary_plain":"The Act allows the Ontario government to make regulations governing the use of AI systems by public-sector entities (ministries, agencies, hospitals, school boards, municipalities as prescribed): requirements to disclose AI use, to develop and implement accountability frameworks, to take steps to manage risks, to have human oversight, and prohibitions on prescribed uses. It also addresses cyber security and children's digital information.","adopted_on":"2024-11-25","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.ola.org/en/legislative-business/bills/parliament-43/session-1/bill-194","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:52:59+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/ca-ontario-enhancing-digital-security-and-trust-act-2024","status_note":"Royal assent 25 November 2024; AI provisions come into force by proclamation and depend on regulations that set disclosure, accountability and risk-management requirements.","scope_summary":"Ontario public-sector entities as prescribed by regulation; not private organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2024-11-25: royal assent; AI provisions in force on proclamation.","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Dates are taken from the linked official source; a reviewer should confirm in-force and application dates before relying on them.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["healthcare","education","public_services"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Bill 194","publisher":"Legislative Assembly of Ontario","url":"https://www.ola.org/en/legislative-business/bills/parliament-43/session-1/bill-194","document_date":"2024-11-25","document_type":"legislation","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.ola.org/en/legislative-business/bills/parliament-43/session-1/bill-194","source_title":"Bill 194","source_publisher":"Legislative Assembly of Ontario","source_document_date":"2024-11-25","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"ca-ontario-working-for-workers-four-act-ai-in-job-postings","title":"Working for Workers Four Act, 2024 (Bill 149): disclosure of artificial intelligence use in publicly advertised job postings","short_title":"Ontario Working for Workers Four Act (AI disclosure in job postings)","jurisdiction":"ca-ontario","instrument_type":"act","status":"in_force","is_binding":true,"issuing_body":"Legislative Assembly of Ontario","summary_plain":"Amends the Employment Standards Act, 2000 to require employers with 25 or more employees to disclose in every publicly advertised job posting whether artificial intelligence is used to screen, assess or select applicants, alongside new rules on salary ranges and Canadian-experience requirements. The AI disclosure requirement is in force from 1 January 2026.","adopted_on":"2024-03-21","in_force_on":"2026-01-01","applies_from":"2026-01-01","official_source_url":"https://www.ola.org/en/legislative-business/bills/parliament-43/session-1/bill-149","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:52:59+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/ca-ontario-working-for-workers-four-act-ai-in-job-postings","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Employers in Ontario with 25 or more employees publishing public job postings.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2024-03-21: royal assent; 2026-01-01: job-posting provisions in force.","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Dates are taken from the linked official source; a reviewer should confirm in-force and application dates before relying on them.","taxonomy":{"actor":["deployer"],"ai_system_type":["automated_decision_system"],"sector":["employment"],"risk_category":["transparency_risk"],"use_case":["hiring_and_hr"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Bill 149, Working for Workers Four Act, 2024","publisher":"Legislative Assembly of Ontario","url":"https://www.ola.org/en/legislative-business/bills/parliament-43/session-1/bill-149","document_date":"2024-03-21","document_type":"legislation","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.ola.org/en/legislative-business/bills/parliament-43/session-1/bill-149","source_title":"Bill 149, Working for Workers Four Act, 2024","source_publisher":"Legislative Assembly of Ontario","source_document_date":"2024-03-21","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"ca-quebec-law-25-automated-decision-provisions","title":"Quebec Law 25 (S.Q. 2021, c. 25): provisions on decisions based exclusively on automated processing and biometric systems","short_title":"Quebec Law 25 (automated decisions and biometrics)","jurisdiction":"ca-quebec","instrument_type":"act","status":"in_force","is_binding":true,"issuing_body":"National Assembly of Quebec","summary_plain":"Section 12.1 of the private-sector privacy act (as amended by Law 25, in force 22 September 2023) requires any enterprise that uses personal information to render a decision based exclusively on automated processing to inform the person no later than when the decision is made, and, on request, to tell them what personal information was used, the reasons and principal factors and parameters, and their right to have the information corrected, and to give them an opportunity to submit observations to a person who can review the decision. Biometric identification databases must be declared to the Commission d'accès à l'information 60 days before use, and privacy impact assessments are mandatory for projects involving personal information. Penalties reach CAD 25 million or 4% of worldwide turnover.","adopted_on":"2021-09-22","in_force_on":"2023-09-22","applies_from":"2023-09-22","official_source_url":"https://www.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/fileadmin/Fichiers_client/lois_et_reglements/LoisAnnuelles/en/2021/2021C25A.PDF","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:52:59+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/ca-quebec-law-25-automated-decision-provisions","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Enterprises and public bodies in Quebec using personal information in exclusively automated decisions or biometric systems.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2021-09-22: assented; 2022-09-22: first provisions; 2023-09-22: automated-decision provisions in force; 2024-09-22: data portability.","penalties_summary":"Administrative monetary penalties up to CAD 10 million or 2% of worldwide turnover; penal fines up to CAD 25 million or 4% of worldwide turnover.","what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Dates are taken from the linked official source; a reviewer should confirm in-force and application dates before relying on them.","taxonomy":{"actor":["deployer","public_authority"],"ai_system_type":["automated_decision_system","biometric_system"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"risk_category":["transparency_risk"],"use_case":["hiring_and_hr","biometrics","finance_and_credit"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"S.Q. 2021, c. 25","publisher":"Publications Québec","url":"https://www.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/fileadmin/Fichiers_client/lois_et_reglements/LoisAnnuelles/en/2021/2021C25A.PDF","document_date":"2021-09-22","document_type":"legislation","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/fileadmin/Fichiers_client/lois_et_reglements/LoisAnnuelles/en/2021/2021C25A.PDF","source_title":"S.Q. 2021, c. 25","source_publisher":"Publications Québec","source_document_date":"2021-09-22","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"chile-politica-nacional-de-inteligencia-artificial","title":"Política Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial – Actualización 2024 y Plan de Acción (National Artificial Intelligence Policy – 2024 Update and Action Plan)","short_title":"Política Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial","jurisdiction":"chile","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología, Conocimiento e Innovación (MinCiencia)","summary_plain":"Chile updated its 2021 National AI Policy in 2024, keeping the ten-year horizon to 2031 but reorienting it around ethics, governance and inclusion after a participatory process across the country's regions. The accompanying action plan lists 177 initiatives coordinated by 14 ministries under axes covering enabling factors, development and adoption, and governance and ethics, with periodic progress reporting. The update was presented on 2 May 2024 together with the announcement of a government bill to regulate AI systems.","adopted_on":"2024-05-02","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.minciencia.gob.cl/areas/inteligencia-artificial/Inteligencia-Artificial/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:52:59+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/chile-politica-nacional-de-inteligencia-artificial","status_note":"Second milestone date uses the first of the month because the ministry page states only 'April 2025'. The updated policy PDF on minciencia.gob.cl loads but was not text-parsed; a decree formalising the update is reported by third parties but was not verified on an official page.","scope_summary":"Scope is as set out in the official text linked below. Issued by Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología, Conocimiento e Innovación (MinCiencia). Oversight: MinCiencia leads; interministerial coordination with semi-annual monitoring of the action plan. Stated purpose: Steer ethical, inclusive AI development and prepare the ground for regulation.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2024-05-02: Updated National AI Policy and Action Plan presented; 2025-04-01: Action plan progress report: 78% of 177 initiatives implemented or completed (as of April 2025)","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Only the announcement or adoption date is recorded from the source; in-force and application dates are to be confirmed by a reviewer.","taxonomy":[],"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Política Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial – Actualización 2024 y Plan de Acción (National Artificial Intelligence Policy – 2024 Update and Action Plan)","publisher":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología, Conocimiento e Innovación","url":"https://www.minciencia.gob.cl/areas/inteligencia-artificial/Inteligencia-Artificial/","document_date":"2024-05-02","document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"Updated National AI Policy and Action Plan presented","publisher":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología, Conocimiento e Innovación","url":"https://www.minrel.gob.cl/sala-de-prensa/canciller-asistio-a-la-presentacion-de-la-actualizacion-de-la-politica","document_date":"2024-05-02","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"Action plan progress report: 78% of 177 initiatives implemented or completed (as of April 2025)","publisher":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología, Conocimiento e Innovación","url":"https://www.minciencia.gob.cl/areas/inteligencia-artificial/Inteligencia-Artificial/politica-Nacional-Inteligencia-Artificial-Plan-Accion/","document_date":"2025-04-01","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.minciencia.gob.cl/areas/inteligencia-artificial/Inteligencia-Artificial/","source_title":"Política Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial – Actualización 2024 y Plan de Acción (National Artificial Intelligence Policy – 2024 Update and Action Plan)","source_publisher":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología, Conocimiento e Innovación","source_document_date":"2024-05-02","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported from the source-backed legacy dataset (database/data/ai_policies.json); fields limited to what the official source page states. Reviewer to enrich scope, dates and obligations.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"chile-proyecto-de-ley-que-regula-los-sistemas-de-inteligencia-artificial-boletin-16821-19","title":"Proyecto de ley que regula los sistemas de inteligencia artificial, Boletín 16821-19 (Bill regulating artificial intelligence systems, Bulletin 16821-19)","short_title":"Proyecto de ley que regula los sistemas de inteligencia artificial, Boletín 16821-19","jurisdiction":"chile","instrument_type":"bill","status":"proposed","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Presidencia de la República (Mensaje) / Congreso Nacional (Cámara de Diputadas y Diputados; Senado)","summary_plain":"Introduced by presidential message in May 2024 and merged with an earlier parliamentary motion (Boletín 15869-19), the bill classifies AI system uses into unacceptable, high, limited and no-evident-risk categories, prohibits certain practices, and sets obligations, incident reporting and sanctions. It creates a Technical Advisory Council on AI to advise MinCiencia and proposes periodic review of the law. The Chamber of Deputies approved the text in October 2025 and it is now in second constitutional stage before the Senate's Future Challenges, Science, Technology and Innovation Committee.","adopted_on":"2024-05-07","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.senado.cl/comunicaciones/noticias/proyecto-que-regula-sistemas-de-inteligencia-artificial-sera-estudiado-por","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:52:59+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/chile-proyecto-de-ley-que-regula-los-sistemas-de-inteligencia-artificial-boletin-16821-19","status_note":"The camara.cl tramitación page (primary record) returned HTTP 403 to automated fetches, so the ingreso date of 7 May 2024 and the Chamber approval (reported as 13 October 2025) rest on search snippets rather than a fetched official page. The Senate news page (fetched, HTTP 200) confirms second-stage status and committee assignment as of 24 October 2025.","scope_summary":"Scope is as set out in the official text linked below. Issued by Presidencia de la República (Mensaje) / Congreso Nacional (Cámara de Diputadas y Diputados; Senado). Oversight: Bill assigns oversight to MinCiencia with a Technical Advisory Council on AI and sanctioning powers for supervisory agencies. Stated purpose: Risk-based regulation of AI uses to protect fundamental rights.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2024-05-07: Bill entered the Chamber of Deputies by presidential message; 2025-10-24: Senate assigns bill (second constitutional stage) to the Future Challenges Committee","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Only the announcement or adoption date is recorded from the source; in-force and application dates are to be confirmed by a reviewer.","taxonomy":[],"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Proyecto de ley que regula los sistemas de inteligencia artificial, Boletín 16821-19 (Bill regulating artificial intelligence systems, Bulletin 16821-19)","publisher":"Senado de la República de Chile","url":"https://www.senado.cl/comunicaciones/noticias/proyecto-que-regula-sistemas-de-inteligencia-artificial-sera-estudiado-por","document_date":"2024-05-07","document_type":"legislation","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"Bill entered the Chamber of Deputies by presidential message","publisher":"Senado de la República de Chile","url":"https://www.camara.cl/legislacion/proyectosdeley/tramitacion.aspx?prmID=17429&prmBOLETIN=16821-19","document_date":"2024-05-07","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.senado.cl/comunicaciones/noticias/proyecto-que-regula-sistemas-de-inteligencia-artificial-sera-estudiado-por","source_title":"Proyecto de ley que regula los sistemas de inteligencia artificial, Boletín 16821-19 (Bill regulating artificial intelligence systems, Bulletin 16821-19)","source_publisher":"Senado de la República de Chile","source_document_date":"2024-05-07","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported from the source-backed legacy dataset (database/data/ai_policies.json); fields limited to what the official source page states. Reviewer to enrich scope, dates and obligations.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"china-interim-measures-for-the-management-of-generative-artificial-intelligence-services","title":"Interim Measures for the Management of Generative Artificial Intelligence Services","short_title":"Interim Measures for the Management of Generative Artificial Intelligence Services","jurisdiction":"china","instrument_type":"regulation","status":"in_force","is_binding":true,"issuing_body":"Cyberspace Administration of China with NDRC, Ministry of Education, MOST, MIIT, Ministry of Public Security and NRTA","summary_plain":"These measures govern generative AI services offered to the public in China, whether producing text, images, audio or video. Providers must use lawfully sourced training data, take steps against discrimination, protect personal information, label generated content, handle user complaints and ensure outputs comply with content rules. Services with public-opinion or social-mobilisation capacity must complete security assessments and algorithm filing. The measures took effect on 15 August 2023.","adopted_on":"2023-07-13","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.cac.gov.cn/2023-07/13/c_1690898327029107.htm","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:52:59+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/china-interim-measures-for-the-management-of-generative-artificial-intelligence-services","status_note":"Document is dated 10 July 2023 and was published on the CAC site on 13 July 2023; the publication date is used as the announcement date.","scope_summary":"Scope is as set out in the official text linked below. Issued by Cyberspace Administration of China with NDRC, Ministry of Education, MOST, MIIT, Ministry of Public Security and NRTA. Oversight: Cyberspace Administration of China leads; sectoral ministries supervise within their remits. Stated purpose: Regulate public-facing generative AI to control content risks while supporting industry development.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2023-07-13: Measures published (Order No. 15, dated 10 July 2023); 2023-08-15: Measures enter into force","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Only the announcement or adoption date is recorded from the source; in-force and application dates are to be confirmed by a reviewer.","taxonomy":[],"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Interim Measures for the Management of Generative Artificial Intelligence Services","publisher":"Cyberspace Administration of China","url":"https://www.cac.gov.cn/2023-07/13/c_1690898327029107.htm","document_date":"2023-07-13","document_type":"legislation","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.cac.gov.cn/2023-07/13/c_1690898327029107.htm","source_title":"Interim Measures for the Management of Generative Artificial Intelligence Services","source_publisher":"Cyberspace Administration of China","source_document_date":"2023-07-13","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported from the source-backed legacy dataset (database/data/ai_policies.json); fields limited to what the official source page states. Reviewer to enrich scope, dates and obligations.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"china-measures-for-labeling-artificial-intelligence-generated-and-synthetic-content","title":"Measures for Labeling Artificial Intelligence-Generated and Synthetic Content","short_title":"Measures for Labeling Artificial Intelligence-Generated and Synthetic Content","jurisdiction":"china","instrument_type":"regulation","status":"in_force","is_binding":true,"issuing_body":"Cyberspace Administration of China with MIIT, Ministry of Public Security and NRTA","summary_plain":"These measures require providers of AI generation and synthesis services to attach explicit labels (visible text, audio or graphic notices) and implicit labels (embedded metadata) to generated text, images, audio, video and virtual scenes. Platforms distributing content must check for and preserve labels, users must declare AI-generated material, and removing or forging labels is prohibited. Compliance is checked during algorithm filing and security assessments. The measures took effect on 1 September 2025.","adopted_on":"2025-03-14","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.cac.gov.cn/2025-03/14/c_1743654684782215.htm","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:52:59+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/china-measures-for-labeling-artificial-intelligence-generated-and-synthetic-content","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Scope is as set out in the official text linked below. Issued by Cyberspace Administration of China with MIIT, Ministry of Public Security and NRTA. Oversight: Cyberspace Administration of China coordinates; enforced through algorithm filing and security assessment processes. Stated purpose: Make AI-generated content identifiable to counter misinformation and misuse.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2025-03-14: Measures published; 2025-09-01: Measures enter into force","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Only the announcement or adoption date is recorded from the source; in-force and application dates are to be confirmed by a reviewer.","taxonomy":[],"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Measures for Labeling Artificial Intelligence-Generated and Synthetic Content","publisher":"Cyberspace Administration of China","url":"https://www.cac.gov.cn/2025-03/14/c_1743654684782215.htm","document_date":"2025-03-14","document_type":"legislation","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.cac.gov.cn/2025-03/14/c_1743654684782215.htm","source_title":"Measures for Labeling Artificial Intelligence-Generated and Synthetic Content","source_publisher":"Cyberspace Administration of China","source_document_date":"2025-03-14","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported from the source-backed legacy dataset (database/data/ai_policies.json); fields limited to what the official source page states. Reviewer to enrich scope, dates and obligations.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"china-opinions-of-the-state-council-on-deepening-the-implementation-of-the-ai-plus-action","title":"Opinions of the State Council on Deepening the Implementation of the 'AI Plus' Action","short_title":"Opinions of the State Council on Deepening the Implementation of the 'AI Plus' Action","jurisdiction":"china","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"State Council of the People's Republic of China","summary_plain":"This State Council policy document (Guofa [2025] No. 11) sets national targets for AI adoption: broad integration in six priority areas and over 70 percent penetration of intelligent terminals and agents by 2027, over 90 percent by 2030, and a fully intelligent economy and society by 2035. It directs actions in science and technology, industry, consumption, public welfare, governance and international cooperation, backed by measures on models, data, computing infrastructure, talent, law and safety. It succeeds the 2017 New Generation AI Development Plan as the current headline national AI strategy.","adopted_on":"2025-08-26","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/202508/content_7037861.htm","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:52:59+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/china-opinions-of-the-state-council-on-deepening-the-implementation-of-the-ai-plus-action","status_note":"Document dated 21 August 2025, published 26 August 2025; publication date used.","scope_summary":"Scope is as set out in the official text linked below. Issued by State Council of the People's Republic of China. Oversight: State Council; implemented by NDRC and line ministries with local governments. Stated purpose: Diffuse AI across the economy, public services and governance to drive growth.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2017-07-20: Predecessor New Generation AI Development Plan (Guofa [2017] No. 35) issued; 2025-08-26: Opinions issued by the State Council (document dated 21 August 2025)","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Only the announcement or adoption date is recorded from the source; in-force and application dates are to be confirmed by a reviewer.","taxonomy":[],"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Opinions of the State Council on Deepening the Implementation of the 'AI Plus' Action","publisher":"Central People's Government of the PRC (gov.cn)","url":"https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/202508/content_7037861.htm","document_date":"2025-08-26","document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"Predecessor New Generation AI Development Plan (Guofa [2017] No. 35) issued","publisher":"Central People's Government of the PRC (gov.cn)","url":"https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2017-07/20/content_5211996.htm","document_date":"2017-07-20","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/202508/content_7037861.htm","source_title":"Opinions of the State Council on Deepening the Implementation of the 'AI Plus' Action","source_publisher":"Central People's Government of the PRC (gov.cn)","source_document_date":"2025-08-26","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported from the source-backed legacy dataset (database/data/ai_policies.json); fields limited to what the official source page states. Reviewer to enrich scope, dates and obligations.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"colombia-documento-conpes-4144","title":"Documento CONPES 4144 – Política Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial (CONPES Document 4144 – National Artificial Intelligence Policy)","short_title":"Documento CONPES 4144","jurisdiction":"colombia","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Consejo Nacional de Política Económica y Social (CONPES) / Departamento Nacional de Planeación (DNP)","summary_plain":"CONPES 4144, approved on 14 February 2025, is Colombia's national AI policy and roadmap through 2030. It sets objectives on governance and ethics, data and infrastructure, research and talent, and adoption across the public and private sectors, backed by an action plan of more than 100 actions with assigned entities and an indicative budget. The DNP, MinTIC, Minciencias and several line ministries share responsibility for its execution and monitoring.","adopted_on":"2025-02-14","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://normograma.mintic.gov.co/mintic/compilacion/docs/CONPES_DNP_4144_2025.htm","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:52:59+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/colombia-documento-conpes-4144","status_note":"The primary DNP host (colaboracion.dnp.gov.co PDF and sisconpes.dnp.gov.co) timed out on every fetch attempt from this environment, so the recorded source is MinTIC's official legal compilation of the same document (HTTP 200). The DNP PDF URL is https://colaboracion.dnp.gov.co/CDT/Conpes/Económicos/4144.pdf. Reported figures of 100+ actions and about COP 479 billion come from DNP-affiliated summaries via search, not a fetched page.","scope_summary":"Scope is as set out in the official text linked below. Issued by Consejo Nacional de Política Económica y Social (CONPES) / Departamento Nacional de Planeación (DNP). Oversight: DNP steers the policy; MinTIC and Minciencias lead technical implementation with other ministries. Stated purpose: Promote ethical, sustainable AI adoption and close capability gaps to 2030.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2025-02-14: CONPES 4144 approved by the National Council for Economic and Social Policy","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Only the announcement or adoption date is recorded from the source; in-force and application dates are to be confirmed by a reviewer.","taxonomy":[],"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Documento CONPES 4144 – Política Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial (CONPES Document 4144 – National Artificial Intelligence Policy)","publisher":"Ministerio de Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones (normograma) – DNP document","url":"https://normograma.mintic.gov.co/mintic/compilacion/docs/CONPES_DNP_4144_2025.htm","document_date":"2025-02-14","document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://normograma.mintic.gov.co/mintic/compilacion/docs/CONPES_DNP_4144_2025.htm","source_title":"Documento CONPES 4144 – Política Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial (CONPES Document 4144 – National Artificial Intelligence Policy)","source_publisher":"Ministerio de Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones (normograma) – DNP document","source_document_date":"2025-02-14","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported from the source-backed legacy dataset (database/data/ai_policies.json); fields limited to what the official source page states. Reviewer to enrich scope, dates and obligations.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"costa-rica-national-ai-strategy-2024-2027","title":"Estrategia Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial de Costa Rica 2024–2027","short_title":"National AI Strategy 2024–2027","jurisdiction":"costa-rica","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Government of Costa Rica (MICITT)","summary_plain":"Launched in October 2024, the strategy sets pillars on governance and ethics, talent and skills, research and innovation, infrastructure and data, and adoption in the public sector and productive sectors, with an action plan to 2027 informed by UNESCO's Readiness Assessment Methodology.","adopted_on":"2024-10-01","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.micitt.go.cr/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:52:59+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/costa-rica-national-ai-strategy-2024-2027","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Government programme; no obligations on private organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Month-level date.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Estrategia Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial 2024–2027","publisher":"MICITT","url":"https://www.micitt.go.cr/","document_date":"2024-10-01","document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.micitt.go.cr/","source_title":"Estrategia Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial 2024–2027","source_publisher":"MICITT","source_document_date":"2024-10-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"cote-d-ivoire-national-ai-strategy-2025","title":"Stratégie nationale de l'intelligence artificielle de la Côte d'Ivoire","short_title":"National AI Strategy (2025)","jurisdiction":"cote-d-ivoire","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Government of Côte d'Ivoire","summary_plain":"The strategy sets priorities on AI talent and research, adoption in public services, agriculture, health and education, data governance and infrastructure, and ethical use.","adopted_on":null,"in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://numerique.gouv.ci/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:52:59+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/cote-d-ivoire-national-ai-strategy-2025","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Government programme; no obligations on private organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Adoption date not established from the official source and left empty rather than estimated; the year in the title or summary is the best available indication. Reviewer to add the exact date with a source reference.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Ministère de la Transition Numérique","publisher":"Government of Côte d'Ivoire","url":"https://numerique.gouv.ci/","document_date":null,"document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://numerique.gouv.ci/","source_title":"Ministère de la Transition Numérique","source_publisher":"Government of Côte d'Ivoire","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"council-of-europe-framework-convention-on-ai","title":"Council of Europe Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law (CETS No. 225)","short_title":"Framework Convention on AI (CETS 225)","jurisdiction":"council-of-europe","instrument_type":"act","status":"adopted","is_binding":true,"issuing_body":"Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe","summary_plain":"The first international treaty on AI. Parties must adopt or maintain measures so that activities within the lifecycle of AI systems are consistent with human rights, democracy and the rule of law, covering public authorities and actors on their behalf and, by choice of approach, private actors. It sets principles (human dignity and autonomy, transparency and oversight, accountability, equality and non-discrimination, privacy, reliability, safe innovation), requires remedies, procedural safeguards and risk and impact assessment, allows moratoria or bans for incompatible uses, and creates a Conference of the Parties for follow-up. National-security activities and defence are excluded.","adopted_on":"2024-05-17","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list?module=treaty-detail&treatynum=225","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:52:59+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/council-of-europe-framework-convention-on-ai","status_note":"Adopted 17 May 2024 and open for signature since 5 September 2024. Entry into force requires five ratifications including three Council of Europe member states; check the treaty office page for the current status.","scope_summary":"Obligations fall on state parties for the public sector; parties choose how to address private-sector AI activities. Activities related to national security and research and development not yet in use are excluded.","who_it_applies_to":"States and the EU that ratify; public authorities and private actors through implementing measures.","key_dates_summary":"2024-05-17: adopted by the Committee of Ministers; 2024-09-05: opened for signature in Vilnius; entry into force after five ratifications (three from member states).","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":"2024-09-05","date_notes":"Entry into force date not confirmed from the treaty office at the time of checking.","taxonomy":{"actor":["provider","deployer","user","public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector","public_services"],"risk_category":["unclassified"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[{"title":"Opened for signature","due_on":"2024-09-05","date_precision":"exact","date_label":null,"display_date":"5 September 2024","description":"Signing conference in Vilnius, Lithuania.","source_reference":null,"official_source_url":null,"status":"passed","confidence_level":"high"},{"title":"Entry into force","due_on":null,"date_precision":"tbd","date_label":null,"display_date":"Date not yet set","description":"First day of the month following three months after the fifth ratification, including at least three Council of Europe member states.","source_reference":null,"official_source_url":null,"status":"tbd","confidence_level":"medium"}],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Framework Convention on AI (CETS No. 225)","publisher":"Council of Europe","url":"https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list?module=treaty-detail&treatynum=225","document_date":"2024-05-17","document_type":"legislation","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":["eu-ai-act"],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[{"question":"Which countries have signed?","answer":"Signatories include the European Union, the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Japan, Israel, Andorra, Georgia, Iceland, Norway, Moldova, San Marino, Switzerland and Ukraine, among others; check the Council of Europe treaty office for the current list and ratifications."}],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list?module=treaty-detail&treatynum=225","source_title":"Framework Convention on AI (CETS No. 225)","source_publisher":"Council of Europe","source_document_date":"2024-05-17","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"council-of-europe-huderia-methodology","title":"Methodology for the Risk and Impact Assessment of Artificial Intelligence Systems from the Point of View of Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law (HUDERIA)","short_title":"HUDERIA risk and impact assessment methodology","jurisdiction":"council-of-europe","instrument_type":"framework","status":"guidance","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Council of Europe Committee on Artificial Intelligence (CAI)","summary_plain":"Adopted by the CAI in November 2024, HUDERIA is a structured methodology for assessing risks and impacts of AI systems on human rights, democracy and the rule of law across the lifecycle: context-based risk analysis, stakeholder engagement, risk and impact assessment, and mitigation planning with iterative review. It supports implementation of the Framework Convention and can be used by public and private organisations.","adopted_on":"2024-11-28","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.coe.int/en/web/artificial-intelligence/huderia","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:52:59+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/council-of-europe-huderia-methodology","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Voluntary methodology for developers and deployers of AI systems, and for states implementing the Convention.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Dates are taken from the linked official source; a reviewer should confirm in-force and application dates before relying on them.","taxonomy":{"actor":["provider","deployer","public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"HUDERIA","publisher":"Council of Europe","url":"https://www.coe.int/en/web/artificial-intelligence/huderia","document_date":"2024-11-28","document_type":"guidance","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":["nist_ai_rmf","iso_42001"],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.coe.int/en/web/artificial-intelligence/huderia","source_title":"HUDERIA","source_publisher":"Council of Europe","source_document_date":"2024-11-28","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"croatia-national-plan-for-ai-development","title":"Nacionalni plan razvoja umjetne inteligencije","short_title":"National Plan for the Development of AI","jurisdiction":"croatia","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"proposed","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Government of Croatia (Central State Office for the Development of the Digital Society)","summary_plain":"The national AI plan sets priorities for research, skills, public-sector and business adoption, data and infrastructure and trustworthy AI in line with the EU coordinated plan and the AI Act.","adopted_on":null,"in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://rdd.gov.hr/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:00+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/croatia-national-plan-for-ai-development","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Government programme; no obligations on private organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Adoption date not established from the official source and left empty rather than estimated; the year in the title or summary is the best available indication. Reviewer to add the exact date with a source reference.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Central State Office for the Development of the Digital Society","publisher":"Government of Croatia","url":"https://rdd.gov.hr/","document_date":null,"document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://rdd.gov.hr/","source_title":"Central State Office for the Development of the Digital Society","source_publisher":"Government of Croatia","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"cuba-national-ai-strategy","title":"Estrategia para el desarrollo y uso de la inteligencia artificial en Cuba","short_title":"National AI strategy (2024)","jurisdiction":"cuba","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Government of Cuba (Ministry of Communications)","summary_plain":"The strategy sets principles for the ethical development and use of AI in Cuba, priorities for public administration, health and education, and a governance structure led by the Ministry of Communications.","adopted_on":null,"in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.mincom.gob.cu/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:00+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/cuba-national-ai-strategy","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Government programme; no obligations on private organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Adoption date not established from the official source and left empty rather than estimated; the year in the title or summary is the best available indication. Reviewer to add the exact date with a source reference.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Ministerio de Comunicaciones","publisher":"Government of Cuba","url":"https://www.mincom.gob.cu/","document_date":null,"document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.mincom.gob.cu/","source_title":"Ministerio de Comunicaciones","source_publisher":"Government of Cuba","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"cyprus-national-ai-strategy","title":"National Artificial Intelligence Strategy of the Republic of Cyprus","short_title":"National AI Strategy (2020, action plan 2024)","jurisdiction":"cyprus","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Council of Ministers of Cyprus","summary_plain":"Approved in January 2020 and updated by an action plan in 2024, the strategy covers research, skills, data and infrastructure, public-sector and business adoption, and ethical, trustworthy AI aligned with the EU framework.","adopted_on":"2020-01-15","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.dmrid.gov.cy/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:00+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/cyprus-national-ai-strategy","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Government programme; no obligations on private organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Month-level date; to be confirmed.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"National AI Strategy","publisher":"Deputy Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digital Policy","url":"https://www.dmrid.gov.cy/","document_date":"2020-01-15","document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.dmrid.gov.cy/","source_title":"National AI Strategy","source_publisher":"Deputy Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digital Policy","source_document_date":"2020-01-15","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"czechia-national-ai-strategy-2030","title":"Národní strategie umělé inteligence České republiky 2030","short_title":"National AI Strategy 2030","jurisdiction":"czechia","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Government of the Czech Republic (Ministry of Industry and Trade)","summary_plain":"Approved by the government in July 2024, the strategy to 2030 replaces the 2019 strategy and sets priorities on research and innovation, skills, infrastructure and data, industry and public-sector adoption, trustworthy AI and AI Act implementation, with measurable goals and a governance structure.","adopted_on":"2024-07-24","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.mpo.gov.cz/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:00+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/czechia-national-ai-strategy-2030","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Government programme; no obligations on private organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Government approval July 2024; exact date to be confirmed.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Národní strategie umělé inteligence ČR 2030","publisher":"Ministry of Industry and Trade","url":"https://www.mpo.gov.cz/","document_date":"2024-07-24","document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.mpo.gov.cz/","source_title":"Národní strategie umělé inteligence ČR 2030","source_publisher":"Ministry of Industry and Trade","source_document_date":"2024-07-24","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"denmark-national-strategy-for-artificial-intelligence-2019","title":"National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence","short_title":"National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (2019)","jurisdiction":"denmark","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Government of Denmark (Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Industry, Business and Financial Affairs)","summary_plain":"Published in March 2019, the strategy sets a responsible foundation for AI (ethical principles, data ethics council, legal clarity), more and better data, strong competences and new knowledge, and increased investment, with priority sectors of health, energy and utilities, agriculture and transport, and a set of public-sector pilot projects.","adopted_on":"2019-03-14","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://en.digst.dk/strategy/the-national-strategy-for-artificial-intelligence/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:00+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/denmark-national-strategy-for-artificial-intelligence-2019","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Government programme; no obligations on private organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Published March 2019.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector","healthcare","public_services"],"use_case":["health","public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence","publisher":"Danish Government","url":"https://en.digst.dk/strategy/the-national-strategy-for-artificial-intelligence/","document_date":"2019-03-14","document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://en.digst.dk/strategy/the-national-strategy-for-artificial-intelligence/","source_title":"National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence","source_publisher":"Danish Government","source_document_date":"2019-03-14","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"dominican-republic-national-ai-strategy","title":"Estrategia Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial de la República Dominicana (ENIA)","short_title":"National AI Strategy (ENIA)","jurisdiction":"dominican-republic","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Government of the Dominican Republic (OGTIC)","summary_plain":"Adopted in 2023, ENIA sets objectives on ethical and responsible AI, talent development, AI in public services and priority sectors (health, education, tourism, security), data infrastructure and research, with a governance committee and action plan.","adopted_on":"2023-10-01","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://ogtic.gob.do/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:00+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/dominican-republic-national-ai-strategy","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Government programme; no obligations on private organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Month-level date; to be confirmed.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"ENIA","publisher":"OGTIC","url":"https://ogtic.gob.do/","document_date":"2023-10-01","document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://ogtic.gob.do/","source_title":"ENIA","source_publisher":"OGTIC","source_document_date":"2023-10-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"ecuador-draft-organic-law-on-artificial-intelligence","title":"Proyecto de Ley Orgánica de Regulación y Promoción de la Inteligencia Artificial","short_title":"Draft Organic Law on AI","jurisdiction":"ecuador","instrument_type":"bill","status":"proposed","is_binding":true,"issuing_body":"National Assembly of Ecuador","summary_plain":"The draft organic law proposes principles for AI (human-centric, transparency, non-discrimination, safety), a risk-based classification with prohibited and high-risk uses, obligations for developers and deployers, a national AI authority and sanctions, drawing on the EU AI Act and UNESCO recommendation.","adopted_on":null,"in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.asambleanacional.gob.ec/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:00+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/ecuador-draft-organic-law-on-artificial-intelligence","status_note":"Bill under consideration; not enacted at the time of checking.","scope_summary":"Would apply to public and private developers and deployers of AI in Ecuador if enacted.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Bill stage; no dates in force.","taxonomy":{"actor":["provider","deployer","public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"risk_category":["high_risk"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Asamblea Nacional del Ecuador","publisher":"Asamblea Nacional","url":"https://www.asambleanacional.gob.ec/","document_date":null,"document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.asambleanacional.gob.ec/","source_title":"Asamblea Nacional del Ecuador","source_publisher":"Asamblea Nacional","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"egypt-egypt-national-artificial-intelligence-strategy","title":"Egypt National Artificial Intelligence Strategy","short_title":"Egypt National Artificial Intelligence Strategy","jurisdiction":"egypt","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"National Council for Artificial Intelligence, Ministry of Communications and Information Technology","summary_plain":"Egypt's first national AI strategy framed AI as a tool for the country's sustainable development goals and for positioning Egypt as an active contributor to AI in Africa and the Arab region. It covered AI for government, development, capacity building and international activities. It has been superseded by the 2025-2030 second edition.","adopted_on":"2021-07-01","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://mcit.gov.eg/en/Publication/Publication_Summary/9283","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:00+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/egypt-egypt-national-artificial-intelligence-strategy","status_note":"MCIT gives the publication month as July 2021 only; first of month used. NCAI was established in 2019.","scope_summary":"Scope is as set out in the official text linked below. Issued by National Council for Artificial Intelligence, Ministry of Communications and Information Technology. Oversight: NCAI coordinates implementation across ministries. Stated purpose: Leverage AI for sustainable development and regional leadership.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2021-07-01: Strategy published by MCIT (July 2021)","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Only the announcement or adoption date is recorded from the source; in-force and application dates are to be confirmed by a reviewer.","taxonomy":[],"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Egypt National Artificial Intelligence Strategy","publisher":"Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, Egypt","url":"https://mcit.gov.eg/en/Publication/Publication_Summary/9283","document_date":"2021-07-01","document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"Strategy published by MCIT (July 2021)","publisher":"Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, Egypt","url":"https://mcit.gov.eg/Upcont/Documents/Publications_672021000_Egypt-National-AI-Strategy-English.pdf","document_date":"2021-07-01","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://mcit.gov.eg/en/Publication/Publication_Summary/9283","source_title":"Egypt National Artificial Intelligence Strategy","source_publisher":"Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, Egypt","source_document_date":"2021-07-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported from the source-backed legacy dataset (database/data/ai_policies.json); fields limited to what the official source page states. Reviewer to enrich scope, dates and obligations.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"egypt-national-ai-strategy","title":"National AI Strategy - Second Edition 2025-2030","short_title":"National AI Strategy","jurisdiction":"egypt","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"National Council for Artificial Intelligence (NCAI), Ministry of Communications and Information Technology","summary_plain":"The second edition updates Egypt's 2021 strategy for 2025-2030 around six pillars: governance, data, infrastructure, technology, talent and ecosystem. It sets targets for AI specialists, startups and ICT's contribution to GDP, and includes plans for national foundational models and expanded regional and international cooperation.","adopted_on":"2025-01-01","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://mcit.gov.eg/en/Publication/Publication_Summary/10550","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:00+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/egypt-national-ai-strategy","status_note":"MCIT lists the publication month as January 2025 only, so the first of the month is used; media reported a presidential launch on 22 January 2025. Milestone 2 date is also month-only.","scope_summary":"Scope is as set out in the official text linked below. Issued by National Council for Artificial Intelligence (NCAI), Ministry of Communications and Information Technology. Oversight: NCAI (chaired by the ICT Minister) oversees implementation across ministries. Stated purpose: Move from AI adoption to large-scale, sovereign AI capability supporting Digital Egypt.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2025-01-01: Second edition published by MCIT (January 2025); 2026-01-01: NCAI mandate expanded to AI, Quantum Computing and Emerging Technologies (January 2026)","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Only the announcement or adoption date is recorded from the source; in-force and application dates are to be confirmed by a reviewer.","taxonomy":[],"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"National AI Strategy - Second Edition 2025-2030","publisher":"Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, Egypt","url":"https://mcit.gov.eg/en/Publication/Publication_Summary/10550","document_date":"2025-01-01","document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"Second edition published by MCIT (January 2025)","publisher":"Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, Egypt","url":"https://mcit.gov.eg/Upcont/Documents/Publications_2212025000_National_AI_Strategy_Second_Edition_2025_2030.pdf","document_date":"2025-01-01","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"NCAI mandate expanded to AI, Quantum Computing and Emerging Technologies (January 2026)","publisher":"Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, Egypt","url":"https://mcit.gov.eg/en/Artificial_Intelligence","document_date":"2026-01-01","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://mcit.gov.eg/en/Publication/Publication_Summary/10550","source_title":"National AI Strategy - Second Edition 2025-2030","source_publisher":"Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, Egypt","source_document_date":"2025-01-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported from the source-backed legacy dataset (database/data/ai_policies.json); fields limited to what the official source page states. Reviewer to enrich scope, dates and obligations.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"el-salvador-ai-promotion-law-2025","title":"Ley para el Fomento de la Inteligencia Artificial y Tecnologías Emergentes (Decreto Legislativo, febrero de 2025)","short_title":"Law for the Promotion of AI and Emerging Technologies","jurisdiction":"el-salvador","instrument_type":"act","status":"in_force","is_binding":true,"issuing_body":"Asamblea Legislativa de El Salvador","summary_plain":"Approved by the Legislative Assembly in February 2025, the law promotes AI development and investment, creates the National Agency for Artificial Intelligence (ANIA) as regulator, defines rights and principles (human oversight, transparency, non-discrimination, data protection), sets registration and sandbox mechanisms and limits liability of developers who act in good faith under the law, alongside data-processing rules for AI training.","adopted_on":"2025-02-25","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.asamblea.gob.sv/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:00+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/el-salvador-ai-promotion-law-2025","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Developers, providers and users of AI systems in El Salvador and public bodies; ANIA issues implementing regulations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Legislative approval date as reported; publication and entry into force to be confirmed in the Diario Oficial.","taxonomy":{"actor":["provider","deployer","public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"risk_category":["unclassified"],"use_case":["public_services","generative_ai"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Asamblea Legislativa de El Salvador","publisher":"Government of El Salvador","url":"https://www.asamblea.gob.sv/","document_date":null,"document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.asamblea.gob.sv/","source_title":"Asamblea Legislativa de El Salvador","source_publisher":"Government of El Salvador","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"estonia-national-ai-strategy-2024-2026","title":"Eesti tehisintellekti tegevuskava 2024–2026 (Estonia's national AI action plan)","short_title":"National AI strategy 2024–2026","jurisdiction":"estonia","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Ministry of Economic Affairs and Communications","summary_plain":"The third Estonian AI action plan continues the \"kratt\" programme: adoption of AI in public services and the Bürokratt virtual-assistant ecosystem, support for private-sector use, skills and research, data availability, and preparation for the EU AI Act, including public-sector guidelines on generative AI.","adopted_on":"2024-01-01","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.kratid.ee/en","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:00+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/estonia-national-ai-strategy-2024-2026","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Government programme; no obligations on private organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Year-level date; exact adoption date to be confirmed.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Estonia's national AI strategy","publisher":"Ministry of Economic Affairs and Communications","url":"https://www.kratid.ee/en","document_date":null,"document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.kratid.ee/en","source_title":"Estonia's national AI strategy","source_publisher":"Ministry of Economic Affairs and Communications","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"ethiopia-national-ai-policy-2024","title":"National Artificial Intelligence Policy of Ethiopia","short_title":"National AI Policy (2024)","jurisdiction":"ethiopia","instrument_type":"policy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Council of Ministers of Ethiopia (Ethiopian Artificial Intelligence Institute)","summary_plain":"Approved by the Council of Ministers in 2024, the policy sets objectives for AI research and talent, adoption in agriculture, health, education, security and public services, data governance and infrastructure, and ethical, responsible use, with the Ethiopian AI Institute as implementing body.","adopted_on":"2024-06-01","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.aii.et/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:00+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/ethiopia-national-ai-policy-2024","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Government programme; no obligations on private organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Month-level date; to be confirmed.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Ethiopian Artificial Intelligence Institute","publisher":"Government of Ethiopia","url":"https://www.aii.et/","document_date":"2024-06-01","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.aii.et/","source_title":"Ethiopian Artificial Intelligence Institute","source_publisher":"Government of Ethiopia","source_document_date":"2024-06-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"eu-ai-act","title":"Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 — Artificial Intelligence Act","short_title":"EU AI Act","jurisdiction":"eu","instrument_type":"regulation","status":"partially_applicable","is_binding":true,"issuing_body":"European Parliament and Council of the European Union","summary_plain":"The EU AI Act is a binding regulation that sets rules for developing, placing on the market and using AI systems in the European Union. It bans a small set of practices considered unacceptable, imposes detailed requirements on \"high-risk\" AI systems used in areas such as employment, education, credit, essential services, law enforcement and safety-critical products, requires transparency for chatbots and synthetic content, and creates separate duties for providers of general-purpose AI models. Obligations apply in phases between 2025 and 2027.\n","adopted_on":"2024-06-13","in_force_on":"2024-08-01","applies_from":"2026-08-02","official_source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:00+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/eu-ai-act","status_note":"Dates below follow Article 113 of the adopted text. The European Commission proposed a \"Digital Omnibus\" package in November 2025 that would adjust the application dates for some high-risk obligations; a reviewer must confirm whether that proposal has been adopted and update the deadlines accordingly.\n","scope_summary":"Applies to providers placing AI systems or general-purpose AI models on the EU market or putting them into service, to deployers established in the EU, and to providers and deployers in third countries where the system's output is used in the EU (Article 2). Excludes AI used exclusively for military, defence or national-security purposes, and activities of purely personal non-professional use. Free and open-source models get partial relief unless they are general-purpose models with systemic risk.\n","who_it_applies_to":"Providers (developers), deployers (organisations using AI under their authority), importers, distributors, authorised representatives of non-EU providers, product manufacturers integrating AI, and providers of general-purpose AI models. Public authorities are covered as deployers and have extra duties for fundamental-rights impact assessments.\n","key_dates_summary":"Entry into force 1 August 2024. Prohibitions and AI literacy from 2 February 2025. General-purpose AI model duties, governance and penalties from 2 August 2025. General application, including Annex III high-risk systems and Article 50 transparency, from 2 August 2026. High-risk AI that is a safety component of Annex I products from 2 August 2027. Adjustments proposed in the 2025 Digital Omnibus are not reflected until verified.\n","penalties_summary":"Article 99 sets administrative fines of up to EUR 35 million or 7 % of worldwide annual turnover for prohibited practices, up to EUR 15 million or 3 % for most other obligations, and up to EUR 7.5 million or 1 % for supplying incorrect information, with the lower amount applying to SMEs. Article 101 allows the Commission to fine general-purpose AI model providers up to EUR 15 million or 3 %.\n","what_organizations_must_do":"Inventory AI systems and determine your role for each; screen against prohibited practices now; classify systems against Annex I and Annex III; for high-risk systems build a risk-management system, data-governance controls, technical documentation, logging, human-oversight measures and a quality-management system, then complete conformity assessment and register in the EU database before placing on the market; deployers must use systems as instructed, assign trained human oversight, keep logs and, where required, complete a fundamental-rights impact assessment; label AI interactions and synthetic content under Article 50; general-purpose model providers must publish training-content summaries, maintain documentation and a copyright policy.\n","published_on":"2024-07-12","date_notes":"\"applies_from\" shows the general application date in Article 113. Earlier and later dates apply to specific chapters; see the deadlines table.\n","taxonomy":{"actor":["provider","deployer","importer","distributor","authorized_representative","public_authority","gpai_provider"],"ai_system_type":["general_purpose_ai_model","generative_ai","automated_decision_system","biometric_system","safety_component","conversational_agent","predictive_scoring"],"sector":["cross_sector","employment","financial_services","healthcare","education","public_services","law_enforcement","critical_infrastructure","migration_border"],"risk_category":["prohibited","high_risk","transparency_risk","minimal_risk","systemic_risk"],"use_case":["hiring_and_hr","biometrics","health","finance_and_credit","education","public_services","law_enforcement","generative_ai","customer_service","safety_critical"]},"sections":[{"reference":"Article 2","title":"Scope","summary":"Who and what the Regulation covers, including extraterritorial reach and exclusions.","official_source_url":null},{"reference":"Article 3","title":"Definitions","summary":"Defines AI system, provider, deployer, general-purpose AI model and other key terms.","official_source_url":null},{"reference":"Article 4","title":"AI literacy","summary":"Providers and deployers must ensure sufficient AI literacy of staff and others operating AI on their behalf.","official_source_url":null},{"reference":"Article 5","title":"Prohibited AI practices","summary":"Bans manipulative and exploitative techniques, certain social scoring, some predictive policing, untargeted facial-image scraping, emotion recognition in workplaces and schools (with exceptions), certain biometric categorisation, and real-time remote biometric identification in public spaces for law enforcement subject to narrow exceptions.","official_source_url":null},{"reference":"Article 6","title":"Classification rules for high-risk AI systems","summary":"High-risk if a safety component or product under Annex I legislation requiring third-party assessment, or listed in Annex III, subject to the Article 6(3) derogation.","official_source_url":null},{"reference":"Articles 8–15","title":"Requirements for high-risk AI systems","summary":"Risk management, data governance, technical documentation, record keeping, transparency, human oversight, accuracy, robustness and cybersecurity.","official_source_url":null},{"reference":"Articles 16–27","title":"Obligations of operators of high-risk AI","summary":"Duties of providers, authorised representatives, importers, distributors and deployers, including the fundamental-rights impact assessment in Article 27.","official_source_url":null},{"reference":"Article 50","title":"Transparency obligations for certain AI systems","summary":"Disclosure for AI interaction, marking of synthetic content, deepfake labelling and emotion-recognition or biometric-categorisation notices.","official_source_url":null},{"reference":"Articles 51–56","title":"General-purpose AI models","summary":"Classification of systemic-risk models, provider obligations, and codes of practice.","official_source_url":null},{"reference":"Article 72","title":"Post-market monitoring","summary":"Providers must operate a post-market monitoring system proportionate to the AI technology and risks.","official_source_url":null},{"reference":"Article 73","title":"Reporting of serious incidents","summary":"Providers of high-risk AI must report serious incidents to market-surveillance authorities within set time limits.","official_source_url":null},{"reference":"Article 99","title":"Penalties","summary":"Administrative fine ceilings by category of infringement.","official_source_url":null},{"reference":"Article 113","title":"Entry into force and application","summary":"Phased application dates.","official_source_url":null}],"obligations":[{"slug":"eu-ai-act-prohibited-practices","title":"Do not deploy or provide AI for prohibited practices","category":"prohibited_practice","summary":"Article 5 bans placing on the market, putting into service or using AI for listed practices, including subliminal or manipulative techniques that cause significant harm, exploitation of vulnerabilities, social scoring by public or private actors leading to detrimental treatment, untargeted scraping of facial images to build recognition databases, emotion recognition in workplaces and education institutions except for medical or safety reasons, biometric categorisation to infer protected characteristics, and real-time remote biometric identification in publicly accessible spaces for law enforcement outside narrow exceptions.\n","practical_action":"Add a prohibited-practice screen to your AI intake or design-review process and document the outcome for every system already in use.\n","is_binding":true,"applies_from":"2025-02-02","section":"Article 5","source_reference":"Article 5","official_source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","last_verified_at":null,"actors":["provider","deployer","public_authority"],"sectors":["cross_sector","law_enforcement","employment","education"],"use_cases":["biometrics","law_enforcement","hiring_and_hr","education"],"applicability":[{"description":"Applies to any provider or deployer of an AI system used in the EU, in any sector.","actors":["provider","deployer","public_authority"],"conditions":null}],"evidence_examples":[{"title":"Prohibited-practice screening record","description":"Dated checklist for each AI system against each Article 5 practice, with reviewer sign-off.","artifact_type":"record"},{"title":"AI system inventory","description":"Register of AI systems with owner, purpose and jurisdiction.","artifact_type":"register"}],"framework_mappings":[{"framework":"iso_42001","framework_name":"ISO/IEC 42001:2023","reference":"Clause 6.1.2 and Annex A control on AI system impact assessment","note":"Original editorial mapping: the AI-impact-assessment process is a natural place to screen for prohibited uses.","confidence_level":"medium","is_original":true},{"framework":"nist_ai_rmf","framework_name":"NIST AI RMF 1.0","reference":"GOVERN 1.1, MAP 1.1","note":"Original editorial mapping to legal-requirement identification and context mapping.","confidence_level":"medium","is_original":true}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/obligations/eu-ai-act-prohibited-practices"},{"slug":"eu-ai-act-ai-literacy","title":"Ensure AI literacy of staff operating AI systems","category":"ai_literacy","summary":"Providers and deployers must take measures to ensure, to their best extent, a sufficient level of AI literacy among their staff and other persons dealing with the operation and use of AI systems on their behalf, taking into account technical knowledge, experience, training, the context of use and the persons affected.\n","practical_action":"Run role-based AI training and keep attendance and content records; the Commission's AI Office has indicated that literacy will be assessed proportionately.\n","is_binding":true,"applies_from":"2025-02-02","section":"Article 4","source_reference":"Article 4","official_source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","last_verified_at":null,"actors":["provider","deployer"],"sectors":["cross_sector"],"use_cases":["generative_ai","customer_service","hiring_and_hr"],"applicability":[{"description":"All providers and deployers of AI systems, regardless of risk level.","actors":["provider","deployer"],"conditions":null}],"evidence_examples":[{"title":"AI literacy training programme","description":"Curriculum by role, completion records and refresh cadence.","artifact_type":"record"}],"framework_mappings":[{"framework":"iso_42001","framework_name":"ISO/IEC 42001:2023","reference":"Clause 7.2 Competence and 7.3 Awareness","note":"Original editorial mapping.","confidence_level":"high","is_original":true},{"framework":"nist_ai_rmf","framework_name":"NIST AI RMF 1.0","reference":"GOVERN 2.2","note":"Workforce training and awareness.","confidence_level":"medium","is_original":true}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/obligations/eu-ai-act-ai-literacy"},{"slug":"eu-ai-act-risk-management-system","title":"Establish a risk management system for high-risk AI","category":"risk_management","summary":"Providers of high-risk AI systems must establish, implement, document and maintain a continuous, iterative risk-management system across the system's lifecycle: identifying known and reasonably foreseeable risks to health, safety and fundamental rights, estimating and evaluating risks including from reasonably foreseeable misuse, evaluating post-market data, and adopting targeted risk-management measures, with testing before placing on the market.\n","practical_action":"Set up a lifecycle risk register per high-risk system with test evidence and residual-risk acceptance.\n","is_binding":true,"applies_from":"2026-08-02","section":"Articles 8–15","source_reference":"Article 9","official_source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","last_verified_at":null,"actors":["provider"],"sectors":["cross_sector"],"use_cases":["hiring_and_hr","finance_and_credit","education","public_services","safety_critical"],"applicability":[{"description":"Providers of AI systems classified as high-risk under Article 6.","actors":["provider"],"conditions":null}],"evidence_examples":[{"title":"Risk register and treatment plan","description":null,"artifact_type":"register"},{"title":"Pre-market test reports","description":null,"artifact_type":"report"}],"framework_mappings":[{"framework":"iso_42001","framework_name":"ISO/IEC 42001:2023","reference":"Clauses 6.1.2, 6.1.3, 8.2, 8.3 and Annex A controls on AI risk","note":"Original editorial mapping.","confidence_level":"high","is_original":true},{"framework":"nist_ai_rmf","framework_name":"NIST AI RMF 1.0","reference":"MAP, MEASURE and MANAGE functions","note":"The AI RMF's core functions map closely to Article 9's iterative process.","confidence_level":"high","is_original":true}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/obligations/eu-ai-act-risk-management-system"},{"slug":"eu-ai-act-data-governance","title":"Apply data governance and quality criteria to training, validation and testing data","category":"data_governance","summary":"High-risk AI systems that use data-driven techniques must be developed on training, validation and testing data sets meeting quality criteria: appropriate governance practices covering design choices, data collection and origin, preparation, assumptions, availability and suitability, examination for possible biases, and measures to detect, prevent and mitigate bias. Data must be relevant, sufficiently representative and, to the best extent possible, free of errors and complete for the intended purpose.\n","practical_action":"Produce a data-provenance and bias-assessment record for each data set used to build the system.\n","is_binding":true,"applies_from":"2026-08-02","section":"Articles 8–15","source_reference":"Article 10","official_source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","last_verified_at":null,"actors":["provider"],"sectors":["cross_sector"],"use_cases":["hiring_and_hr","finance_and_credit","health","biometrics"],"applicability":[{"description":"Providers of high-risk AI systems that involve model training.","actors":["provider"],"conditions":null}],"evidence_examples":[{"title":"Dataset documentation (datasheet)","description":null,"artifact_type":"document"},{"title":"Bias examination report","description":null,"artifact_type":"report"}],"framework_mappings":[{"framework":"iso_42001","framework_name":"ISO/IEC 42001:2023","reference":"Annex A controls on data for AI systems","note":"Original editorial mapping.","confidence_level":"medium","is_original":true},{"framework":"nist_ai_rmf","framework_name":"NIST AI RMF 1.0","reference":"MAP 2.3, MEASURE 2.1, MEASURE 2.11","note":"Data quality and bias measurement.","confidence_level":"medium","is_original":true}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/obligations/eu-ai-act-data-governance"},{"slug":"eu-ai-act-technical-documentation","title":"Draw up technical documentation before placing a high-risk system on the market","category":"technical_documentation","summary":"Technical documentation must be drawn up before a high-risk system is placed on the market or put into service and kept up to date. It must demonstrate compliance with the Section 2 requirements and contain at least the elements in Annex IV, including a general description, development process, monitoring and control, risk-management description, and the applied standards. SMEs may use a simplified form provided by the Commission.\n","practical_action":"Maintain an Annex IV-structured technical file under version control.\n","is_binding":true,"applies_from":"2026-08-02","section":"Articles 8–15","source_reference":"Article 11 and Annex IV","official_source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","last_verified_at":null,"actors":["provider"],"sectors":["cross_sector"],"use_cases":["hiring_and_hr","finance_and_credit","safety_critical"],"applicability":[{"description":"Providers of high-risk AI systems.","actors":["provider"],"conditions":null}],"evidence_examples":[{"title":"Annex IV technical file","description":null,"artifact_type":"document"}],"framework_mappings":[{"framework":"iso_42001","framework_name":"ISO/IEC 42001:2023","reference":"Clause 7.5 Documented information; Annex A control on system documentation","note":"Original editorial mapping.","confidence_level":"high","is_original":true},{"framework":"nist_ai_rmf","framework_name":"NIST AI RMF 1.0","reference":"GOVERN 1.4, MAP 3.x","note":"Documentation practices.","confidence_level":"medium","is_original":true}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/obligations/eu-ai-act-technical-documentation"},{"slug":"eu-ai-act-record-keeping","title":"Design high-risk systems to log events automatically","category":"record_keeping","summary":"High-risk AI systems must technically allow automatic recording of events (logs) over their lifetime to support traceability, post-market monitoring and operational monitoring. Deployers must keep the logs generated by the system, to the extent under their control, for a period appropriate to the intended purpose and at least six months unless other law provides otherwise.\n","practical_action":"Define the log schema, retention and access controls, and confirm deployer retention meets the minimum.\n","is_binding":true,"applies_from":"2026-08-02","section":"Articles 8–15","source_reference":"Article 12; Article 26(6) for deployers","official_source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","last_verified_at":null,"actors":["provider","deployer"],"sectors":["cross_sector"],"use_cases":["biometrics","finance_and_credit","public_services"],"applicability":[{"description":"Providers (design) and deployers (retention) of high-risk AI systems.","actors":["provider","deployer"],"conditions":null}],"evidence_examples":[{"title":"Logging specification and retention policy","description":null,"artifact_type":"document"}],"framework_mappings":[{"framework":"iso_42001","framework_name":"ISO/IEC 42001:2023","reference":"Annex A control on event logging","note":"Original editorial mapping.","confidence_level":"medium","is_original":true},{"framework":"nist_ai_rmf","framework_name":"NIST AI RMF 1.0","reference":"MEASURE 2.x, MANAGE 4.1","note":"Monitoring and traceability.","confidence_level":"medium","is_original":true}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/obligations/eu-ai-act-record-keeping"},{"slug":"eu-ai-act-transparency-to-deployers","title":"Provide deployers with clear instructions for use","category":"transparency","summary":"High-risk AI systems must be designed so their operation is sufficiently transparent for deployers to interpret output and use it appropriately, and must be accompanied by instructions for use covering the provider's identity, the system's characteristics, capabilities and limitations, performance for the intended purpose and known foreseeable misuse, human-oversight measures, expected lifetime and maintenance.\n","practical_action":"Ship an Article 13-structured instructions-for-use document with every high-risk system release.\n","is_binding":true,"applies_from":"2026-08-02","section":"Articles 8–15","source_reference":"Article 13","official_source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","last_verified_at":null,"actors":["provider"],"sectors":["cross_sector"],"use_cases":["hiring_and_hr","finance_and_credit","education"],"applicability":[{"description":"Providers of high-risk AI systems.","actors":["provider"],"conditions":null}],"evidence_examples":[{"title":"Instructions for use","description":null,"artifact_type":"document"}],"framework_mappings":[{"framework":"iso_42001","framework_name":"ISO/IEC 42001:2023","reference":"Annex A controls on information for interested parties","note":"Original editorial mapping.","confidence_level":"medium","is_original":true},{"framework":"nist_ai_rmf","framework_name":"NIST AI RMF 1.0","reference":"GOVERN 4.x, MAP 1.x","note":"Transparency to downstream users.","confidence_level":"medium","is_original":true}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/obligations/eu-ai-act-transparency-to-deployers"},{"slug":"eu-ai-act-human-oversight","title":"Enable and assign effective human oversight","category":"human_oversight","summary":"High-risk systems must be designed with human-machine interface tools so natural persons can effectively oversee them, understand capacities and limitations, avoid automation bias, interpret output, decide not to use the system, and intervene or stop it. Deployers must assign oversight to people with the necessary competence, training and authority. For certain remote biometric identification systems, action requires verification by at least two competent persons.\n","practical_action":"Document oversight roles, the \"stop\" mechanism and override paths for each high-risk deployment.\n","is_binding":true,"applies_from":"2026-08-02","section":"Articles 8–15","source_reference":"Article 14; Article 26(2) for deployers","official_source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","last_verified_at":null,"actors":["provider","deployer"],"sectors":["cross_sector"],"use_cases":["hiring_and_hr","finance_and_credit","public_services","biometrics"],"applicability":[{"description":"Providers design oversight measures; deployers implement them.","actors":["provider","deployer"],"conditions":null}],"evidence_examples":[{"title":"Human oversight procedure and role assignment","description":null,"artifact_type":"document"}],"framework_mappings":[{"framework":"iso_42001","framework_name":"ISO/IEC 42001:2023","reference":"Annex A control on human oversight","note":"Original editorial mapping.","confidence_level":"medium","is_original":true},{"framework":"nist_ai_rmf","framework_name":"NIST AI RMF 1.0","reference":"GOVERN 3.2, MANAGE 2.x","note":"Roles and human-AI configuration.","confidence_level":"medium","is_original":true}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/obligations/eu-ai-act-human-oversight"},{"slug":"eu-ai-act-accuracy-robustness-cybersecurity","title":"Achieve appropriate accuracy, robustness and cybersecurity","category":"accuracy_robustness_security","summary":"High-risk AI systems must achieve an appropriate level of accuracy, robustness and cybersecurity and perform consistently throughout their lifecycle. Accuracy levels and metrics must be declared in the instructions; systems must be resilient to errors, faults and inconsistencies, address feedback loops in continuously learning systems, and resist attempts to alter use or performance, including data poisoning, model poisoning, adversarial examples and confidentiality attacks.\n","practical_action":"Include AI-specific threat modelling and adversarial testing in your security programme.\n","is_binding":true,"applies_from":"2026-08-02","section":"Articles 8–15","source_reference":"Article 15","official_source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","last_verified_at":null,"actors":["provider"],"sectors":["cross_sector"],"use_cases":["safety_critical","finance_and_credit","biometrics"],"applicability":[{"description":"Providers of high-risk AI systems.","actors":["provider"],"conditions":null}],"evidence_examples":[{"title":"Accuracy metrics and test evidence","description":null,"artifact_type":"report"},{"title":"AI security assessment","description":null,"artifact_type":"report"}],"framework_mappings":[{"framework":"iso_42001","framework_name":"ISO/IEC 42001:2023","reference":"Annex A controls on AI system verification and validation","note":"Original editorial mapping.","confidence_level":"medium","is_original":true},{"framework":"iso_27001","framework_name":"ISO/IEC 27001:2022","reference":"Clause 8 and Annex A security controls","note":"Original editorial mapping for cybersecurity aspects.","confidence_level":"medium","is_original":true},{"framework":"nist_ai_rmf","framework_name":"NIST AI RMF 1.0","reference":"MEASURE 2.5, 2.6, 2.7","note":"Validity, safety, security and resilience measurement.","confidence_level":"high","is_original":true}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/obligations/eu-ai-act-accuracy-robustness-cybersecurity"},{"slug":"eu-ai-act-quality-management-system","title":"Operate a quality management system","category":"quality_management","summary":"Providers of high-risk AI systems must put in place a documented quality management system covering regulatory-compliance strategy, design and development procedures, testing and validation, technical specifications and standards, data management, the risk-management system, post-market monitoring, incident reporting, communication with authorities, record keeping, resource management and an accountability framework.\n","practical_action":"Extend an existing ISO 9001 or ISO/IEC 42001 management system to cover the Article 17 elements.\n","is_binding":true,"applies_from":"2026-08-02","section":"Articles 16–27","source_reference":"Article 17","official_source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","last_verified_at":null,"actors":["provider"],"sectors":["cross_sector"],"use_cases":["safety_critical","hiring_and_hr","finance_and_credit"],"applicability":[{"description":"Providers of high-risk AI systems; may be integrated into sector QMS requirements.","actors":["provider"],"conditions":null}],"evidence_examples":[{"title":"QMS manual and procedures","description":null,"artifact_type":"document"}],"framework_mappings":[{"framework":"iso_42001","framework_name":"ISO/IEC 42001:2023","reference":"Whole management system (Clauses 4–10)","note":"ISO/IEC 42001 is a certifiable AI management system standard; certification is not a legal presumption of conformity under the AI Act.","confidence_level":"high","is_original":true},{"framework":"nist_ai_rmf","framework_name":"NIST AI RMF 1.0","reference":"GOVERN function","note":"Governance structures and policies.","confidence_level":"medium","is_original":true}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/obligations/eu-ai-act-quality-management-system"},{"slug":"eu-ai-act-conformity-assessment-registration","title":"Complete conformity assessment, CE marking and EU database registration","category":"conformity_assessment","summary":"Before placing a high-risk system on the market, providers must complete the applicable conformity assessment (internal control or notified-body assessment depending on the system), draw up an EU declaration of conformity, affix the CE marking, and register the system in the EU database. Deployers that are public authorities must also register their use of Annex III systems.\n","practical_action":"Determine the assessment route early; notified-body capacity may be limited around application dates.\n","is_binding":true,"applies_from":"2026-08-02","section":"Articles 16–27","source_reference":"Articles 43, 47, 48 and 49; Annex VIII","official_source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","last_verified_at":null,"actors":["provider","deployer","public_authority"],"sectors":["cross_sector"],"use_cases":["biometrics","safety_critical","public_services"],"applicability":[{"description":"Providers of high-risk systems; public-authority deployers for registration.","actors":["provider","public_authority"],"conditions":null}],"evidence_examples":[{"title":"EU declaration of conformity","description":null,"artifact_type":"document"},{"title":"EU database registration record","description":null,"artifact_type":"record"}],"framework_mappings":[{"framework":"iso_42001","framework_name":"ISO/IEC 42001:2023","reference":"Clause 9 Performance evaluation; internal audit","note":"Original editorial mapping; not a substitute for legal conformity assessment.","confidence_level":"low","is_original":true}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/obligations/eu-ai-act-conformity-assessment-registration"},{"slug":"eu-ai-act-deployer-obligations","title":"Use high-risk AI as instructed, monitor it and inform affected people","category":"governance_accountability","summary":"Deployers of high-risk AI must take technical and organisational measures to use systems according to the instructions, assign human oversight, ensure input data is relevant where they control it, monitor operation, inform the provider and authorities of risks or serious incidents, keep logs, inform workers' representatives before deploying at the workplace, inform affected natural persons where decisions are made about them, and cooperate with authorities.\n","practical_action":"Create a deployer checklist per high-risk system and a notice for affected individuals and workers.\n","is_binding":true,"applies_from":"2026-08-02","section":"Articles 16–27","source_reference":"Article 26","official_source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","last_verified_at":null,"actors":["deployer","public_authority"],"sectors":["cross_sector","employment","public_services"],"use_cases":["hiring_and_hr","public_services","finance_and_credit"],"applicability":[{"description":"Any organisation deploying a high-risk AI system in the EU.","actors":["deployer","public_authority"],"conditions":null}],"evidence_examples":[{"title":"Deployment checklist and oversight assignment","description":null,"artifact_type":"record"},{"title":"Worker and affected-person notices","description":null,"artifact_type":"document"}],"framework_mappings":[{"framework":"iso_42001","framework_name":"ISO/IEC 42001:2023","reference":"Annex A controls on responsible use of AI systems","note":"Original editorial mapping.","confidence_level":"medium","is_original":true},{"framework":"nist_ai_rmf","framework_name":"NIST AI RMF 1.0","reference":"MANAGE 3.x, GOVERN 5.x","note":"Deployment management and stakeholder engagement.","confidence_level":"medium","is_original":true}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/obligations/eu-ai-act-deployer-obligations"},{"slug":"eu-ai-act-fundamental-rights-impact-assessment","title":"Carry out a fundamental rights impact assessment before deployment","category":"impact_assessment","summary":"Before deploying most Annex III high-risk systems, deployers that are bodies governed by public law or private entities providing public services, and deployers using systems for creditworthiness assessment or life and health insurance pricing, must assess the impact on fundamental rights: the processes, period and frequency of use, categories of affected persons, specific risks of harm, human-oversight measures and mitigation, and notify the market-surveillance authority of the results.\n","practical_action":"Reuse GDPR DPIA workflows and extend them with the Article 27 elements; the AI Office is to provide a template.\n","is_binding":true,"applies_from":"2026-08-02","section":"Articles 16–27","source_reference":"Article 27","official_source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","last_verified_at":null,"actors":["deployer","public_authority"],"sectors":["public_services","financial_services"],"use_cases":["public_services","finance_and_credit"],"applicability":[{"description":"Public bodies, private providers of public services, and deployers in credit and insurance use cases.","actors":["deployer","public_authority"],"conditions":null}],"evidence_examples":[{"title":"Fundamental rights impact assessment report","description":null,"artifact_type":"report"}],"framework_mappings":[{"framework":"iso_42001","framework_name":"ISO/IEC 42001:2023","reference":"Clause 6.1.4 AI system impact assessment; Annex A control on impact assessment","note":"Original editorial mapping.","confidence_level":"high","is_original":true},{"framework":"nist_ai_rmf","framework_name":"NIST AI RMF 1.0","reference":"MAP 5.1, MAP 5.2","note":"Impacts on individuals, groups and society.","confidence_level":"medium","is_original":true}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/obligations/eu-ai-act-fundamental-rights-impact-assessment"},{"slug":"eu-ai-act-transparency-article-50","title":"Disclose AI interaction and label synthetic content","category":"transparency","summary":"Providers must ensure AI systems intended to interact with people inform them they are dealing with AI unless obvious; providers of systems generating synthetic audio, image, video or text must mark output in a machine-readable, detectable format; deployers of emotion-recognition or biometric-categorisation systems must inform exposed persons; deployers must disclose deepfakes and AI-generated text published to inform the public on matters of public interest, subject to exceptions.\n","practical_action":"Implement provenance marking (for example content credentials) and user-facing AI disclosures in product UX.\n","is_binding":true,"applies_from":"2026-08-02","section":"Article 50","source_reference":"Article 50","official_source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","last_verified_at":null,"actors":["provider","deployer"],"sectors":["cross_sector","media_information","consumer_retail"],"use_cases":["generative_ai","customer_service","content_moderation"],"applicability":[{"description":"Providers and deployers of chatbots, generative systems, emotion recognition and biometric categorisation, whatever the risk tier.","actors":["provider","deployer"],"conditions":null}],"evidence_examples":[{"title":"Disclosure and watermarking design record","description":null,"artifact_type":"document"}],"framework_mappings":[{"framework":"iso_42001","framework_name":"ISO/IEC 42001:2023","reference":"Annex A control on communication with interested parties","note":"Original editorial mapping.","confidence_level":"medium","is_original":true},{"framework":"nist_ai_rmf","framework_name":"NIST AI RMF 1.0","reference":"GOVERN 4.x; NIST AI 600-1 content provenance suggestions","note":"Generative AI profile guidance on provenance.","confidence_level":"medium","is_original":true}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/obligations/eu-ai-act-transparency-article-50"},{"slug":"eu-ai-act-gpai-provider-obligations","title":"Meet general-purpose AI model provider obligations","category":"copyright_training_data","summary":"Providers of general-purpose AI models must keep technical documentation (Annex XI), provide information to downstream providers integrating the model (Annex XII), put in place a policy to comply with EU copyright law including the text-and-data-mining opt-out, and publish a sufficiently detailed public summary of training content using the Commission's template. Free and open-source models are exempt from the first two duties unless they present systemic risk. Adherence to the General-Purpose AI Code of Practice can demonstrate compliance.\n","practical_action":"Prepare the Commission's training-content summary template and a documented copyright policy before release.\n","is_binding":true,"applies_from":"2025-08-02","section":"Articles 51–56","source_reference":"Article 53 and Annexes XI–XII","official_source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","last_verified_at":null,"actors":["gpai_provider"],"sectors":["cross_sector"],"use_cases":["generative_ai"],"applicability":[{"description":"Providers placing general-purpose AI models on the EU market, including via API.","actors":["gpai_provider"],"conditions":"Models placed on the market before 2 August 2025 have until 2 August 2027 under Article 111(3)."}],"evidence_examples":[{"title":"Public summary of training content","description":null,"artifact_type":"document"},{"title":"Copyright compliance policy","description":null,"artifact_type":"document"}],"framework_mappings":[{"framework":"iso_42001","framework_name":"ISO/IEC 42001:2023","reference":"Annex A controls on data provenance and documentation","note":"Original editorial mapping.","confidence_level":"medium","is_original":true},{"framework":"nist_ai_rmf","framework_name":"NIST AI RMF 1.0","reference":"NIST AI 600-1 (Generative AI profile) — intellectual property and data privacy risks","note":"Original editorial mapping.","confidence_level":"medium","is_original":true}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/obligations/eu-ai-act-gpai-provider-obligations"},{"slug":"eu-ai-act-gpai-systemic-risk","title":"Manage systemic risk for high-impact general-purpose models","category":"safety_testing","summary":"A general-purpose model is presumed to have systemic risk when the cumulative compute used for training exceeds 10^25 floating-point operations, or when the Commission designates it. Providers must notify the Commission, perform model evaluations including adversarial testing, assess and mitigate systemic risks, track and report serious incidents, and ensure adequate cybersecurity for the model and infrastructure.\n","practical_action":"Track training compute against the threshold and prepare a safety and security framework before launch.\n","is_binding":true,"applies_from":"2025-08-02","section":"Articles 51–56","source_reference":"Articles 51, 52 and 55","official_source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","last_verified_at":null,"actors":["gpai_provider"],"sectors":["cross_sector"],"use_cases":["generative_ai"],"applicability":[{"description":"Providers of general-purpose AI models meeting the systemic-risk criteria.","actors":["gpai_provider"],"conditions":null}],"evidence_examples":[{"title":"Model evaluation and red-teaming reports","description":null,"artifact_type":"report"},{"title":"Commission notification record","description":null,"artifact_type":"record"}],"framework_mappings":[{"framework":"nist_ai_rmf","framework_name":"NIST AI RMF 1.0","reference":"MEASURE 2.x; NIST AI 600-1","note":"Evaluation and red-teaming practices.","confidence_level":"medium","is_original":true}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/obligations/eu-ai-act-gpai-systemic-risk"},{"slug":"eu-ai-act-post-market-monitoring","title":"Operate a post-market monitoring system","category":"post_market_monitoring","summary":"Providers must establish and document a post-market monitoring system proportionate to the nature of the AI technology and its risks, actively and systematically collecting and analysing performance data throughout the system's lifetime, based on a monitoring plan that is part of the technical documentation. The Commission is to adopt a template for the plan.\n","practical_action":"Define performance and drift indicators, feedback channels and review cadence in a monitoring plan.\n","is_binding":true,"applies_from":"2026-08-02","section":"Article 72","source_reference":"Article 72","official_source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","last_verified_at":null,"actors":["provider"],"sectors":["cross_sector"],"use_cases":["safety_critical","finance_and_credit","hiring_and_hr"],"applicability":[{"description":"Providers of high-risk AI systems.","actors":["provider"],"conditions":null}],"evidence_examples":[{"title":"Post-market monitoring plan and periodic reports","description":null,"artifact_type":"report"}],"framework_mappings":[{"framework":"iso_42001","framework_name":"ISO/IEC 42001:2023","reference":"Clause 9.1 Monitoring, measurement, analysis and evaluation","note":"Original editorial mapping.","confidence_level":"high","is_original":true},{"framework":"nist_ai_rmf","framework_name":"NIST AI RMF 1.0","reference":"MANAGE 4.1, MEASURE 3.x","note":"Post-deployment monitoring.","confidence_level":"high","is_original":true}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/obligations/eu-ai-act-post-market-monitoring"},{"slug":"eu-ai-act-serious-incident-reporting","title":"Report serious incidents to market surveillance authorities","category":"incident_handling","summary":"Providers of high-risk AI systems must report serious incidents to the market-surveillance authority of the Member State where the incident occurred, immediately after establishing a causal link (or reasonable likelihood) and no later than 15 days after becoming aware, with shorter limits for the most serious cases such as widespread infringements or death. Deployers must inform the provider and authorities when they identify a serious incident.\n","practical_action":"Add AI serious-incident criteria and time limits to your existing incident-response playbook.\n","is_binding":true,"applies_from":"2026-08-02","section":"Article 73","source_reference":"Article 73","official_source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","last_verified_at":null,"actors":["provider","deployer"],"sectors":["cross_sector"],"use_cases":["safety_critical","health","biometrics"],"applicability":[{"description":"Providers and deployers of high-risk AI systems.","actors":["provider","deployer"],"conditions":null}],"evidence_examples":[{"title":"AI incident response procedure","description":null,"artifact_type":"document"},{"title":"Incident log and authority notifications","description":null,"artifact_type":"record"}],"framework_mappings":[{"framework":"iso_42001","framework_name":"ISO/IEC 42001:2023","reference":"Clause 10 Improvement; Annex A control on incident handling","note":"Original editorial mapping.","confidence_level":"medium","is_original":true},{"framework":"nist_ai_rmf","framework_name":"NIST AI RMF 1.0","reference":"MANAGE 4.3","note":"Incident response and communication.","confidence_level":"high","is_original":true}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/obligations/eu-ai-act-serious-incident-reporting"},{"slug":"eu-ai-act-importer-distributor-obligations","title":"Verify conformity before importing or distributing high-risk AI","category":"vendor_governance","summary":"Importers must verify that the provider completed conformity assessment, drew up technical documentation, affixed CE marking and appointed an authorised representative where required, and must indicate their name and contact details on the system. Distributors must verify CE marking, the declaration of conformity and instructions, and refrain from making non-compliant systems available.\n","practical_action":"Build AI Act checks into supplier onboarding and contract clauses.\n","is_binding":true,"applies_from":"2026-08-02","section":"Articles 16–27","source_reference":"Articles 23 and 24","official_source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","last_verified_at":null,"actors":["importer","distributor"],"sectors":["cross_sector"],"use_cases":["safety_critical"],"applicability":[{"description":"Importers and distributors of high-risk AI systems.","actors":["importer","distributor"],"conditions":null}],"evidence_examples":[{"title":"Supplier due-diligence checklist","description":null,"artifact_type":"record"}],"framework_mappings":[{"framework":"iso_42001","framework_name":"ISO/IEC 42001:2023","reference":"Annex A controls on third parties and suppliers","note":"Original editorial mapping.","confidence_level":"medium","is_original":true},{"framework":"nist_ai_rmf","framework_name":"NIST AI RMF 1.0","reference":"GOVERN 6.1, GOVERN 6.2","note":"Third-party risk management.","confidence_level":"high","is_original":true}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/obligations/eu-ai-act-importer-distributor-obligations"}],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[{"title":"Entry into force","due_on":"2024-08-01","date_precision":"exact","date_label":null,"display_date":"1 August 2024","description":"Twentieth day after publication in the Official Journal.","source_reference":"Article 113","official_source_url":null,"status":"passed","confidence_level":"high"},{"title":"Prohibited practices and AI literacy apply (Chapters I and II)","due_on":"2025-02-02","date_precision":"exact","date_label":null,"display_date":"2 February 2025","description":"Article 5 bans and Article 4 literacy duties apply.","source_reference":"Article 113(a)","official_source_url":null,"status":"passed","confidence_level":"high"},{"title":"General-purpose AI, governance, notified bodies and penalties apply","due_on":"2025-08-02","date_precision":"exact","date_label":null,"display_date":"2 August 2025","description":"Chapter V (GPAI models), Chapter III Section 4, Chapter VII, Chapter XII (except Article 101) and Article 78 apply.","source_reference":"Article 113(b)","official_source_url":null,"status":"passed","confidence_level":"high"},{"title":"General application, including Annex III high-risk systems and Article 50 transparency","due_on":"2026-08-02","date_precision":"exact","date_label":null,"display_date":"2 August 2026","description":"Default application date for the remainder of the Regulation, as set in the adopted text. Subject to any adopted amendment from the 2025 Digital Omnibus proposal, which a reviewer must confirm.","source_reference":"Article 113","official_source_url":null,"status":"scheduled","confidence_level":"medium"},{"title":"High-risk AI as safety components of Annex I products","due_on":"2027-08-02","date_precision":"exact","date_label":null,"display_date":"2 August 2027","description":"Article 6(1) obligations for AI in products covered by Annex I harmonisation legislation.","source_reference":"Article 113(c)","official_source_url":null,"status":"scheduled","confidence_level":"high"},{"title":"General-purpose models placed on the market before 2 August 2025 must comply","due_on":"2027-08-02","date_precision":"exact","date_label":null,"display_date":"2 August 2027","description":"Transitional period for models already on the market.","source_reference":"Article 111(3)","official_source_url":null,"status":"scheduled","confidence_level":"medium"},{"title":"Large-scale IT systems listed in Annex X placed on the market before 2 August 2027","due_on":"2030-12-31","date_precision":"exact","date_label":null,"display_date":"31 December 2030","description":"Transitional period for certain EU large-scale IT systems in the area of freedom, security and justice.","source_reference":"Article 111(1)","official_source_url":null,"status":"scheduled","confidence_level":"medium"}],"versions":[{"version_label":"Adopted text (OJ L, 12 July 2024)","version_date":"2024-07-12","summary":"Final text as published in the Official Journal.","official_source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","source_reference":"OJ L, 2024/1689"},{"version_label":"Commission proposal COM(2021) 206","version_date":"2021-04-21","summary":"Original legislative proposal that started the procedure.","official_source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52021PC0206","source_reference":"COM(2021) 206 final"}],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[{"title":"Public-authority deployers must register high-risk AI use and assess fundamental-rights impact","summary":"Public bodies deploying Annex III high-risk systems must register their use in the EU database (Article 49(4)) and complete a fundamental-rights impact assessment before deployment (Article 27). The Commission has also published model contractual clauses for public procurement of AI (non-binding).\n","applies_to":"Public authorities and bodies governed by public law in the EU","official_source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","confidence_level":"high"}],"sources":[{"title":"Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (Artificial Intelligence Act) — consolidated ELI page","publisher":"Publications Office of the European Union","url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","document_date":"2024-07-12","document_type":"legislation","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"AI Act policy page and implementation timeline","publisher":"European Commission, DG CONNECT","url":"https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai","document_date":null,"document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"General-Purpose AI Code of Practice","publisher":"European Commission, AI Office","url":"https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/contents-code-gpai","document_date":"2025-07-10","document_type":"guidance","tier":2,"tier_label":"Official consultation, guidance, enforcement, procurement or agency source"},{"title":"Commission Guidelines on prohibited AI practices","publisher":"European Commission","url":"https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/commission-publishes-guidelines-prohibited-artificial-intelligence-ai-practices-defined-ai-act","document_date":"2025-02-04","document_type":"guidance","tier":2,"tier_label":"Official consultation, guidance, enforcement, procurement or agency source"}],"related_policies":["uk-ai-regulation-white-paper","us-nist-ai-rmf","singapore-model-ai-governance-framework","india-dpdp-act"],"related_frameworks":["iso_42001","nist_ai_rmf"],"faq":[{"question":"What is the EU AI Act?","answer":"Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 is a binding EU law that sets risk-based rules for AI systems and general-purpose AI models placed on the EU market or used in the EU. It bans a few practices, imposes detailed requirements on high-risk systems, adds transparency duties for chatbots and synthetic content, and regulates general-purpose models.\n"},{"question":"When do the EU AI Act requirements apply?","answer":"In phases under Article 113: prohibitions and AI literacy from 2 February 2025, general-purpose AI and governance rules from 2 August 2025, general application from 2 August 2026, and Annex I product-embedded high-risk AI from 2 August 2027. The 2025 Digital Omnibus proposal may change some high-risk dates; check the official sources.\n"},{"question":"Who does the EU AI Act apply to?","answer":"Providers, deployers, importers, distributors and authorised representatives of AI systems, product manufacturers, and providers of general-purpose AI models, including organisations outside the EU whose systems or outputs are used in the EU.\n"},{"question":"What are the penalties under the EU AI Act?","answer":"Up to EUR 35 million or 7 % of worldwide annual turnover for prohibited practices, up to EUR 15 million or 3 % for most other infringements, and up to EUR 7.5 million or 1 % for incorrect information, with lower caps for SMEs (Article 99).\n"}],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","source_title":"Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 June 2024 laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence","source_publisher":"Official Journal of the European Union","source_document_date":"2024-07-12","source_reference":"OJ L, 2024/1689, 12.7.2024","source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Initial structured record from the adopted text; Digital Omnibus adjustments not yet reflected.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"eu-apply-ai-strategy","title":"Apply AI Strategy","short_title":"Apply AI Strategy","jurisdiction":"eu","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"European Commission (DG CONNECT)","summary_plain":"The Apply AI Strategy is a Commission communication that sets out how the EU intends to speed up use of AI across ten strategic sectors (such as healthcare, manufacturing, energy, mobility and defence) and in public administration. It combines sectoral flagship initiatives with cross-cutting support such as AI Factories, testing facilities and skills measures, and creates an Apply AI Alliance to coordinate industry, academia and public bodies. It sits within the broader AI Continent Action Plan and was presented together with a companion AI in Science strategy.","adopted_on":"2025-10-08","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/apply-ai","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:01+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/eu-apply-ai-strategy","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Scope is as set out in the official text linked below. Issued by European Commission (DG CONNECT). Oversight: European Commission, coordinated through the Apply AI Alliance stakeholder forum. Stated purpose: Accelerate AI adoption in EU industry and the public sector to boost competitiveness and technological sovereignty.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2025-10-08: Commission presents the Apply AI Strategy and AI in Science Strategy","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Only the announcement or adoption date is recorded from the source; in-force and application dates are to be confirmed by a reviewer.","taxonomy":[],"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Apply AI Strategy","publisher":"European Commission, Shaping Europe's digital future","url":"https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/apply-ai","document_date":"2025-10-08","document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"Commission presents the Apply AI Strategy and AI in Science Strategy","publisher":"European Commission, Shaping Europe's digital future","url":"https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/commission-launches-two-strategies-speed-ai-uptake-european-industry-and-science","document_date":"2025-10-08","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/apply-ai","source_title":"Apply AI Strategy","source_publisher":"European Commission, Shaping Europe's digital future","source_document_date":"2025-10-08","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported from the source-backed legacy dataset (database/data/ai_policies.json); fields limited to what the official source page states. Reviewer to enrich scope, dates and obligations.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"finland-age-of-artificial-intelligence-2017","title":"Finland's Age of Artificial Intelligence: Turning Finland into a leading country in the application of AI (objective and recommendations for measures)","short_title":"Finland's Age of Artificial Intelligence (2017)","jurisdiction":"finland","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment of Finland","summary_plain":"The 2017 report of the steering group appointed by the Minister of Economic Affairs proposed eight key actions to make Finland a leader in applying AI: enhancing business competitiveness, using data in all sectors, faster adoption, top-level expertise and talent, bold decisions and investments, the best public services, new cooperation models and a human-centred approach. It launched the national AI programme continued in the 2019 final report and the AI 4.0 programme.","adopted_on":"2017-10-23","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi/handle/10024/160391","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:01+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/finland-age-of-artificial-intelligence-2017","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Government programme; no obligations on private organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2017-10-23: interim report published; 2019-03: final report \"Leading the way into the age of AI\".","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Dates are taken from the linked official source; a reviewer should confirm in-force and application dates before relying on them.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector","public_services"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Finland's Age of Artificial Intelligence","publisher":"Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment","url":"https://julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi/handle/10024/160391","document_date":"2017-10-23","document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi/handle/10024/160391","source_title":"Finland's Age of Artificial Intelligence","source_publisher":"Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment","source_document_date":"2017-10-23","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"france-cnil-ai-how-to-sheets","title":"CNIL recommendations on the development of AI systems and the GDPR (AI how-to sheets)","short_title":"CNIL AI how-to sheets","jurisdiction":"france","instrument_type":"guidance","status":"guidance","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés (CNIL)","summary_plain":"A series of practical guidance sheets, first published in 2024 and extended since, explaining how organisations can develop and train AI systems in compliance with the GDPR: defining a purpose, choosing a legal basis (including legitimate interest for web-scraped training data), data minimisation, retention, data-protection impact assessments, informing people and honouring their rights, and security of training datasets and models.","adopted_on":"2024-04-08","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.cnil.fr/en/ai-how-sheets","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:01+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/france-cnil-ai-how-to-sheets","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Applies to any controller or processor developing or training AI systems with personal data under French and EU data-protection law.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"First set published 8 April 2024; further sheets in 2024–2025.","taxonomy":{"actor":["provider","deployer"],"ai_system_type":["general_purpose_ai_model","generative_ai"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["generative_ai"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"AI how-to sheets","publisher":"CNIL","url":"https://www.cnil.fr/en/ai-how-sheets","document_date":"2024-04-08","document_type":"guidance","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.cnil.fr/en/ai-how-sheets","source_title":"AI how-to sheets","source_publisher":"CNIL","source_document_date":"2024-04-08","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"france-national-ai-strategy","title":"Stratégie nationale pour l'intelligence artificielle (National AI Strategy, phases 1–3, 2018–2025)","short_title":"National AI strategy","jurisdiction":"france","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Government of France (Ministry of the Economy, SGPI)","summary_plain":"Launched in March 2018 following the Villani report, the national AI strategy funds research institutes (3IA then AI clusters), talent, compute and business adoption. The second phase (2021) focused on training and diffusion into the economy; the third phase (2024–2025) emphasises sovereign generative-AI models, compute and public-sector use, and framed France's hosting of the AI Action Summit in February 2025.","adopted_on":"2018-03-29","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.economie.gouv.fr/strategie-nationale-intelligence-artificielle","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:01+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/france-national-ai-strategy","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Government investment and coordination programme; no obligations on private organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2018-03-29: strategy launched; 2021-11-08: phase 2; 2025-02-10: AI Action Summit in Paris.","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Phase 1 announced 29 March 2018; phase 2 November 2021; phase 3 2024.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services","generative_ai"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Stratégie nationale pour l'intelligence artificielle","publisher":"Ministère de l'Économie, des Finances et de la Souveraineté industrielle et numérique","url":"https://www.economie.gouv.fr/strategie-nationale-intelligence-artificielle","document_date":null,"document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.economie.gouv.fr/strategie-nationale-intelligence-artificielle","source_title":"Stratégie nationale pour l'intelligence artificielle","source_publisher":"Ministère de l'Économie, des Finances et de la Souveraineté industrielle et numérique","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"g7-hiroshima-process-code-of-conduct-for-advanced-ai","title":"Hiroshima Process International Code of Conduct for Organizations Developing Advanced AI Systems (G7, 30 October 2023)","short_title":"G7 Hiroshima AI Process code of conduct","jurisdiction":"international","instrument_type":"code_of_practice","status":"voluntary_standard","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"G7 Leaders (Hiroshima AI Process)","summary_plain":"Eleven voluntary actions for organisations developing the most advanced AI systems, including foundation and generative models: risk identification and mitigation across the lifecycle, post-deployment vulnerability and incident monitoring, public transparency reports, responsible information sharing, security controls, content authentication such as watermarking, research on societal risks, priority to global challenges, technical standards, and data-input and personal-data safeguards. It sits alongside the Hiroshima Process guiding principles and, from 2025, an OECD-run voluntary reporting framework.","adopted_on":"2023-10-30","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.mofa.go.jp/files/100573473.pdf","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:03+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/g7-hiroshima-process-code-of-conduct-for-advanced-ai","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Voluntary; aimed at developers of advanced AI systems worldwide.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Dates are taken from the linked official source; a reviewer should confirm in-force and application dates before relying on them.","taxonomy":{"actor":["provider","gpai_provider"],"ai_system_type":["general_purpose_ai_model","generative_ai"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"risk_category":["systemic_risk"],"use_case":["generative_ai"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Hiroshima Process International Code of Conduct for Organizations Developing Advanced AI Systems","publisher":"Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (G7 documents)","url":"https://www.mofa.go.jp/files/100573473.pdf","document_date":"2023-10-30","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.mofa.go.jp/files/100573473.pdf","source_title":"Hiroshima Process International Code of Conduct for Organizations Developing Advanced AI Systems","source_publisher":"Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (G7 documents)","source_document_date":"2023-10-30","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"germany-ai-act-implementation-act-ki-mig-draft","title":"Entwurf eines Gesetzes zur Durchführung der KI-Verordnung (KI-Marktüberwachungs- und Innovationsförderungsgesetz, KI-MIG)","short_title":"AI Act implementation act (KI-MIG, draft)","jurisdiction":"germany","instrument_type":"bill","status":"proposed","is_binding":true,"issuing_body":"Federal Ministry for Digital and State Modernisation","summary_plain":"The draft implementation act designates the Bundesnetzagentur as the central market-surveillance authority and single point of contact under the EU AI Act, keeps sector regulators (financial supervision, data protection for law-enforcement uses) competent in their fields, sets the national penalty framework within the Regulation's ranges and creates a national AI regulatory sandbox and an AI service desk for companies.","adopted_on":null,"in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/EN/Areas/Digital-Services/AI/start.html","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:01+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/germany-ai-act-implementation-act-ki-mig-draft","status_note":"Draft act published for consultation in 2025; parliamentary adoption not confirmed from an official source at the time of checking.","scope_summary":"Applies to providers, deployers, importers and distributors of AI systems in Germany as far as the EU AI Act reaches them; it allocates supervision rather than adding new substantive duties.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Draft stage; dates to be confirmed once adopted.","taxonomy":{"actor":["provider","deployer","importer","distributor","public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"risk_category":["high_risk","transparency_risk"],"use_case":["generative_ai"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Bundesnetzagentur: Artificial Intelligence (national implementation of the AI Act)","publisher":"Bundesnetzagentur","url":"https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/EN/Areas/Digital-Services/AI/start.html","document_date":null,"document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/EN/Areas/Digital-Services/AI/start.html","source_title":"Bundesnetzagentur: Artificial Intelligence (national implementation of the AI Act)","source_publisher":"Bundesnetzagentur","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"germany-ai-strategy-of-the-federal-government","title":"Strategie Künstliche Intelligenz der Bundesregierung (AI Strategy of the Federal Government, 2018, updated 2020)","short_title":"AI Strategy of the Federal Government","jurisdiction":"germany","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Federal Government of Germany (BMBF, BMWK, BMAS)","summary_plain":"The federal AI strategy, adopted in November 2018 and updated in December 2020, sets out how Germany intends to make AI research, transfer and use competitive while anchoring AI in fundamental rights and the common good. The 2020 update raised planned federal funding to around EUR 5 billion to 2025 and added priorities on pandemic response, sustainability, health, mobility and AI in the public sector. It commits to a European approach to AI regulation and to trustworthy-AI standards.","adopted_on":"2018-11-15","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.ki-strategie-deutschland.de/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:01+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/germany-ai-strategy-of-the-federal-government","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Applies to federal government action: research funding, transfer programmes, skills, infrastructure and public-sector use. It creates no obligations for private organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2018-11-15: strategy adopted; 2020-12-02: update published.","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Adopted by the federal cabinet on 15 November 2018; update published 2 December 2020.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector","public_services"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Strategie Künstliche Intelligenz der Bundesregierung","publisher":"Die Bundesregierung","url":"https://www.ki-strategie-deutschland.de/","document_date":"2020-12-02","document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.ki-strategie-deutschland.de/","source_title":"Strategie Künstliche Intelligenz der Bundesregierung","source_publisher":"Die Bundesregierung","source_document_date":"2020-12-02","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"ghana-ghana-national-artificial-intelligence-strategy","title":"Ghana National Artificial Intelligence Strategy (2025-2035)","short_title":"Ghana National Artificial Intelligence Strategy","jurisdiction":"ghana","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Ministry of Communication, Digital Technology and Innovations","summary_plain":"A ten-year national roadmap launched by President Mahama that treats data as a national asset and sets out pillars covering education and skills, infrastructure and compute, data governance, ecosystem development, sector adoption, applied research and public-sector AI. It proposes a National AI Fund and performance indicators for ministries, and emphasises localisation of AI for Ghanaian languages.","adopted_on":"2026-04-24","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://moc.gov.gh/2026/04/24/ghana-launches-national-ai-strategy-to-drive-digital-transformation-and-economic-growth/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:01+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/ghana-ghana-national-artificial-intelligence-strategy","status_note":"I could not locate the full strategy PDF on an official Ghana government site; the launch article and the Minister's remarks are the official records. Third-party sources give a document date of 12 December 2025, unverified officially.","scope_summary":"Scope is as set out in the official text linked below. Issued by Ministry of Communication, Digital Technology and Innovations. Oversight: Ministry leads with NITA, Data Protection Commission and Cyber Security Authority; strategy recommends a Responsible AI Authority. Stated purpose: Make AI a driver of inclusive growth and position Ghana as a regional AI hub.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2025-05-02: Minister announces development of National AI Strategy and stakeholder consultation; 2026-04-24: Official launch in Accra; Minister's opening remarks published","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Only the announcement or adoption date is recorded from the source; in-force and application dates are to be confirmed by a reviewer.","taxonomy":[],"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Ghana National Artificial Intelligence Strategy (2025-2035)","publisher":"Ministry of Communication, Digital Technology and Innovations, Ghana","url":"https://moc.gov.gh/2026/04/24/ghana-launches-national-ai-strategy-to-drive-digital-transformation-and-economic-growth/","document_date":"2026-04-24","document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"Minister announces development of National AI Strategy and stakeholder consultation","publisher":"Ministry of Communication, Digital Technology and Innovations, Ghana","url":"https://moc.gov.gh/2025/05/02/ghana-to-develop-national-ai-strategy-initiative-amid-digital-transformation-push/","document_date":"2025-05-02","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"Official launch in Accra; Minister's opening remarks published","publisher":"Ministry of Communication, Digital Technology and Innovations, Ghana","url":"https://moc.gov.gh/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Opening-Remarks_Hon-Minister_Launch-of-National-AI-Strategy_Final.pdf","document_date":"2026-04-24","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://moc.gov.gh/2026/04/24/ghana-launches-national-ai-strategy-to-drive-digital-transformation-and-economic-growth/","source_title":"Ghana National Artificial Intelligence Strategy (2025-2035)","source_publisher":"Ministry of Communication, Digital Technology and Innovations, Ghana","source_document_date":"2026-04-24","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported from the source-backed legacy dataset (database/data/ai_policies.json); fields limited to what the official source page states. Reviewer to enrich scope, dates and obligations.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"greece-blueprint-for-ai-transformation-2024","title":"A Blueprint for Greece's AI Transformation – report of the AI Advisory Committee","short_title":"Blueprint for Greece's AI transformation (2024)","jurisdiction":"greece","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"AI Advisory Committee to the Prime Minister of Greece","summary_plain":"Delivered in November 2024, the Advisory Committee's report proposes a national AI strategy: public-sector AI deployment, AI in health, education and agriculture, sovereign Greek language models, compute, skills, regulatory sandboxes and governance aligned with the EU AI Act.","adopted_on":"2024-11-19","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://foresight.gov.gr/en/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:02+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/greece-blueprint-for-ai-transformation-2024","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Recommendations to the government; no obligations for organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Month-level date; to be confirmed.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Blueprint for Greece's AI Transformation","publisher":"Hellenic Republic, Prime Minister's Office","url":"https://foresight.gov.gr/en/","document_date":"2024-11-19","document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://foresight.gov.gr/en/","source_title":"Blueprint for Greece's AI Transformation","source_publisher":"Hellenic Republic, Prime Minister's Office","source_document_date":"2024-11-19","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"greece-law-4961-2022-emerging-technologies","title":"Νόμος 4961/2022: Αναδυόμενες τεχνολογίες πληροφορικής και επικοινωνιών, ενίσχυση της ψηφιακής διακυβέρνησης και άλλες διατάξεις","short_title":"Law 4961/2022 (emerging technologies, AI chapter)","jurisdiction":"greece","instrument_type":"act","status":"in_force","is_binding":true,"issuing_body":"Hellenic Parliament","summary_plain":"Law 4961/2022, published in July 2022, contains a chapter on artificial intelligence: public-sector bodies must carry out an algorithmic impact assessment and publish information before deploying AI systems that affect people, keep a register of AI systems, and ensure the Hellenic Data Protection Authority's oversight; medium and large private companies must inform workers about AI systems used in employment decisions and maintain an ethical-use policy. It also regulates IoT, 3D printing, blockchain and unmanned aircraft.","adopted_on":"2022-07-21","in_force_on":"2022-07-27","applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://mindigital.gr/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:02+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/greece-law-4961-2022-emerging-technologies","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Public-sector bodies deploying AI in Greece and medium/large private employers using AI in employment; complements the EU AI Act.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2022-07-27: publication in the Government Gazette (A' 146).","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":"2022-07-27","date_notes":"Dates are taken from the linked official source; a reviewer should confirm in-force and application dates before relying on them.","taxonomy":{"actor":["deployer","public_authority"],"ai_system_type":["automated_decision_system"],"sector":["employment","public_services"],"use_case":["hiring_and_hr","public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Law 4961/2022","publisher":"Ministry of Digital Governance","url":"https://mindigital.gr/","document_date":"2022-07-27","document_type":"legislation","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://mindigital.gr/","source_title":"Law 4961/2022","source_publisher":"Ministry of Digital Governance","source_document_date":"2022-07-27","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"holy-see-rome-call-for-ai-ethics","title":"Rome Call for AI Ethics (Pontifical Academy for Life, 28 February 2020)","short_title":"Rome Call for AI Ethics","jurisdiction":"holy-see","instrument_type":"framework","status":"voluntary_standard","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Pontifical Academy for Life (RenAIssance Foundation)","summary_plain":"A declaration of six principles for the ethical development of AI (transparency, inclusion, responsibility, impartiality, reliability, security and privacy), first signed in February 2020 by the Pontifical Academy for Life, Microsoft, IBM, FAO and the Italian government, and since joined by other religious leaders, universities and companies. It calls for \"algor-ethics\" and human-centred design and is used as a reference in faith-based and corporate AI ethics commitments.","adopted_on":"2020-02-28","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.romecall.org/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:02+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/holy-see-rome-call-for-ai-ethics","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Voluntary declaration for signatory organisations; no legal obligations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Dates are taken from the linked official source; a reviewer should confirm in-force and application dates before relying on them.","taxonomy":{"actor":["provider","deployer"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["generative_ai"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Rome Call for AI Ethics","publisher":"RenAIssance Foundation / Pontifical Academy for Life","url":"https://www.romecall.org/","document_date":"2020-02-28","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.romecall.org/","source_title":"Rome Call for AI Ethics","source_publisher":"RenAIssance Foundation / Pontifical Academy for Life","source_document_date":"2020-02-28","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"hong-kong-generative-ai-technical-and-application-guideline","title":"Hong Kong Generative Artificial Intelligence Technical and Application Guideline","short_title":"Generative AI Technical and Application Guideline (2025)","jurisdiction":"hong-kong","instrument_type":"guidance","status":"guidance","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Digital Policy Office, with the Hong Kong Generative AI Research and Development Centre","summary_plain":"Published in April 2025, the guideline covers the technical characteristics and risks of generative AI, governance principles (safety, transparency, accountability, data protection, fairness) and practical application guidance for developers, service providers and users across the AI lifecycle, and is intended as a reference for industry and government.","adopted_on":"2025-04-15","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.digitalpolicy.gov.hk/en/our_work/data_governance/policies_standards/ethical_ai_framework/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:02+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/hong-kong-generative-ai-technical-and-application-guideline","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Voluntary reference for developers, providers and users of generative AI in Hong Kong.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Month-level date.","taxonomy":{"actor":["provider","deployer","user"],"ai_system_type":["generative_ai"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["generative_ai"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Digital Policy Office: Ethical AI Framework and generative AI guideline","publisher":"Digital Policy Office","url":"https://www.digitalpolicy.gov.hk/en/our_work/data_governance/policies_standards/ethical_ai_framework/","document_date":null,"document_type":"guidance","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.digitalpolicy.gov.hk/en/our_work/data_governance/policies_standards/ethical_ai_framework/","source_title":"Digital Policy Office: Ethical AI Framework and generative AI guideline","source_publisher":"Digital Policy Office","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"hong-kong-pcpd-model-personal-data-protection-framework-for-ai","title":"Artificial Intelligence: Model Personal Data Protection Framework","short_title":"PCPD Model Personal Data Protection Framework for AI (2024)","jurisdiction":"hong-kong","instrument_type":"guidance","status":"guidance","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Office of the Privacy Commissioner for Personal Data, Hong Kong","summary_plain":"Published 11 June 2024, the framework gives organisations that procure, implement and use AI systems involving personal data recommendations in four areas: AI strategy and governance (an AI governance committee, procurement due diligence), risk assessment and human oversight (a risk-based approach with levels of human involvement), customisation and implementation of AI models (data preparation, testing, security), and communication and engagement with stakeholders (transparency, explainability, opt-out, feedback). It builds on the 2021 Guidance on the Ethical Development and Use of AI.","adopted_on":"2024-06-11","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.pcpd.org.hk/english/resources_centre/publications/files/ai_protection_framework.pdf","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:02+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/hong-kong-pcpd-model-personal-data-protection-framework-for-ai","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Voluntary for organisations in Hong Kong deploying AI with personal data; compliance with the Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance remains mandatory.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Dates are taken from the linked official source; a reviewer should confirm in-force and application dates before relying on them.","taxonomy":{"actor":["provider","deployer"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["generative_ai","customer_service"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Artificial Intelligence: Model Personal Data Protection Framework","publisher":"PCPD","url":"https://www.pcpd.org.hk/english/resources_centre/publications/files/ai_protection_framework.pdf","document_date":"2024-06-11","document_type":"guidance","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.pcpd.org.hk/english/resources_centre/publications/files/ai_protection_framework.pdf","source_title":"Artificial Intelligence: Model Personal Data Protection Framework","source_publisher":"PCPD","source_document_date":"2024-06-11","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"hungary-artificial-intelligence-strategy-2020-2030","title":"Magyarország Mesterséges Intelligencia Stratégiája 2020–2030","short_title":"AI Strategy 2020–2030","jurisdiction":"hungary","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Government of Hungary (Ministry for Innovation and Technology)","summary_plain":"Adopted in September 2020, the strategy sets goals to 2030 on data economy, AI research and education, public-sector and industrial adoption, and transformative programmes such as an AI-driven public administration and language technology, coordinated with the AI Coalition of companies, universities and public bodies.","adopted_on":"2020-09-08","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://ai-hungary.com/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:02+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/hungary-artificial-intelligence-strategy-2020-2030","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Government programme; no obligations on private organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Dates are taken from the linked official source; a reviewer should confirm in-force and application dates before relying on them.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Hungary's Artificial Intelligence Strategy","publisher":"AI Coalition","url":"https://ai-hungary.com/","document_date":"2020-09-08","document_type":"strategy","tier":2,"tier_label":"Official consultation, guidance, enforcement, procurement or agency source"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://ai-hungary.com/","source_title":"Hungary's Artificial Intelligence Strategy","source_publisher":"AI Coalition","source_document_date":"2020-09-08","source_reference":null,"source_tier":2,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"iceland-ai-action-plan-2024-2026","title":"Aðgerðaáætlun um gervigreind 2024–2026 (Action plan on artificial intelligence)","short_title":"AI action plan 2024–2026","jurisdiction":"iceland","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Government of Iceland","summary_plain":"The 2024–2026 action plan implements Iceland's AI policy with measures on AI in public services, the Icelandic language in AI systems, skills and research, ethics and security, and preparation for the EU AI Act.","adopted_on":null,"in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.stjornarradid.is/en/ministries/ministry-of-higher-education-science-and-innovation/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:02+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/iceland-ai-action-plan-2024-2026","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Government programme; no obligations on private organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Adoption date not established from the official source and left empty rather than estimated; the year in the title or summary is the best available indication. Reviewer to add the exact date with a source reference.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Government of Iceland: AI policy","publisher":"Government of Iceland","url":"https://www.stjornarradid.is/en/ministries/ministry-of-higher-education-science-and-innovation/","document_date":null,"document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.stjornarradid.is/en/ministries/ministry-of-higher-education-science-and-innovation/","source_title":"Government of Iceland: AI policy","source_publisher":"Government of Iceland","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"india-ai-governance-guidelines","title":"India AI Governance Guidelines (MeitY, 2025)","short_title":"India AI Governance Guidelines","jurisdiction":"india","instrument_type":"guidance","status":"guidance","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology","summary_plain":"The India AI Governance Guidelines set out a principle-based, pro-innovation approach to governing AI in India. They articulate guiding principles (such as trust, people-first design, fairness, accountability, safety and transparency), propose an institutional framework including an AI governance group and an AI Safety Institute role, favour applying existing laws over a new AI statute, and recommend voluntary commitments, techno-legal measures, risk-based oversight and incident reporting for AI systems.\n","adopted_on":"2025-11-05","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://indiaai.gov.in/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:02+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/india-ai-governance-guidelines","status_note":"Released by MeitY in November 2025 following a 2025 consultation. Non-binding; a reviewer must confirm the release date and the direct document link on indiaai.gov.in or meity.gov.in.\n","scope_summary":"Non-binding guidance addressed to government bodies, industry and developers deploying AI in India. It does not create legal obligations; it signals regulatory expectations and possible future measures.\n","who_it_applies_to":"Indian government agencies, AI developers, deployers and platforms operating in India (voluntary).","key_dates_summary":"Consultation on draft guidelines in 2025; final guidelines released November 2025 (to be confirmed).","penalties_summary":"None; non-binding.","what_organizations_must_do":"Nothing mandatory. Organisations can align governance programmes to the guidelines' principles and prepare for voluntary commitments and incident reporting mechanisms they describe.\n","published_on":"2025-11-05","date_notes":null,"taxonomy":{"actor":["provider","deployer","public_authority"],"ai_system_type":["general_purpose_ai_model","generative_ai","automated_decision_system"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"risk_category":["unclassified"],"use_case":["public_services","generative_ai"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[{"slug":"india-ai-guidelines-principles-and-risk-based-governance","title":"Adopt the guiding principles and risk-based governance (voluntary)","category":"governance_accountability","summary":"The guidelines encourage organisations to embed principles such as fairness, accountability, safety and transparency, to classify and mitigate risks proportionately, and to participate in voluntary frameworks and incident reporting.\n","practical_action":"Map your existing AI governance programme to the guidelines' principles and note the gaps.","is_binding":false,"applies_from":null,"section":null,"source_reference":"Guiding principles and recommendations sections","official_source_url":"https://indiaai.gov.in/","review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":null,"actors":["provider","deployer"],"sectors":["cross_sector"],"use_cases":["generative_ai"],"applicability":[{"description":"Voluntary for all AI developers and deployers in India.","actors":["provider","deployer"],"conditions":null}],"evidence_examples":[{"title":"Principles alignment statement","description":null,"artifact_type":"document"}],"framework_mappings":[{"framework":"nist_ai_rmf","framework_name":"NIST AI RMF 1.0","reference":"GOVERN and MAP functions","note":"Original editorial mapping.","confidence_level":"low","is_original":true}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/obligations/india-ai-guidelines-principles-and-risk-based-governance"}],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"India AI Governance Guidelines","publisher":"IndiaAI / Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology","url":"https://indiaai.gov.in/","document_date":"2025-11-05","document_type":"guidance","tier":2,"tier_label":"Official consultation, guidance, enforcement, procurement or agency source"}],"related_policies":["india-dpdp-act","singapore-model-ai-governance-framework"],"related_frameworks":["nist_ai_rmf"],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://indiaai.gov.in/","source_title":"India AI Governance Guidelines","source_publisher":"Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology","source_document_date":"2025-11-05","source_reference":"Direct document link to be added by reviewer","source_tier":2,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Initial structured record; release date and direct link unverified.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"india-dpdp-act","title":"Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 and DPDP Rules, 2025","short_title":"India DPDP Act","jurisdiction":"india","instrument_type":"act","status":"partially_applicable","is_binding":true,"issuing_body":"Parliament of India; Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (Rules)","summary_plain":"The DPDP Act is India's cross-sector personal-data law. It applies to digital personal data processed in India and to processing outside India connected with offering goods or services to people in India. It requires a lawful basis (consent or specified legitimate uses), notice, purpose limitation, data accuracy, security safeguards, breach notification to the Data Protection Board and affected individuals, and grants rights of access, correction, erasure and grievance redress. Significant Data Fiduciaries face extra duties such as impact assessments and audits. The Act does not mention AI specifically, but it governs the personal data used to train and operate AI systems.\n","adopted_on":"2023-08-11","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.meity.gov.in/data-protection-framework","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:02+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/india-dpdp-act","status_note":"The Act received Presidential assent on 11 August 2023 and comes into force on dates notified by the Central Government. The DPDP Rules 2025 were notified in November 2025 with phased commencement (some provisions at once, most substantive obligations after 12 to 18 months). A reviewer must confirm the exact commencement dates.\n","scope_summary":"Data Fiduciaries (controllers) and Data Processors handling digital personal data of individuals in India, including foreign entities offering goods or services to India. Excludes personal or domestic use and publicly available data made public by the individual or under law.\n","who_it_applies_to":"Any organisation processing digital personal data of individuals in India, including AI developers and deployers using such data.","key_dates_summary":"Assent 11 August 2023; DPDP Rules notified November 2025 with phased commencement; core obligations expected to apply about 18 months after notification (to be confirmed).","penalties_summary":"The Data Protection Board may impose monetary penalties up to INR 250 crore per instance for failure to take reasonable security safeguards, with lower caps for other breaches, as set out in the Schedule to the Act.\n","what_organizations_must_do":"Map personal data flows into AI systems, obtain valid consent or identify a legitimate use, publish notices, implement security safeguards and breach-notification processes, honour data-principal rights, and, if designated a Significant Data Fiduciary, appoint a Data Protection Officer, run data protection impact assessments and audits.\n","published_on":"2023-08-11","date_notes":"Commencement is phased by notification; see the deadlines table and confirm with the official source.","taxonomy":{"actor":["provider","deployer","public_authority"],"ai_system_type":["generative_ai","automated_decision_system","predictive_scoring"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"risk_category":["unclassified"],"use_case":["hiring_and_hr","health","finance_and_credit","generative_ai"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[{"slug":"india-dpdp-consent-and-notice","title":"Process personal data only with valid consent or a legitimate use, after notice","category":"privacy_data_protection","summary":"Personal data may be processed only for a lawful purpose with the individual's free, specific, informed and unambiguous consent, or for certain legitimate uses listed in the Act. A notice must describe the data, purpose, and how to exercise rights and complain.\n","practical_action":"Inventory training and inference data sources and document the consent or legitimate use for each.","is_binding":true,"applies_from":null,"section":null,"source_reference":"Sections 4 to 7","official_source_url":"https://www.meity.gov.in/data-protection-framework","review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":null,"actors":["provider","deployer"],"sectors":["cross_sector"],"use_cases":["generative_ai","finance_and_credit"],"applicability":[{"description":"All Data Fiduciaries.","actors":["provider","deployer"],"conditions":null}],"evidence_examples":[{"title":"Consent records and notices","description":null,"artifact_type":"record"}],"framework_mappings":[{"framework":"iso_42001","framework_name":"ISO/IEC 42001:2023","reference":"Annex A controls on data for AI systems","note":"Original editorial mapping.","confidence_level":"medium","is_original":true}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/obligations/india-dpdp-consent-and-notice"},{"slug":"india-dpdp-security-and-breach-notification","title":"Implement reasonable security safeguards and notify breaches","category":"incident_handling","summary":"Data Fiduciaries must protect personal data with reasonable security safeguards and, on a personal data breach, inform the Data Protection Board and each affected individual in the form and manner prescribed by the Rules.\n","practical_action":"Extend incident response to cover AI training data and model outputs that reveal personal data.","is_binding":true,"applies_from":null,"section":null,"source_reference":"Section 8(5) and 8(6); DPDP Rules on breach intimation","official_source_url":"https://www.meity.gov.in/data-protection-framework","review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":null,"actors":["provider","deployer"],"sectors":["cross_sector"],"use_cases":["generative_ai","health"],"applicability":[{"description":"All Data Fiduciaries.","actors":["provider","deployer"],"conditions":null}],"evidence_examples":[{"title":"Breach notification procedure","description":null,"artifact_type":"document"}],"framework_mappings":[{"framework":"iso_27001","framework_name":"ISO/IEC 27001:2022","reference":"Annex A incident management controls","note":"Original editorial mapping.","confidence_level":"medium","is_original":true}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/obligations/india-dpdp-security-and-breach-notification"},{"slug":"india-dpdp-significant-data-fiduciary-duties","title":"Significant Data Fiduciaries must appoint a DPO and run impact assessments and audits","category":"impact_assessment","summary":"Entities notified as Significant Data Fiduciaries, based on factors such as volume and sensitivity of data and risk to individuals, must appoint a Data Protection Officer based in India, an independent data auditor, and periodically undertake data protection impact assessments and audits.\n","practical_action":"Assess whether your AI data processing could trigger SDF designation and prepare DPIA tooling.","is_binding":true,"applies_from":null,"section":null,"source_reference":"Section 10","official_source_url":"https://www.meity.gov.in/data-protection-framework","review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":null,"actors":["provider","deployer"],"sectors":["cross_sector"],"use_cases":["generative_ai","finance_and_credit"],"applicability":[{"description":"Entities notified as Significant Data Fiduciaries.","actors":["provider","deployer"],"conditions":null}],"evidence_examples":[{"title":"Data protection impact assessment","description":null,"artifact_type":"report"}],"framework_mappings":[{"framework":"iso_42001","framework_name":"ISO/IEC 42001:2023","reference":"Clause 6.1.4 AI system impact assessment","note":"Original editorial mapping.","confidence_level":"medium","is_original":true}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/obligations/india-dpdp-significant-data-fiduciary-duties"}],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[{"title":"Presidential assent","due_on":"2023-08-11","date_precision":"exact","date_label":null,"display_date":"11 August 2023","description":"Act No. 22 of 2023.","source_reference":null,"official_source_url":null,"status":"passed","confidence_level":"high"},{"title":"DPDP Rules 2025 notified","due_on":"2025-11-13","date_precision":"exact","date_label":null,"display_date":"13 November 2025","description":"Notification in the Gazette; reviewer to confirm exact date.","source_reference":null,"official_source_url":null,"status":"passed","confidence_level":"medium"},{"title":"Phased commencement of substantive obligations","due_on":null,"date_precision":"tbd","date_label":"12 to 18 months after Rules notification (to be confirmed)","display_date":"12 to 18 months after Rules notification (to be confirmed)","description":"The Rules set staggered dates for consent-manager registration, notice, security and rights obligations.","source_reference":null,"official_source_url":null,"status":"tbd","confidence_level":"low"}],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (No. 22 of 2023)","publisher":"Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology","url":"https://www.meity.gov.in/data-protection-framework","document_date":"2023-08-11","document_type":"legislation","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"Digital Personal Data Protection Rules, 2025","publisher":"Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology","url":"https://www.meity.gov.in/data-protection-framework","document_date":"2025-11-13","document_type":"legislation","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":["india-ai-governance-guidelines","eu-ai-act"],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[{"question":"Does India's DPDP Act regulate AI?","answer":"Not by name, but it governs any digital personal data used to train, fine-tune or operate AI systems, requiring a lawful basis, notice, security safeguards and breach notification.\n"}],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.meity.gov.in/data-protection-framework","source_title":"Data Protection Framework — Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023","source_publisher":"Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Government of India","source_document_date":"2023-08-11","source_reference":"Act No. 22 of 2023","source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Initial structured record; Rules commencement schedule to be confirmed.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"india-indiaai-mission","title":"IndiaAI Mission","short_title":"IndiaAI Mission","jurisdiction":"india","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (Union Cabinet approval)","summary_plain":"A five-year national programme approved by the Union Cabinet with an outlay of about INR 10,372 crore. It funds shared public AI compute (10,000+ GPUs), an innovation centre for indigenous foundation models, a datasets platform, application development for public problems, skilling programmes, startup financing and work on safe and trusted AI. Implementation is handled by the IndiaAI division of Digital India Corporation.","adopted_on":"2024-03-07","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2012355","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:02+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/india-indiaai-mission","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Scope is as set out in the official text linked below. Issued by Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (Union Cabinet approval). Oversight: IndiaAI Independent Business Division under Digital India Corporation, MeitY. Stated purpose: Build sovereign AI compute, data and model capacity and fund the domestic AI ecosystem.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2024-03-07: Cabinet approves IndiaAI Mission with INR 10,371.92 crore outlay; 2025-11-05: MeitY releases India AI Governance Guidelines under the IndiaAI Mission","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Only the announcement or adoption date is recorded from the source; in-force and application dates are to be confirmed by a reviewer.","taxonomy":[],"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"IndiaAI Mission","publisher":"Press Information Bureau, Government of India (Cabinet decision)","url":"https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2012355","document_date":"2024-03-07","document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"MeitY releases India AI Governance Guidelines under the IndiaAI Mission","publisher":"Press Information Bureau, Government of India (Cabinet decision)","url":"https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2186639","document_date":"2025-11-05","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2012355","source_title":"IndiaAI Mission","source_publisher":"Press Information Bureau, Government of India (Cabinet decision)","source_document_date":"2024-03-07","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported from the source-backed legacy dataset (database/data/ai_policies.json); fields limited to what the official source page states. Reviewer to enrich scope, dates and obligations.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"india-national-strategy-for-artificial-intelligence","title":"National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (#AIforAll)","short_title":"National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence","jurisdiction":"india","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"NITI Aayog","summary_plain":"A discussion paper that set out India's first national approach to artificial intelligence. It prioritises five sectors (healthcare, agriculture, education, smart cities and infrastructure, and smart mobility) and proposes research institutions, data ecosystems and skilling measures to support adoption. It also flags privacy, fairness and explainability as issues needing attention and recommends institutional structures for responsible AI.","adopted_on":"2018-06-01","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-03/National-Strategy-for-Artificial-Intelligence.pdf","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:02+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/india-national-strategy-for-artificial-intelligence","status_note":"Published June 2018; exact day not stated in the document, so first of month is used. Non-binding strategy document.","scope_summary":"Scope is as set out in the official text linked below. Issued by NITI Aayog. Oversight: NITI Aayog (policy think tank of the Government of India). Stated purpose: Position India as an AI leader while using AI for inclusive social and economic growth.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2018-06-01: NITI Aayog publishes the National Strategy for AI discussion paper (June 2018); 2024-03-07: Union Cabinet approves the IndiaAI Mission, operationalising national AI investment","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Only the announcement or adoption date is recorded from the source; in-force and application dates are to be confirmed by a reviewer.","taxonomy":[],"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (#AIforAll)","publisher":"NITI Aayog","url":"https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-03/National-Strategy-for-Artificial-Intelligence.pdf","document_date":"2018-06-01","document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"Union Cabinet approves the IndiaAI Mission, operationalising national AI investment","publisher":"NITI Aayog","url":"https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2012355","document_date":"2024-03-07","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-03/National-Strategy-for-Artificial-Intelligence.pdf","source_title":"National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (#AIforAll)","source_publisher":"NITI Aayog","source_document_date":"2018-06-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported from the source-backed legacy dataset (database/data/ai_policies.json); fields limited to what the official source page states. Reviewer to enrich scope, dates and obligations.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"indonesia-rancangan-peraturan-presiden-tentang-peta-jalan-kecerdasan-artifisial-nasional-2026-2029","title":"Rancangan Peraturan Presiden tentang Peta Jalan Kecerdasan Artifisial Nasional 2026-2029 (Draft Presidential Regulation on the National AI Roadmap)","short_title":"Rancangan Peraturan Presiden tentang Peta Jalan Kecerdasan Artifisial Nasional 2026-2029","jurisdiction":"indonesia","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"proposed","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Ministry of Communication and Digital (Komdigi)","summary_plain":"A draft presidential regulation, prepared under Presidential Decree No. 38 of 2025, that would establish a binding national AI roadmap for 2026-2029 alongside a companion draft regulation on AI ethics. Inter-ministerial discussion agreed four policy directions: stakeholder engagement, innovation, technology and research capability, and risk mitigation. Cross-ministry deliberations concluded in May 2026 and both drafts were submitted to the President for enactment.","adopted_on":"2026-02-11","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/berita/view/113","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:02+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/indonesia-rancangan-peraturan-presiden-tentang-peta-jalan-kecerdasan-artifisial-nasional-2026-2029","status_note":"As of the access date no enacted Perpres number was found; the drafts were reported as awaiting presidential signature.","scope_summary":"Scope is as set out in the official text linked below. Issued by Ministry of Communication and Digital (Komdigi). Oversight: Komdigi as lead sector coordinating an inter-ministerial committee. Stated purpose: Give Indonesia's AI roadmap and ethics rules legal force through presidential regulations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2026-02-11: Inter-ministerial plenary discusses draft Perpres on National AI Roadmap 2026-2029; 2026-05-05: Government completes inter-ministerial finalisation of the roadmap and ethics draft regulations","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Only the announcement or adoption date is recorded from the source; in-force and application dates are to be confirmed by a reviewer.","taxonomy":[],"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Rancangan Peraturan Presiden tentang Peta Jalan Kecerdasan Artifisial Nasional 2026-2029 (Draft Presidential Regulation on the National AI Roadmap)","publisher":"JDIH Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital","url":"https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/berita/view/113","document_date":"2026-02-11","document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"Government completes inter-ministerial finalisation of the roadmap and ethics draft regulations","publisher":"JDIH Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital","url":"https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/berita/view/116","document_date":"2026-05-05","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/berita/view/113","source_title":"Rancangan Peraturan Presiden tentang Peta Jalan Kecerdasan Artifisial Nasional 2026-2029 (Draft Presidential Regulation on the National AI Roadmap)","source_publisher":"JDIH Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital","source_document_date":"2026-02-11","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported from the source-backed legacy dataset (database/data/ai_policies.json); fields limited to what the official source page states. Reviewer to enrich scope, dates and obligations.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"indonesia-strategi-nasional-kecerdasan-artifisial-indonesia-2020-2045","title":"Strategi Nasional Kecerdasan Artifisial Indonesia 2020-2045 (National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence)","short_title":"Strategi Nasional Kecerdasan Artifisial Indonesia 2020-2045","jurisdiction":"indonesia","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT), now part of BRIN","summary_plain":"Indonesia's long-range national AI strategy, prepared by a BPPT-led multi-stakeholder working group. It covers ethics and policy, talent, infrastructure and data, research and industry innovation, and names five priority areas: health, bureaucratic reform, education and research, food security, and mobility and smart cities. It includes quick wins and a phased implementation roadmap through 2045.","adopted_on":"2020-08-10","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://karya.brin.go.id/id/eprint/13918/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:02+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/indonesia-strategi-nasional-kecerdasan-artifisial-indonesia-2020-2045","status_note":"The 10 August 2020 launch date is drawn from contemporaneous reports; the BRIN repository record confirms 2020 publication by BPPT Press but not the day. Non-binding strategy.","scope_summary":"Scope is as set out in the official text linked below. Issued by Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT), now part of BRIN. Oversight: BPPT-led working group (now BRIN) with ministries, universities and industry. Stated purpose: Direct AI development toward Indonesia's 2045 development goals across priority sectors.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2020-08-10: Stranas KA launched on National Technology Awakening Day (Hakteknas)","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Only the announcement or adoption date is recorded from the source; in-force and application dates are to be confirmed by a reviewer.","taxonomy":[],"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Strategi Nasional Kecerdasan Artifisial Indonesia 2020-2045 (National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence)","publisher":"National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) repository / BPPT Press","url":"https://karya.brin.go.id/id/eprint/13918/","document_date":"2020-08-10","document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://karya.brin.go.id/id/eprint/13918/","source_title":"Strategi Nasional Kecerdasan Artifisial Indonesia 2020-2045 (National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence)","source_publisher":"National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) repository / BPPT Press","source_document_date":"2020-08-10","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported from the source-backed legacy dataset (database/data/ai_policies.json); fields limited to what the official source page states. Reviewer to enrich scope, dates and obligations.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"indonesia-surat-edaran-menteri-komunikasi-dan-informatika-nomor-9-tahun-2023-tentang-etika-kecerdasan-artifisi","title":"Surat Edaran Menteri Komunikasi dan Informatika Nomor 9 Tahun 2023 tentang Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial (Circular Letter No. 9 of 2023 on AI Ethics)","short_title":"Surat Edaran Menteri Komunikasi dan Informatika Nomor 9 Tahun 2023 tentang Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial","jurisdiction":"indonesia","instrument_type":"regulation","status":"in_force","is_binding":true,"issuing_body":"Ministry of Communication and Informatics (now Ministry of Communication and Digital)","summary_plain":"A ministerial circular that lays out ethical values for developing and using AI, such as inclusivity, humanity, security, accessibility, transparency, accountability, personal data protection, sustainability and respect for intellectual property. It applies to AI-related businesses and to public and private electronic system operators in Indonesia. It is soft-law guidance intended as a basis for future regulation.","adopted_on":"2023-12-19","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:02+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/indonesia-surat-edaran-menteri-komunikasi-dan-informatika-nomor-9-tahun-2023-tentang-etika-kecerdasan-artifisi","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Scope is as set out in the official text linked below. Issued by Ministry of Communication and Informatics (now Ministry of Communication and Digital). Oversight: Ministry of Communication and Digital (Komdigi). Stated purpose: Set ethical expectations for AI developers and electronic system operators pending binding regulation.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2023-12-19: Circular Letter No. 9/2023 on AI Ethics signed by the Minister","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Only the announcement or adoption date is recorded from the source; in-force and application dates are to be confirmed by a reviewer.","taxonomy":[],"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Surat Edaran Menteri Komunikasi dan Informatika Nomor 9 Tahun 2023 tentang Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial (Circular Letter No. 9 of 2023 on AI Ethics)","publisher":"JDIH Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital","url":"https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023","document_date":"2023-12-19","document_type":"legislation","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023","source_title":"Surat Edaran Menteri Komunikasi dan Informatika Nomor 9 Tahun 2023 tentang Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial (Circular Letter No. 9 of 2023 on AI Ethics)","source_publisher":"JDIH Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital","source_document_date":"2023-12-19","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported from the source-backed legacy dataset (database/data/ai_policies.json); fields limited to what the official source page states. Reviewer to enrich scope, dates and obligations.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"ireland-ai-here-for-good-national-ai-strategy","title":"AI – Here for Good: National Artificial Intelligence Strategy for Ireland (2021, refreshed 2024)","short_title":"AI – Here for Good (National AI Strategy)","jurisdiction":"ireland","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Government of Ireland (Department of Enterprise, Trade and Employment)","summary_plain":"Ireland's national AI strategy, first published in July 2021 and refreshed in November 2024 to reflect the EU AI Act and generative AI, is organised around building public trust, leveraging AI for economic and societal benefit, and enablers such as data, infrastructure, skills and governance. The refresh sets out Ireland's AI Act implementation model, public-sector AI guidelines and an AI advisory council.","adopted_on":"2021-07-08","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://enterprise.gov.ie/en/publications/national-ai-strategy.html","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:03+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/ireland-ai-here-for-good-national-ai-strategy","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Government programme; no obligations on private organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2021-07-08: strategy published; 2024-11-05: refresh published.","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Dates are taken from the linked official source; a reviewer should confirm in-force and application dates before relying on them.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector","public_services"],"use_case":["public_services","generative_ai"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"National AI Strategy","publisher":"Department of Enterprise, Trade and Employment","url":"https://enterprise.gov.ie/en/publications/national-ai-strategy.html","document_date":"2024-11-05","document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://enterprise.gov.ie/en/publications/national-ai-strategy.html","source_title":"National AI Strategy","source_publisher":"Department of Enterprise, Trade and Employment","source_document_date":"2024-11-05","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"iso-iec-42001-2023-ai-management-system","title":"ISO/IEC 42001:2023 Information technology – Artificial intelligence – Management system","short_title":"ISO/IEC 42001:2023 AI management system","jurisdiction":"international","instrument_type":"standard","status":"voluntary_standard","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 42","summary_plain":"The first certifiable management-system standard for AI. It specifies requirements for establishing, implementing, maintaining and improving an AI management system within an organisation: context and leadership, AI policy, risk and impact assessment, objectives, resources and competence, operational controls across the AI lifecycle, performance evaluation and improvement, with Annex A controls on data, transparency, human oversight, third parties and responsible use. Certification is voluntary but increasingly requested in procurement; regulators reference it as evidence of governance.","adopted_on":"2023-12-18","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.iso.org/standard/42001","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:03+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/iso-iec-42001-2023-ai-management-system","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Voluntary; any organisation developing, providing or using AI systems. This site does not reproduce the standard's text.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Dates are taken from the linked official source; a reviewer should confirm in-force and application dates before relying on them.","taxonomy":{"actor":["provider","deployer"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["government_procurement"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"ISO/IEC 42001:2023","publisher":"International Organization for Standardization","url":"https://www.iso.org/standard/42001","document_date":"2023-12-18","document_type":"standard","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":["iso_42001","nist_ai_rmf"],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.iso.org/standard/42001","source_title":"ISO/IEC 42001:2023","source_publisher":"International Organization for Standardization","source_document_date":"2023-12-18","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"israel-ai-regulation-and-ethics-policy-2023","title":"Israel's Policy on Artificial Intelligence Regulation and Ethics","short_title":"AI regulation and ethics policy (2023)","jurisdiction":"israel","instrument_type":"policy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Ministry of Innovation, Science and Technology and Ministry of Justice","summary_plain":"Adopted in December 2023 after public consultation, the policy sets Israel's approach: sector-specific regulation by existing regulators, a risk-based approach, preference for soft tools (standards, self-regulation, sandboxes) over binding rules at this stage, alignment with OECD principles, and common ethical principles (growth and sustainable development, human-centricity, equality, transparency, safety, accountability, privacy). It establishes an AI policy coordination centre and an expert advisory forum.","adopted_on":"2023-12-17","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.il/en/pages/ai_2023","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:03+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/israel-ai-regulation-and-ethics-policy-2023","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Guidance to government ministries and regulators; no direct obligations on organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Dates are taken from the linked official source; a reviewer should confirm in-force and application dates before relying on them.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Israel's Policy on AI Regulation and Ethics","publisher":"Ministry of Innovation, Science and Technology","url":"https://www.gov.il/en/pages/ai_2023","document_date":"2023-12-17","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.il/en/pages/ai_2023","source_title":"Israel's Policy on AI Regulation and Ethics","source_publisher":"Ministry of Innovation, Science and Technology","source_document_date":"2023-12-17","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"italy-italian-ai-strategy-2024-2026","title":"Strategia Italiana per l'Intelligenza Artificiale 2024-2026","short_title":"Italian AI Strategy 2024–2026","jurisdiction":"italy","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Presidency of the Council of Ministers (Department for Digital Transformation) and AgID","summary_plain":"The 2024–2026 strategy, drafted by an expert committee for the Department for Digital Transformation and published in July 2024, organises action around research, public administration, enterprises and training, with a foundation-model and compute agenda, an AI foundation to coordinate delivery and a monitoring framework.","adopted_on":"2024-07-22","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.agid.gov.it/sites/agid/files/2024-07/Strategia_italiana_per_l_Intelligenza_artificiale_2024-2026.pdf","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:03+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/italy-italian-ai-strategy-2024-2026","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Government programme; no obligations on private organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2024-07-22: strategy published.","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Month-level publication date from the AgID document metadata.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector","public_services"],"use_case":["public_services","generative_ai"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Strategia Italiana per l'Intelligenza Artificiale 2024-2026","publisher":"Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri / AgID","url":"https://www.agid.gov.it/sites/agid/files/2024-07/Strategia_italiana_per_l_Intelligenza_artificiale_2024-2026.pdf","document_date":"2024-07-22","document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.agid.gov.it/sites/agid/files/2024-07/Strategia_italiana_per_l_Intelligenza_artificiale_2024-2026.pdf","source_title":"Strategia Italiana per l'Intelligenza Artificiale 2024-2026","source_publisher":"Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri / AgID","source_document_date":"2024-07-22","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"italy-law-132-2025-ai","title":"Legge 23 settembre 2025, n. 132 – Disposizioni e deleghe al Governo in materia di intelligenza artificiale","short_title":"Law No. 132/2025 on artificial intelligence","jurisdiction":"italy","instrument_type":"act","status":"in_force","is_binding":true,"issuing_body":"Parliament of the Italian Republic","summary_plain":"Italy's framework AI law, published in the Official Gazette on 25 September 2025 and in force from 10 October 2025. It states principles (human-centric, transparent, safe AI; protection of fundamental rights), sets sector rules for healthcare (AI as support, not replacement, for clinical decisions), employment (information to workers, an AI-at-work observatory), intellectual professions (client disclosure), justice (judge decides; AI only for organisational support) and public administration, requires parental consent for children under 14, designates AgID and ACN as national authorities, delegates the government to align national law with the EU AI Act, and creates a criminal offence for unlawful dissemination of AI-generated or manipulated content with aggravating circumstances for other crimes committed with AI.","adopted_on":"2025-09-17","in_force_on":"2025-10-10","applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/eli/id/2025/09/25/25G00146/sg","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:03+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/italy-law-132-2025-ai","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Applies in Italy to public and private users, developers and providers of AI systems, with sector chapters for health, work, professions, justice and public administration; the EU AI Act continues to apply directly.","who_it_applies_to":"Providers and deployers of AI systems operating in Italy; employers using AI; professionals; healthcare bodies; public administrations; courts; platforms hosting AI-generated content.","key_dates_summary":"2025-09-17: final Senate approval; 2025-09-25: published in Gazzetta Ufficiale; 2025-10-10: entry into force; implementing decrees due within 12 months of entry into force.","penalties_summary":"New Article 612-quater of the Criminal Code punishes unlawful dissemination of AI-generated or altered content that causes unjust harm with imprisonment from one to five years; AI use is an aggravating circumstance for listed offences. Administrative penalties for AI Act breaches are those set by the EU Regulation and national implementing decrees.","what_organizations_must_do":"Map AI systems against the sector chapters (health, work, professions, justice, public administration), add disclosure to workers and clients where required, apply the under-14 consent rule, and follow AgID/ACN guidance as delegated decrees are adopted.","published_on":"2025-09-25","date_notes":"Entry into force on the fifteenth day after publication, per the Gazette notice; delegated-decree deadlines run from that date.","taxonomy":{"actor":["provider","deployer","user","public_authority"],"ai_system_type":["generative_ai","automated_decision_system"],"sector":["cross_sector","employment","healthcare","public_services","law_enforcement"],"risk_category":["unclassified"],"use_case":["hiring_and_hr","health","public_services","generative_ai"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[{"title":"Entry into force","due_on":"2025-10-10","date_precision":"exact","date_label":null,"display_date":"10 October 2025","description":"Fifteenth day after publication in the Gazzetta Ufficiale.","source_reference":null,"official_source_url":null,"status":"passed","confidence_level":"high"},{"title":"Delegated decrees aligning national law with the EU AI Act","due_on":"2026-10-10","date_precision":"exact","date_label":null,"display_date":"10 October 2026","description":"Government delegation to be exercised within twelve months of entry into force.","source_reference":null,"official_source_url":null,"status":"scheduled","confidence_level":"medium"}],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Legge 23 settembre 2025, n. 132","publisher":"Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana","url":"https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/eli/id/2025/09/25/25G00146/sg","document_date":"2025-09-25","document_type":"legislation","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":["eu-ai-act"],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[{"question":"Does the Italian AI law replace the EU AI Act?","answer":"No. It complements the Regulation with national authorities, sector rules, child-protection provisions and criminal offences, and delegates the government to adopt aligning decrees."}],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/eli/id/2025/09/25/25G00146/sg","source_title":"Legge 23 settembre 2025, n. 132","source_publisher":"Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana","source_document_date":"2025-09-25","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"jamaica-national-ai-policy-framework-2024","title":"National Artificial Intelligence Policy Framework (AI Task Force report)","short_title":"National AI policy framework (2024)","jurisdiction":"jamaica","instrument_type":"policy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Government of Jamaica (National AI Task Force)","summary_plain":"The task force report proposes a national AI policy with principles for responsible AI, a governance structure, skills and research programmes, public-sector use cases and sector priorities.","adopted_on":null,"in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.mset.gov.jm/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:03+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/jamaica-national-ai-policy-framework-2024","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Government programme; no obligations on private organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Adoption date not established from the official source and left empty rather than estimated; the year in the title or summary is the best available indication. Reviewer to add the exact date with a source reference.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Science, Energy, Telecommunications and Transport","publisher":"Government of Jamaica","url":"https://www.mset.gov.jm/","document_date":null,"document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.mset.gov.jm/","source_title":"Ministry of Science, Energy, Telecommunications and Transport","source_publisher":"Government of Jamaica","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"japan-act-on-promotion-of-research-and-development-and-utilization-of-artificial-intelligence-related-technolo","title":"Act on Promotion of Research and Development, and Utilization of Artificial Intelligence-related Technology (Act No. 53 of 2025)","short_title":"Act on Promotion of Research and Development, and Utilization of Artificial Intelligence-related Technology","jurisdiction":"japan","instrument_type":"act","status":"in_force","is_binding":true,"issuing_body":"National Diet of Japan; administered by the Cabinet Office","summary_plain":"Japan's first AI-specific statute establishes basic principles and a governmental framework for promoting AI research, development and use. It creates an AI Strategy Headquarters under the Cabinet, requires the government to adopt an AI Basic Plan, and provides for guidelines, information gathering and investigation of cases where AI infringes rights, together with guidance to businesses and the public. Businesses are asked to cooperate with government measures; the Act contains no fines or prohibitions.","adopted_on":"2025-06-04","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/en/laws/view/5066/en","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:03+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/japan-act-on-promotion-of-research-and-development-and-utilization-of-artificial-intelligence-related-technolo","status_note":"The Diet passed the bill on 28 May 2025; the announcement date used is the promulgation date. The 1 September 2025 full-effect date was reported by government sources found in search (gov-online.go.jp, which returned 403 to the fetch tool) and is consistent with the Act's 'within three months' commencement clause; the Cabinet Office outline PDF fetched does not itself state the date.","scope_summary":"Scope is as set out in the official text linked below. Issued by National Diet of Japan; administered by the Cabinet Office. Oversight: Artificial Intelligence Strategy Headquarters chaired by the Prime Minister with all Cabinet ministers as members. Stated purpose: Promote AI research and use nationally while addressing public concern about risks, without new penalties.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2025-06-04: Promulgated as Act No. 53 of 2025; general provisions in force on promulgation; 2025-09-01: Chapters III and IV (Strategy Headquarters and Basic Plan) brought into effect by Cabinet Order","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Only the announcement or adoption date is recorded from the source; in-force and application dates are to be confirmed by a reviewer.","taxonomy":[],"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Act on Promotion of Research and Development, and Utilization of Artificial Intelligence-related Technology (Act No. 53 of 2025)","publisher":"Japanese Law Translation Database (Ministry of Justice)","url":"https://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/en/laws/view/5066/en","document_date":"2025-06-04","document_type":"legislation","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"Chapters III and IV (Strategy Headquarters and Basic Plan) brought into effect by Cabinet Order","publisher":"Japanese Law Translation Database (Ministry of Justice)","url":"https://www8.cao.go.jp/cstp/ai/ai_hou_gaiyou_en.pdf","document_date":"2025-09-01","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/en/laws/view/5066/en","source_title":"Act on Promotion of Research and Development, and Utilization of Artificial Intelligence-related Technology (Act No. 53 of 2025)","source_publisher":"Japanese Law Translation Database (Ministry of Justice)","source_document_date":"2025-06-04","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported from the source-backed legacy dataset (database/data/ai_policies.json); fields limited to what the official source page states. Reviewer to enrich scope, dates and obligations.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"japan-ai-guidelines-for-business","title":"AI Guidelines for Business","short_title":"AI Guidelines for Business","jurisdiction":"japan","instrument_type":"guidance","status":"guidance","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry and Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications","summary_plain":"The AI Guidelines for Business consolidate Japan's previous AI R&D, utilisation and governance guidelines into a single non-binding document addressed to AI developers, providers and business users. They set common guiding principles (such as human-centricity, safety, fairness, privacy, security, transparency and accountability) and describe agile governance practices, with an appendix of practical methods and checklists. The guidelines are updated periodically; version 1.0 was issued in April 2024 and version 1.2 in March 2026.","adopted_on":"2024-04-19","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.meti.go.jp/shingikai/mono_info_service/ai_shakai_jisso/index.html","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:03+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/japan-ai-guidelines-for-business","status_note":"METI pages block automated fetches (HTTP 403/202) but were loaded and read in a browser session; version dates come from the METI committee index page. Principle list summarised from general knowledge of the guidelines, not re-read from the PDFs.","scope_summary":"Scope is as set out in the official text linked below. Issued by Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry and Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. Oversight: METI and MIC jointly maintain; secretariat shared with IPA/AI Safety Institute; voluntary adoption by developers, providers and users. Stated purpose: Unify earlier AI ethics and governance guidelines into one voluntary, risk-based guide for business.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2024-04-19: AI Guidelines for Business Ver1.0 published; 2026-03-31: Ver1.2 published","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Only the announcement or adoption date is recorded from the source; in-force and application dates are to be confirmed by a reviewer.","taxonomy":[],"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"AI Guidelines for Business","publisher":"Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry","url":"https://www.meti.go.jp/shingikai/mono_info_service/ai_shakai_jisso/index.html","document_date":"2024-04-19","document_type":"guidance","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"AI Guidelines for Business Ver1.0 published","publisher":"Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry","url":"https://www.meti.go.jp/shingikai/mono_info_service/ai_shakai_jisso/20240419_report.html","document_date":"2024-04-19","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.meti.go.jp/shingikai/mono_info_service/ai_shakai_jisso/index.html","source_title":"AI Guidelines for Business","source_publisher":"Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry","source_document_date":"2024-04-19","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported from the source-backed legacy dataset (database/data/ai_policies.json); fields limited to what the official source page states. Reviewer to enrich scope, dates and obligations.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"japan-artificial-intelligence-basic-plan","title":"Artificial Intelligence Basic Plan","short_title":"Artificial Intelligence Basic Plan","jurisdiction":"japan","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Cabinet of Japan (Cabinet Office, AI Strategy Headquarters)","summary_plain":"The AI Basic Plan is the national strategy required under Article 18 of the 2025 AI Act. It sets basic policies and concrete measures across four areas: accelerating AI deployment, strengthening development capabilities, leading AI governance and building an AI-powered society, with the stated ambition of Japan becoming the most AI-friendly country. The first plan was adopted by Cabinet decision in December 2025 and a revised second plan was adopted in July 2026.","adopted_on":"2025-12-23","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www8.cao.go.jp/cstp/ai/ai_plan/ai_plan.html","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:03+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/japan-artificial-intelligence-basic-plan","status_note":"Dates confirmed from the Cabinet Office page (Reiwa 7-12-23 and Reiwa 8-7-14 Cabinet decisions) and the provisional English translation of the second plan.","scope_summary":"Scope is as set out in the official text linked below. Issued by Cabinet of Japan (Cabinet Office, AI Strategy Headquarters). Oversight: AI Strategy Headquarters chaired by the Prime Minister; Cabinet Office coordinates follow-up and revisions. Stated purpose: Statutory national AI strategy to make Japan a leading AI-adopting nation.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2025-12-23: First AI Basic Plan adopted by Cabinet decision; 2026-07-14: Second AI Basic Plan adopted by Cabinet decision","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Only the announcement or adoption date is recorded from the source; in-force and application dates are to be confirmed by a reviewer.","taxonomy":[],"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Artificial Intelligence Basic Plan","publisher":"Cabinet Office, Government of Japan","url":"https://www8.cao.go.jp/cstp/ai/ai_plan/ai_plan.html","document_date":"2025-12-23","document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"Second AI Basic Plan adopted by Cabinet decision","publisher":"Cabinet Office, Government of Japan","url":"https://www8.cao.go.jp/cstp/ai/ai_plan/aiplan_eng_20260714.pdf","document_date":"2026-07-14","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www8.cao.go.jp/cstp/ai/ai_plan/ai_plan.html","source_title":"Artificial Intelligence Basic Plan","source_publisher":"Cabinet Office, Government of Japan","source_document_date":"2025-12-23","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported from the source-backed legacy dataset (database/data/ai_policies.json); fields limited to what the official source page states. Reviewer to enrich scope, dates and obligations.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"jordan-ai-strategy-and-roadmap-2023-2027","title":"Jordanian Artificial Intelligence Strategy and Implementation Roadmap 2023–2027","short_title":"AI Strategy and Implementation Roadmap 2023–2027","jurisdiction":"jordan","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Government of Jordan (Ministry of Digital Economy and Entrepreneurship)","summary_plain":"Adopted in 2023, the strategy sets priorities on AI governance and ethics, talent and research, adoption in government services and priority sectors, data infrastructure, and international cooperation, with an implementation roadmap and indicators to 2027.","adopted_on":"2023-08-01","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.modee.gov.jo/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:03+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/jordan-ai-strategy-and-roadmap-2023-2027","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Government programme; no obligations on private organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Month-level date.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"MoDEE","publisher":"Government of Jordan","url":"https://www.modee.gov.jo/","document_date":"2023-08-01","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.modee.gov.jo/","source_title":"MoDEE","source_publisher":"Government of Jordan","source_document_date":"2023-08-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"jordan-charter-of-ai-ethics-2022","title":"Jordanian Charter of Artificial Intelligence Ethics","short_title":"Charter of AI Ethics (2022)","jurisdiction":"jordan","instrument_type":"guidance","status":"guidance","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Ministry of Digital Economy and Entrepreneurship","summary_plain":"The charter sets ethical principles for the development and use of AI in Jordan, including human dignity, fairness, transparency, accountability, safety, privacy and sustainability, addressed to public and private organisations.","adopted_on":"2022-08-01","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.modee.gov.jo/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:03+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/jordan-charter-of-ai-ethics-2022","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Voluntary; public and private AI actors in Jordan.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Month-level date.","taxonomy":{"actor":["provider","deployer","public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"MoDEE","publisher":"Government of Jordan","url":"https://www.modee.gov.jo/","document_date":null,"document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.modee.gov.jo/","source_title":"MoDEE","source_publisher":"Government of Jordan","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"kazakhstan-ai-development-concept-2024-2029","title":"Концепция развития искусственного интеллекта на 2024–2029 годы","short_title":"Concept for AI development 2024–2029","jurisdiction":"kazakhstan","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan","summary_plain":"Approved by government decree in July 2024, the concept sets targets for AI infrastructure (supercomputing, data), talent, adoption in the public sector and economy, a national AI platform and regulatory development that led to the 2025 AI law.","adopted_on":"2024-07-24","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/mdai","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:03+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/kazakhstan-ai-development-concept-2024-2029","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Government programme; no obligations on private organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Dates are taken from the linked official source; a reviewer should confirm in-force and application dates before relying on them.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Development","publisher":"Government of Kazakhstan","url":"https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/mdai","document_date":"2024-07-24","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/mdai","source_title":"Ministry of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Development","source_publisher":"Government of Kazakhstan","source_document_date":"2024-07-24","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"kazakhstan-law-on-artificial-intelligence-2025","title":"Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan \"On Artificial Intelligence\" (signed November 2025)","short_title":"Law on Artificial Intelligence (2025)","jurisdiction":"kazakhstan","instrument_type":"act","status":"adopted","is_binding":true,"issuing_body":"Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan","summary_plain":"The law defines AI systems and their classification by level of autonomy and risk, sets principles (legality, fairness, transparency, safety, human control), assigns duties to owners and operators of AI systems including risk management, labelling of AI-generated content and protection of personal data, prohibits certain manipulative and social-scoring uses, provides for a national AI platform and state support measures, and allocates state regulation to the authorised body.","adopted_on":"2025-11-17","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/mdai","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:03+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/kazakhstan-law-on-artificial-intelligence-2025","status_note":"Signed by the President in November 2025 with entry into force after the official publication period; confirm the date and text on the official legal information system (adilet.zan.kz).","scope_summary":"Owners, developers and operators of AI systems in Kazakhstan and public bodies using AI.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Signing date as reported officially; in-force date to be confirmed.","taxonomy":{"actor":["provider","deployer","public_authority"],"ai_system_type":["generative_ai","automated_decision_system"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"risk_category":["prohibited","high_risk","transparency_risk"],"use_case":["public_services","generative_ai"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Development","publisher":"Government of Kazakhstan","url":"https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/mdai","document_date":null,"document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/mdai","source_title":"Ministry of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Development","source_publisher":"Government of Kazakhstan","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"kenya-kenya-artificial-intelligence-strategy-2025-2030","title":"Kenya Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2025-2030","short_title":"Kenya Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2025-2030","jurisdiction":"kenya","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Ministry of Information, Communications and the Digital Economy (MICDE)","summary_plain":"Kenya's first national AI strategy sets a five-year agenda built on three pillars: AI digital infrastructure, data and AI governance, and AI research, innovation and commercialisation. It aligns with the Kenya National Digital Masterplan 2022-2032 and priorities sectors such as agriculture, health and education. A separate implementation roadmap was later published by the ministry.","adopted_on":"2025-03-27","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.ict.go.ke/kenyas-artificial-intelligence-ai-strategy-2025-2030-launched-kicc-nairobi","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:03+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/kenya-kenya-artificial-intelligence-strategy-2025-2030","status_note":"ict.go.ke serves an incomplete TLS chain, so some clients report certificate errors; content loads with HTTP 200. The implementation roadmap PDF (Dec 2025) is at https://www.ict.go.ke/sites/default/files/2025-12/Kenya%20National%20AI%20Strategy%202025-2030%20Implementation%20Roadmap.pdf","scope_summary":"Scope is as set out in the official text linked below. Issued by Ministry of Information, Communications and the Digital Economy (MICDE). Oversight: MICDE leads implementation with partners; implementation roadmap published Dec 2025. Stated purpose: Position Kenya as a competitive, secure and future-ready AI economy.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2025-01-14: Draft strategy released for public validation; 2025-03-27: Strategy launched at KICC, Nairobi; final PDF published","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Only the announcement or adoption date is recorded from the source; in-force and application dates are to be confirmed by a reviewer.","taxonomy":[],"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Kenya Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2025-2030","publisher":"Ministry of Information, Communications and the Digital Economy","url":"https://www.ict.go.ke/kenyas-artificial-intelligence-ai-strategy-2025-2030-launched-kicc-nairobi","document_date":"2025-03-27","document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"Draft strategy released for public validation","publisher":"Ministry of Information, Communications and the Digital Economy","url":"https://ict.go.ke/sites/default/files/2025-01/Kenya%20National%20AI%20Strategy%20(Draft)%20for%20Public%20Validation%20%20%5B14-01-2025%5D.pdf","document_date":"2025-01-14","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"Strategy launched at KICC, Nairobi; final PDF published","publisher":"Ministry of Information, Communications and the Digital Economy","url":"https://ict.go.ke/sites/default/files/2025-03/Kenya%20AI%20Strategy%202025%20-%202030.pdf","document_date":"2025-03-27","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.ict.go.ke/kenyas-artificial-intelligence-ai-strategy-2025-2030-launched-kicc-nairobi","source_title":"Kenya Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2025-2030","source_publisher":"Ministry of Information, Communications and the Digital Economy","source_document_date":"2025-03-27","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported from the source-backed legacy dataset (database/data/ai_policies.json); fields limited to what the official source page states. Reviewer to enrich scope, dates and obligations.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"kuwait-national-ai-strategy-2025-2028","title":"Kuwait National Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2025–2028","short_title":"National AI Strategy 2025–2028","jurisdiction":"kuwait","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Government of Kuwait (CAIT)","summary_plain":"The strategy sets objectives on AI in government services, national talent, data and cloud infrastructure, ethical and responsible AI, and partnerships, aligned with Kuwait Vision 2035.","adopted_on":null,"in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.cait.gov.kw/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:03+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/kuwait-national-ai-strategy-2025-2028","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Government programme; no obligations on private organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Adoption date not established from the official source and left empty rather than estimated; the year in the title or summary is the best available indication. Reviewer to add the exact date with a source reference.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Central Agency for Information Technology","publisher":"Government of Kuwait","url":"https://www.cait.gov.kw/","document_date":null,"document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.cait.gov.kw/","source_title":"Central Agency for Information Technology","source_publisher":"Government of Kuwait","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"latvia-ai-development-report-2020","title":"Informatīvais ziņojums \"Par mākslīgā intelekta risinājumu attīstību\"","short_title":"Informational report on AI development (2020)","jurisdiction":"latvia","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Cabinet of Ministers of Latvia","summary_plain":"The 2020 informational report approved by the Cabinet sets Latvia's direction on AI: public-sector use cases, data availability, skills, research and ethical principles, later carried into the Digital Transformation Guidelines 2021–2027.","adopted_on":"2020-02-01","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.varam.gov.lv/en","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:04+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/latvia-ai-development-report-2020","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Government programme; no obligations on private organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Month-level date; to be confirmed.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Environmental Protection and Regional Development","publisher":"Government of Latvia","url":"https://www.varam.gov.lv/en","document_date":null,"document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.varam.gov.lv/en","source_title":"Ministry of Environmental Protection and Regional Development","source_publisher":"Government of Latvia","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"lebanon-national-ai-strategy-2024-2030","title":"Lebanon National Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2024–2030","short_title":"National AI Strategy 2024–2030","jurisdiction":"lebanon","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Government of Lebanon (OMSAR)","summary_plain":"The strategy sets objectives for AI governance and ethics, talent and research, adoption in public services and the economy, and data infrastructure, drawing on UNESCO's readiness assessment.","adopted_on":null,"in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.omsar.gov.lb/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:04+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/lebanon-national-ai-strategy-2024-2030","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Government programme; no obligations on private organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Adoption date not established from the official source and left empty rather than estimated; the year in the title or summary is the best available indication. Reviewer to add the exact date with a source reference.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"OMSAR","publisher":"Government of Lebanon","url":"https://www.omsar.gov.lb/","document_date":null,"document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.omsar.gov.lb/","source_title":"OMSAR","source_publisher":"Government of Lebanon","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"lithuania-artificial-intelligence-strategy-2019","title":"Lithuanian Artificial Intelligence Strategy: A vision of the future","short_title":"Lithuanian Artificial Intelligence Strategy (2019)","jurisdiction":"lithuania","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Ministry of the Economy and Innovation","summary_plain":"Published in 2019, the strategy sets a vision for AI in Lithuania across research, industry, public sector, skills and ethics, and proposes a coordination structure and funding measures.","adopted_on":"2019-04-01","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://eimin.lrv.lt/en/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:04+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/lithuania-artificial-intelligence-strategy-2019","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Government programme; no obligations on private organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Month-level date; to be confirmed.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Ministry of the Economy and Innovation","publisher":"Government of Lithuania","url":"https://eimin.lrv.lt/en/","document_date":null,"document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://eimin.lrv.lt/en/","source_title":"Ministry of the Economy and Innovation","source_publisher":"Government of Lithuania","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"luxembourg-ai-strategic-vision-2019","title":"Artificial Intelligence: a strategic vision for Luxembourg","short_title":"AI: a strategic vision for Luxembourg (2019)","jurisdiction":"luxembourg","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Government of Luxembourg (Ministry of Digitalisation)","summary_plain":"Published in May 2019, the vision positions Luxembourg as a living lab for applied AI with priorities on skills, data and infrastructure, public-sector use, research and trustworthy, human-centric AI.","adopted_on":"2019-05-01","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://digital.gouvernement.lu/en.html","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:04+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/luxembourg-ai-strategic-vision-2019","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Government programme; no obligations on private organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Month-level date.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Artificial Intelligence: a strategic vision for Luxembourg","publisher":"Government of Luxembourg","url":"https://digital.gouvernement.lu/en.html","document_date":"2019-05-01","document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://digital.gouvernement.lu/en.html","source_title":"Artificial Intelligence: a strategic vision for Luxembourg","source_publisher":"Government of Luxembourg","source_document_date":"2019-05-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"malaysia-artificial-intelligence","title":"Artificial Intelligence (AI) Governance Bill (proposed)","short_title":"Artificial Intelligence","jurisdiction":"malaysia","instrument_type":"bill","status":"proposed","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Ministry of Digital / National AI Office (NAIO)","summary_plain":"A proposed horizontal AI law announced for stakeholder engagement and public consultation by the Ministry of Digital through the National AI Office. It takes a risk-based approach across the AI lifecycle, assigns responsibilities according to actors' roles, and is intended to complement existing laws rather than regulate AI outputs directly. It encourages incident reporting, safeguards and sandboxes, and the government aims to table it in Parliament.","adopted_on":"2026-07-10","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.digital.gov.my/en-GB/siaran/Kementerian-Digital-Mulakan-Libat-Urus-Cadangan-Rang-Undang-Undang-Tadbir-Urus-Kecerdasan-Buatan-(AI)","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:04+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/malaysia-artificial-intelligence","status_note":"Bill text not yet tabled as of access date; public consultation reportedly closed 31 July 2026.","scope_summary":"Scope is as set out in the official text linked below. Issued by Ministry of Digital / National AI Office (NAIO). Oversight: National AI Office under the Ministry of Digital. Stated purpose: Create Malaysia's first horizontal, risk-based statutory framework for AI.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2026-07-10: Ministry of Digital begins engagement and public consultation on the AI Governance Bill","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Only the announcement or adoption date is recorded from the source; in-force and application dates are to be confirmed by a reviewer.","taxonomy":[],"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Artificial Intelligence (AI) Governance Bill (proposed)","publisher":"Ministry of Digital, Malaysia","url":"https://www.digital.gov.my/en-GB/siaran/Kementerian-Digital-Mulakan-Libat-Urus-Cadangan-Rang-Undang-Undang-Tadbir-Urus-Kecerdasan-Buatan-(AI)","document_date":"2026-07-10","document_type":"legislation","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.digital.gov.my/en-GB/siaran/Kementerian-Digital-Mulakan-Libat-Urus-Cadangan-Rang-Undang-Undang-Tadbir-Urus-Kecerdasan-Buatan-(AI)","source_title":"Artificial Intelligence (AI) Governance Bill (proposed)","source_publisher":"Ministry of Digital, Malaysia","source_document_date":"2026-07-10","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported from the source-backed legacy dataset (database/data/ai_policies.json); fields limited to what the official source page states. Reviewer to enrich scope, dates and obligations.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"malaysia-national-artificial-intelligence-roadmap-2021-2025","title":"National Artificial Intelligence Roadmap 2021-2025 (AI-Rmap)","short_title":"National Artificial Intelligence Roadmap 2021-2025","jurisdiction":"malaysia","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI)","summary_plain":"Malaysia's five-year AI roadmap developed by MOSTI through a quadruple-helix consultation. It sets strategic thrusts on governance, R&D, infrastructure, talent and adoption, and identifies national use cases in five priority sectors: agriculture and forestry, healthcare, smart cities and transport, education and public services. It is guided by responsible AI principles including fairness, transparency, accountability and privacy.","adopted_on":"2021-12-01","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.mosti.gov.my/en/berita/malaysias-national-artificial-intelligence-ai-roadmap-2021-2025/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:04+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/malaysia-national-artificial-intelligence-roadmap-2021-2025","status_note":"Exact adoption/launch date not stated on official pages; the MASTIC file is dated 19 Oct 2021 and third-party trackers cite adoption on 1 Dec 2021, so 2021-12-01 is used as a month-level date. Superseded in 2026 by the Ministry of Digital's AI Nation 2030 direction.","scope_summary":"Scope is as set out in the official text linked below. Issued by Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI). Oversight: MOSTI with Malaysia Digital Economy Corporation. Stated purpose: Build a national AI innovation ecosystem to raise productivity and competitiveness.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2021-12-01: AI-Rmap 2021-2025 adopted by MOSTI; 2024-09-01: National Guidelines on AI Governance and Ethics issued under the roadmap","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Only the announcement or adoption date is recorded from the source; in-force and application dates are to be confirmed by a reviewer.","taxonomy":[],"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"National Artificial Intelligence Roadmap 2021-2025 (AI-Rmap)","publisher":"Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia","url":"https://www.mosti.gov.my/en/berita/malaysias-national-artificial-intelligence-ai-roadmap-2021-2025/","document_date":"2021-12-01","document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"AI-Rmap 2021-2025 adopted by MOSTI","publisher":"Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia","url":"https://mastic.mosti.gov.my/publication/artificial-intelligence-roadmap-2021-2025/","document_date":"2021-12-01","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"National Guidelines on AI Governance and Ethics issued under the roadmap","publisher":"Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia","url":"https://mastic.mosti.gov.my/publication/the-national-guidelines-on-ai-governance-ethics/","document_date":"2024-09-01","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.mosti.gov.my/en/berita/malaysias-national-artificial-intelligence-ai-roadmap-2021-2025/","source_title":"National Artificial Intelligence Roadmap 2021-2025 (AI-Rmap)","source_publisher":"Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia","source_document_date":"2021-12-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported from the source-backed legacy dataset (database/data/ai_policies.json); fields limited to what the official source page states. Reviewer to enrich scope, dates and obligations.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"malaysia-the-national-guidelines-on-ai-governance-ethics","title":"The National Guidelines on AI Governance & Ethics (AIGE)","short_title":"The National Guidelines on AI Governance & Ethics","jurisdiction":"malaysia","instrument_type":"guidance","status":"guidance","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI)","summary_plain":"Voluntary national guidelines that set out seven principles for responsible AI: fairness; reliability, safety and control; privacy and security; inclusiveness; transparency; accountability; and human-centricity. They give tailored guidance to end users, policymakers and AI developers and are meant to build public trust and reduce ethical risks while supporting adoption.","adopted_on":"2024-09-01","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://mastic.mosti.gov.my/publication/the-national-guidelines-on-ai-governance-ethics/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:04+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/malaysia-the-national-guidelines-on-ai-governance-ethics","status_note":"MASTIC lists publication as September 2024; the launch is widely reported as 20 September 2024 but the day is not stated on the official page, so first of month is used.","scope_summary":"Scope is as set out in the official text linked below. Issued by Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI). Oversight: MOSTI (guidelines are voluntary). Stated purpose: Promote trustworthy, human-centred AI through shared principles for users, policymakers and developers.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2024-09-01: AIGE published by MOSTI (September 2024)","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Only the announcement or adoption date is recorded from the source; in-force and application dates are to be confirmed by a reviewer.","taxonomy":[],"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"The National Guidelines on AI Governance & Ethics (AIGE)","publisher":"Malaysian Science, Technology Information Centre (MASTIC), MOSTI","url":"https://mastic.mosti.gov.my/publication/the-national-guidelines-on-ai-governance-ethics/","document_date":"2024-09-01","document_type":"guidance","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"AIGE published by MOSTI (September 2024)","publisher":"Malaysian Science, Technology Information Centre (MASTIC), MOSTI","url":"https://mastic.mosti.gov.my/storage/2024/09/THE-NATIONAL-GUIDELINES-ON-AI-GOVERNANCE-ETHICS.pdf","document_date":"2024-09-01","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://mastic.mosti.gov.my/publication/the-national-guidelines-on-ai-governance-ethics/","source_title":"The National Guidelines on AI Governance & Ethics (AIGE)","source_publisher":"Malaysian Science, Technology Information Centre (MASTIC), MOSTI","source_document_date":"2024-09-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported from the source-backed legacy dataset (database/data/ai_policies.json); fields limited to what the official source page states. Reviewer to enrich scope, dates and obligations.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"malta-ai-strategy-2030","title":"Malta: The Ultimate AI Launchpad – A Strategy and Vision for Artificial Intelligence in Malta 2030","short_title":"Malta AI Strategy and Vision 2030","jurisdiction":"malta","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Government of Malta (Parliamentary Secretariat for Financial Services, Digital Economy and Innovation)","summary_plain":"Launched in October 2019, the strategy sets three pillars (investment and adoption, public-sector adoption, private-sector adoption) and enablers (education, legal and ethical framework, ecosystem infrastructure), including an ethical AI framework and the MDIA's voluntary AI certification.","adopted_on":"2019-10-01","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://malta.ai/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:04+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/malta-ai-strategy-2030","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Government programme; no obligations on private organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Month-level date.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Malta AI Strategy","publisher":"Government of Malta","url":"https://malta.ai/","document_date":"2019-10-01","document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://malta.ai/","source_title":"Malta AI Strategy","source_publisher":"Government of Malta","source_document_date":"2019-10-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"mauritius-artificial-intelligence-strategy-2018","title":"Mauritius Artificial Intelligence Strategy","short_title":"Mauritius AI Strategy (2018)","jurisdiction":"mauritius","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Government of Mauritius (Ministry of Technology, Communication and Innovation)","summary_plain":"Published in November 2018, the strategy identifies AI applications in manufacturing, health, fintech, agriculture, ocean economy and public services, proposes a Mauritius AI Council, skills programmes and data policies, and addresses ethics and regulation.","adopted_on":"2018-11-01","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://ncb.govmu.org/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:04+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/mauritius-artificial-intelligence-strategy-2018","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Government programme; no obligations on private organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Month-level date.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Mauritius Artificial Intelligence Strategy","publisher":"National Computer Board","url":"https://ncb.govmu.org/","document_date":"2018-11-01","document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://ncb.govmu.org/","source_title":"Mauritius Artificial Intelligence Strategy","source_publisher":"National Computer Board","source_document_date":"2018-11-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"mexico-iniciativa-con-proyecto-de-decreto-por-el-que-se-expide-la-ley-federal-para-el-desarrollo-etico-soberan","title":"Iniciativa con proyecto de decreto por el que se expide la Ley Federal para el Desarrollo Ético, Soberano e Inclusivo de la Inteligencia Artificial (Initiative to enact the Federal Law for the Ethical, Sovereign and Inclusive Development of Artificial…","short_title":"Iniciativa con proyecto de decreto por el que se expide la Ley Federal para el Desarrollo Ético, Soberano e Inclusivo de","jurisdiction":"mexico","instrument_type":"bill","status":"proposed","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Cámara de Diputados (LXVI Legislatura) – deputies of Morena and PVEM","summary_plain":"This initiative, signed by a bloc of Morena and PVEM deputies and published in the Gaceta Parlamentaria on 30 April 2025, would create Mexico's first general federal AI law. It proposes principles of legality, transparency, human oversight and precaution, a risk 'traffic light' classification with prohibited uses, a National AI Council and an algorithmic audit platform. It was referred to committee and remains under consideration in Congress.","adopted_on":"2025-04-30","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://sil.gobernacion.gob.mx/Archivos/Documentos/2025/04/asun_4896460_20250430_1747757009.pdf","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:04+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/mexico-iniciativa-con-proyecto-de-decreto-por-el-que-se-expide-la-ley-federal-para-el-desarrollo-etico-soberan","status_note":"SIL PDF downloaded (HTTP 200, text confirms title and proponents). Chamber of Deputies hosts (gaceta.diputados.gob.mx, comunicacionsocial.diputados.gob.mx, sitl.diputados.gob.mx) refused connections from this environment, so the Gaceta milestone URL is unverified. A Chamber press bulletin reports the initiative as presented on 22 April 2025; the 30 April date reflects the Gaceta/SIL record. Several other AI bills exist in both chambers (e.g. a Senate initiative of April 2024); none has been enacted.","scope_summary":"Scope is as set out in the official text linked below. Issued by Cámara de Diputados (LXVI Legislatura) – deputies of Morena and PVEM. Oversight: Bill proposes a National AI Council and a National Algorithmic Audit Platform. Stated purpose: Comprehensive federal AI framework grounded in human rights and technological sovereignty.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2025-04-30: Initiative published in the Gaceta Parlamentaria and turned to committee","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Only the announcement or adoption date is recorded from the source; in-force and application dates are to be confirmed by a reviewer.","taxonomy":[],"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Iniciativa con proyecto de decreto por el que se expide la Ley Federal para el Desarrollo Ético, Soberano e Inclusivo de la Inteligencia Artificial (Initiative to enact the Federal Law for the Ethical, Sovereign and Inclusive Development of Artificial…","publisher":"Sistema de Información Legislativa, Secretaría de Gobernación","url":"https://sil.gobernacion.gob.mx/Archivos/Documentos/2025/04/asun_4896460_20250430_1747757009.pdf","document_date":"2025-04-30","document_type":"legislation","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"Initiative published in the Gaceta Parlamentaria and turned to committee","publisher":"Sistema de Información Legislativa, Secretaría de Gobernación","url":"https://gaceta.diputados.gob.mx/PDF/66/2025/abr/20250430-II-1-2.pdf","document_date":"2025-04-30","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://sil.gobernacion.gob.mx/Archivos/Documentos/2025/04/asun_4896460_20250430_1747757009.pdf","source_title":"Iniciativa con proyecto de decreto por el que se expide la Ley Federal para el Desarrollo Ético, Soberano e Inclusivo de la Inteligencia Artificial (Initiative to enact the Federal Law for the Ethical, Sovereign and Inclusive Development of Artificial…","source_publisher":"Sistema de Información Legislativa, Secretaría de Gobernación","source_document_date":"2025-04-30","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported from the source-backed legacy dataset (database/data/ai_policies.json); fields limited to what the official source page states. Reviewer to enrich scope, dates and obligations.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"mexico-plan-nacional-de-inteligencia-artificial","title":"Plan Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial (National Artificial Intelligence Plan)","short_title":"Plan Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial","jurisdiction":"mexico","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Agencia de Transformación Digital y Telecomunicaciones (ATDT)","summary_plain":"Mexico's National AI Plan, prepared by the ATDT and presented in April 2026, organises federal AI efforts around three pillars: an ethical and legal framework, talent and public software, and strategic compute infrastructure. It includes a public AI training centre aiming to certify tens of thousands of people, a government 'Fábrica de IA' developing solutions for public services, and the Coatlicue supercomputer, with 2026 milestones and 2030 targets for citizen-facing AI services.","adopted_on":"2026-04-01","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.gob.mx/atdt/agendas/2030/inteligencia-artificial","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:04+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/mexico-plan-nacional-de-inteligencia-artificial","status_note":"Only the month (April 2026) is confirmed, so the first of the month is used. The plan PDF (https://www.portal.atdt.gob.mx/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/Plan-Nacional-de-IA.pdf) returned HTTP 403 to automated fetches; the gob.mx agenda page (HTTP 200) describes the plan and links to it.","scope_summary":"Scope is as set out in the official text linked below. Issued by Agencia de Transformación Digital y Telecomunicaciones (ATDT). Oversight: ATDT coordinates implementation across federal government. Stated purpose: Technological sovereignty and public-service AI capacity.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2026-04-01: Plan Nacional de IA presented by ATDT (April 2026)","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Only the announcement or adoption date is recorded from the source; in-force and application dates are to be confirmed by a reviewer.","taxonomy":[],"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Plan Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial (National Artificial Intelligence Plan)","publisher":"Agencia de Transformación Digital y Telecomunicaciones (gob.mx)","url":"https://www.gob.mx/atdt/agendas/2030/inteligencia-artificial","document_date":"2026-04-01","document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gob.mx/atdt/agendas/2030/inteligencia-artificial","source_title":"Plan Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial (National Artificial Intelligence Plan)","source_publisher":"Agencia de Transformación Digital y Telecomunicaciones (gob.mx)","source_document_date":"2026-04-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported from the source-backed legacy dataset (database/data/ai_policies.json); fields limited to what the official source page states. Reviewer to enrich scope, dates and obligations.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"mongolia-national-ai-strategy-2024","title":"Mongolia National Artificial Intelligence Strategy","short_title":"National AI strategy (2024)","jurisdiction":"mongolia","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Government of Mongolia","summary_plain":"The strategy sets goals for AI in public services, the economy, education and research, data and infrastructure, and ethical AI governance.","adopted_on":null,"in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://mddc.gov.mn/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:04+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/mongolia-national-ai-strategy-2024","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Government programme; no obligations on private organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Adoption date not established from the official source and left empty rather than estimated; the year in the title or summary is the best available indication. Reviewer to add the exact date with a source reference.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Digital Development, Innovation and Communications","publisher":"Government of Mongolia","url":"https://mddc.gov.mn/","document_date":null,"document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://mddc.gov.mn/","source_title":"Ministry of Digital Development, Innovation and Communications","source_publisher":"Government of Mongolia","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"morocco-digital-morocco-2030-ai","title":"Maroc Digital 2030: national digital strategy with an artificial intelligence pillar","short_title":"Digital Morocco 2030 (AI pillar)","jurisdiction":"morocco","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Government of Morocco (Ministry of Digital Transition and Administrative Reform)","summary_plain":"Launched in September 2024, Digital Morocco 2030 sets targets for digital public services, the digital economy and talent, with an AI component covering a national AI centre, sovereign compute and data, sector use cases and governance, and announces a national AI strategy and legal framework.","adopted_on":"2024-09-25","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.mmps.gov.ma/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:04+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/morocco-digital-morocco-2030-ai","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Government programme; no obligations on private organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Dates are taken from the linked official source; a reviewer should confirm in-force and application dates before relying on them.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Digital Morocco 2030","publisher":"Ministry of Digital Transition and Administrative Reform","url":"https://www.mmps.gov.ma/","document_date":"2024-09-25","document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.mmps.gov.ma/","source_title":"Digital Morocco 2030","source_publisher":"Ministry of Digital Transition and Administrative Reform","source_document_date":"2024-09-25","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"namibia-national-ai-policy","title":"Namibia National Artificial Intelligence Policy","short_title":"National AI policy (in development)","jurisdiction":"namibia","instrument_type":"policy","status":"proposed","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Government of Namibia","summary_plain":"A national AI policy under development following the Fourth Industrial Revolution task-force report, covering governance, skills, public-sector use and data.","adopted_on":null,"in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://mict.gov.na/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:04+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/namibia-national-ai-policy","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Government programme; no obligations on private organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Adoption date not established from the official source and left empty rather than estimated; the year in the title or summary is the best available indication. Reviewer to add the exact date with a source reference.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Ministry of ICT","publisher":"Government of Namibia","url":"https://mict.gov.na/","document_date":null,"document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://mict.gov.na/","source_title":"Ministry of ICT","source_publisher":"Government of Namibia","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"nepal-concept-paper-on-the-use-and-practice-of-artificial-intelligence-in-nepal","title":"Concept Paper on the Use and Practice of Artificial Intelligence in Nepal","short_title":"Concept Paper on the Use and Practice of Artificial Intelligence in Nepal","jurisdiction":"nepal","instrument_type":"consultation","status":"under_consultation","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Ministry of Communication and Information Technology","summary_plain":"A concept paper prepared by a ministry-appointed committee that surveys the state of AI use in Nepal, its opportunities and risks, and the gaps in existing law and infrastructure. It recommends formulating a national AI policy and strategy, addressing data protection, privacy and cybersecurity, and building governance structures. The paper was published for public suggestions and is cited in the 2025 policy as its precursor.","adopted_on":"2024-07-05","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://mocit.gov.np/content/12663/12663-nepal/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:04+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/nepal-concept-paper-on-the-use-and-practice-of-artificial-intelligence-in-nepal","status_note":"Date converted from Bikram Sambat (21 Asar 2081). Superseded in practice by the National AI Policy 2025.","scope_summary":"Scope is as set out in the official text linked below. Issued by Ministry of Communication and Information Technology. Oversight: MoCIT technical committee. Stated purpose: Assess Nepal's AI readiness and lay the groundwork for a national AI policy and law.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2024-07-05: Concept paper published for comments on MoCIT website (21 Asar 2081)","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Only the announcement or adoption date is recorded from the source; in-force and application dates are to be confirmed by a reviewer.","taxonomy":[],"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Concept Paper on the Use and Practice of Artificial Intelligence in Nepal","publisher":"Ministry of Communication and Information Technology, Government of Nepal","url":"https://mocit.gov.np/content/12663/12663-nepal/","document_date":"2024-07-05","document_type":"consultation","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://mocit.gov.np/content/12663/12663-nepal/","source_title":"Concept Paper on the Use and Practice of Artificial Intelligence in Nepal","source_publisher":"Ministry of Communication and Information Technology, Government of Nepal","source_document_date":"2024-07-05","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported from the source-backed legacy dataset (database/data/ai_policies.json); fields limited to what the official source page states. Reviewer to enrich scope, dates and obligations.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"nepal-individual-privacy-act","title":"Individual Privacy Act, 2075 (2018) — Nepal","short_title":"Nepal Privacy Act 2075","jurisdiction":"nepal","instrument_type":"act","status":"in_force","is_binding":true,"issuing_body":"Federal Parliament of Nepal","summary_plain":"The Individual Privacy Act 2075 gives effect to the constitutional right to privacy in Nepal. It regulates the collection, storage, processing, use and disclosure of personal information by public bodies and private entities, requires consent for collection and use of personal data subject to exceptions, restricts sensitive data, and provides remedies and penalties. It is the main binding law affecting AI systems that process personal data in Nepal. The Individual Privacy Regulation 2077 (2020) provides implementing rules.\n","adopted_on":"2018-09-18","in_force_on":"2018-09-18","applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://lawcommission.gov.np/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:04+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/nepal-individual-privacy-act","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Public bodies and private entities in Nepal that collect or process personal information, including through electronic means. It does not address AI specifically.\n","who_it_applies_to":"Any organisation collecting or processing personal information of individuals in Nepal.","key_dates_summary":"Enacted 2018 (2075 BS); Individual Privacy Regulation 2077 adopted in 2020.","penalties_summary":"The Act provides for fines and imprisonment for violations, with amounts set in the Act (reviewer to confirm).","what_organizations_must_do":"Obtain consent before collecting personal information, use it only for the stated purpose, keep it secure, and respect restrictions on sensitive data and on disclosure.\n","published_on":null,"date_notes":"Dates converted from Bikram Sambat; reviewer to confirm.","taxonomy":{"actor":["provider","deployer","public_authority"],"ai_system_type":["automated_decision_system","biometric_system"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"risk_category":["unclassified"],"use_case":["biometrics","finance_and_credit","public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[{"slug":"nepal-privacy-act-consent-and-purpose","title":"Collect and use personal information only with consent and for the stated purpose","category":"privacy_data_protection","summary":"Personal information may be collected only by authorised persons for a lawful purpose with the individual's consent, and must not be used or disclosed for other purposes without consent, subject to statutory exceptions. AI systems trained on or processing personal data of people in Nepal must respect these limits.\n","practical_action":"Document consent and purpose for any Nepal personal data used in AI training or inference.","is_binding":true,"applies_from":null,"section":null,"source_reference":"Chapter on collection and protection of personal information (reviewer to cite sections)","official_source_url":"https://lawcommission.gov.np/","review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":null,"actors":["provider","deployer","public_authority"],"sectors":["cross_sector"],"use_cases":["biometrics","finance_and_credit"],"applicability":[{"description":"All public bodies and private entities processing personal information in Nepal.","actors":["provider","deployer","public_authority"],"conditions":null}],"evidence_examples":[{"title":"Consent and purpose records","description":null,"artifact_type":"record"}],"framework_mappings":[{"framework":"iso_42001","framework_name":"ISO/IEC 42001:2023","reference":"Annex A controls on data for AI systems","note":"Original editorial mapping.","confidence_level":"low","is_original":true}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/obligations/nepal-privacy-act-consent-and-purpose"}],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Individual Privacy Act, 2075 (2018)","publisher":"Nepal Law Commission","url":"https://lawcommission.gov.np/","document_date":"2018-09-18","document_type":"legislation","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":["nepal-national-ai-policy","india-dpdp-act"],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://lawcommission.gov.np/","source_title":"Individual Privacy Act, 2075 (2018)","source_publisher":"Nepal Law Commission","source_document_date":"2018-09-18","source_reference":"Document-level URL and section references to be added by reviewer","source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Initial structured record.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"nepal-national-ai-policy","title":"National Artificial Intelligence Policy, 2082 (2025) — Nepal","short_title":"Nepal National AI Policy","jurisdiction":"nepal","instrument_type":"policy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Government of Nepal, Ministry of Communication and Information Technology","summary_plain":"Nepal's National AI Policy sets the government's direction for developing and using artificial intelligence. Based on the published summaries, it aims to build AI infrastructure and skills, promote ethical and responsible AI, strengthen data governance, establish institutional arrangements for AI oversight, and prepare legal and regulatory measures. It is a policy framework, not a law, and does not itself create enforceable obligations on private organisations.\n","adopted_on":"2025-08-01","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://mocit.gov.np/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:05+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/nepal-national-ai-policy","status_note":"Reported as approved by the Council of Ministers in August 2025 (Bhadra 2082). The approval date, official title and the published policy text must be verified against MoCIT publications; confidence is medium until a reviewer links the official document.\n","scope_summary":"Government ministries and agencies implementing the policy; indirectly the private sector, academia and development partners engaged in AI in Nepal. Specific measures, timelines and institutions must be confirmed from the official text.\n","who_it_applies_to":"Government of Nepal bodies (primary); AI developers and deployers in Nepal through future rules.","key_dates_summary":"Concept paper on AI published by MoCIT in 2024; National AI Policy approved by the Council of Ministers in 2025 (month to be confirmed).","penalties_summary":"None; policy document.","what_organizations_must_do":"No mandatory duties yet. Organisations should monitor MoCIT for implementing legislation, standards and procurement rules, and ensure compliance with the Individual Privacy Act 2075 when using personal data.\n","published_on":null,"date_notes":"adopted_on is a month-level approximation (August 2025); confirm the exact cabinet decision date.","taxonomy":{"actor":["provider","deployer","public_authority"],"ai_system_type":["general_purpose_ai_model","automated_decision_system"],"sector":["cross_sector","public_services"],"risk_category":["unclassified"],"use_case":["public_services","generative_ai"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[{"slug":"nepal-ai-policy-responsible-ai-principles","title":"Government bodies to promote ethical, responsible and inclusive AI (policy commitment)","category":"governance_accountability","summary":"The policy commits the government to ethical, transparent and inclusive AI, data governance and institutional oversight. The specific strategies and any obligations on private actors must be confirmed from the official document; this record intentionally does not state details that could not be verified.\n","practical_action":"Public bodies and vendors should track implementing measures from MoCIT.","is_binding":false,"applies_from":null,"section":null,"source_reference":"Policy objectives and strategies (to be confirmed against the official text)","official_source_url":"https://mocit.gov.np/","review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":null,"actors":["public_authority"],"sectors":["public_services"],"use_cases":["public_services"],"applicability":[{"description":"Government of Nepal ministries and agencies.","actors":["public_authority"],"conditions":null}],"evidence_examples":[],"framework_mappings":[],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/obligations/nepal-ai-policy-responsible-ai-principles"}],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[{"title":"National AI Policy approved by the Council of Ministers","due_on":"2025-08-01","date_precision":"month","date_label":null,"display_date":"August 2025","description":"Month-level date; exact date to be confirmed.","source_reference":null,"official_source_url":null,"status":"passed","confidence_level":"medium"}],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Communication and Information Technology — policies and publications","publisher":"Government of Nepal, MoCIT","url":"https://mocit.gov.np/","document_date":null,"document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":["india-ai-governance-guidelines","singapore-model-ai-governance-framework"],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[{"question":"Is Nepal's National AI Policy legally binding?","answer":"No. It is a policy framework guiding government action. Binding obligations for AI in Nepal come from existing laws such as the Individual Privacy Act 2075 and the Electronic Transactions Act 2063.\n"}],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://mocit.gov.np/","source_title":"National Artificial Intelligence Policy, 2082 (MoCIT publications page)","source_publisher":"Government of Nepal, Ministry of Communication and Information Technology","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":"Document-level URL to be added by reviewer","source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Initial structured record with intentionally limited detail pending verification of the official text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"netherlands-government-algorithm-register","title":"Algoritmeregister van de Nederlandse overheid (Government Algorithm Register)","short_title":"Government Algorithm Register","jurisdiction":"netherlands","instrument_type":"policy","status":"in_force","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations","summary_plain":"A public register in which Dutch government organisations describe the algorithms they use that affect citizens: purpose, legal basis, data, human oversight, risks and contact points. Launched in December 2022 and extended since, it aims to make automated decision-making by government transparent and contestable. Ministries were asked to publish all impactful and high-risk algorithms.","adopted_on":"2022-12-21","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://algoritmes.overheid.nl/en","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:05+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/netherlands-government-algorithm-register","status_note":"Publication is a government policy commitment for public bodies; a statutory duty is planned in connection with AI Act implementation but not confirmed from an official source.","scope_summary":"Public bodies in the Netherlands; no duty on private organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Register launched 21 December 2022; coverage expanded through 2024–2025.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"ai_system_type":["automated_decision_system"],"sector":["public_services"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"The Algorithm Register of the Dutch government","publisher":"Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations","url":"https://algoritmes.overheid.nl/en","document_date":null,"document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://algoritmes.overheid.nl/en","source_title":"The Algorithm Register of the Dutch government","source_publisher":"Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"netherlands-government-wide-vision-on-generative-ai","title":"Overheidsbrede visie generatieve AI (Government-wide vision on generative AI)","short_title":"Government-wide vision on generative AI","jurisdiction":"netherlands","instrument_type":"policy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Government of the Netherlands (Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations)","summary_plain":"Adopted in January 2024, the vision sets the government's position on generative AI: a human-centric, safe and fair approach, provisional restrictions on using non-contracted generative AI tools with government data, investment in Dutch and European open models (GPT-NL), and actions on skills, procurement and supervision. It complements the AI Act and the government's AI strategy.","adopted_on":"2024-01-18","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/documenten/kamerstukken/2024/01/18/overheidsbrede-visie-generatieve-ai","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:05+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/netherlands-government-wide-vision-on-generative-ai","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Government of the Netherlands and its bodies; signals expectations for suppliers to government.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Presented to Parliament in January 2024.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"ai_system_type":["general_purpose_ai_model","generative_ai"],"sector":["public_services"],"use_case":["generative_ai","government_procurement"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Overheidsbrede visie generatieve AI","publisher":"Rijksoverheid","url":"https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/documenten/kamerstukken/2024/01/18/overheidsbrede-visie-generatieve-ai","document_date":"2024-01-18","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/documenten/kamerstukken/2024/01/18/overheidsbrede-visie-generatieve-ai","source_title":"Overheidsbrede visie generatieve AI","source_publisher":"Rijksoverheid","source_document_date":"2024-01-18","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"new-zealand-ai-strategy-2025","title":"New Zealand's Strategy for Artificial Intelligence: Investing with Confidence","short_title":"New Zealand AI Strategy (2025)","jurisdiction":"new-zealand","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment","summary_plain":"Published in July 2025, the strategy aims to lift AI adoption by businesses, especially small and medium enterprises, and the public sector, by reducing barriers, providing clear guidance (Responsible AI Guidance for Businesses), building skills and pursuing a light-touch, proportionate regulatory approach that relies on existing law and international alignment (OECD principles). It rules out a standalone AI act for now.","adopted_on":"2025-07-08","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.mbie.govt.nz/business-and-employment/business/support-for-business/artificial-intelligence-strategy","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:05+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/new-zealand-ai-strategy-2025","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Government programme; no obligations on private organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Dates are taken from the linked official source; a reviewer should confirm in-force and application dates before relying on them.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services","generative_ai"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"New Zealand's Strategy for Artificial Intelligence","publisher":"MBIE","url":"https://www.mbie.govt.nz/business-and-employment/business/support-for-business/artificial-intelligence-strategy","document_date":"2025-07-08","document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.mbie.govt.nz/business-and-employment/business/support-for-business/artificial-intelligence-strategy","source_title":"New Zealand's Strategy for Artificial Intelligence","source_publisher":"MBIE","source_document_date":"2025-07-08","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"new-zealand-algorithm-charter","title":"Algorithm Charter for Aotearoa New Zealand (2020)","short_title":"Algorithm Charter for Aotearoa New Zealand","jurisdiction":"new-zealand","instrument_type":"code_of_practice","status":"voluntary_standard","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Stats NZ (Government Chief Data Steward) on behalf of signatory agencies","summary_plain":"Launched in July 2020, the charter commits signatory government agencies to transparency (plain-English explanations of how algorithms are used), partnership with Māori (Te Tiriti), people-focused use, data fit for purpose, privacy, ethics and human rights safeguards, human oversight and channels for challenge, applied through a risk matrix for high-impact algorithms. Around 30 agencies have signed; a 2021 review recommended stronger implementation.","adopted_on":"2020-07-28","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.data.govt.nz/toolkit/data-ethics/government-algorithm-transparency-and-accountability/algorithm-charter/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:05+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/new-zealand-algorithm-charter","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Voluntary for New Zealand government agencies that sign; applies to operational algorithms that affect people.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Dates are taken from the linked official source; a reviewer should confirm in-force and application dates before relying on them.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"ai_system_type":["automated_decision_system"],"sector":["public_services"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Algorithm Charter for Aotearoa New Zealand","publisher":"Stats NZ","url":"https://www.data.govt.nz/toolkit/data-ethics/government-algorithm-transparency-and-accountability/algorithm-charter/","document_date":"2020-07-28","document_type":"guidance","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.data.govt.nz/toolkit/data-ethics/government-algorithm-transparency-and-accountability/algorithm-charter/","source_title":"Algorithm Charter for Aotearoa New Zealand","source_publisher":"Stats NZ","source_document_date":"2020-07-28","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"nigeria-national-artificial-intelligence-strategy","title":"National Artificial Intelligence Strategy","short_title":"National Artificial Intelligence Strategy","jurisdiction":"nigeria","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"proposed","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Federal Ministry of Communications, Innovation and Digital Economy (FMCIDE) with NITDA / NCAIR","summary_plain":"The draft strategy sets out Nigeria's vision for AI across five pillars: infrastructure, a thriving AI ecosystem, sectoral adoption, responsible and ethical AI, and governance. It was co-created through a 2024 multi-stakeholder workshop convened by the ministry and includes an implementation roadmap with pilot projects and KPIs. The published document on the NCAIR site is marked as a draft dated August 2024.","adopted_on":"2024-08-01","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://ncair.nitda.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/National-AI-Strategy_01082024-copy.pdf","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:05+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/nigeria-national-artificial-intelligence-strategy","status_note":"Announcement date taken from the draft's filename/date (1 August 2024). Media reported a formal launch in Lagos in April 2025 and a NITDA article (Aug 2025) says the strategy was 'released in 2024', but I could not find an official final (non-draft) document or launch page on fmcide.gov.ng or nitda.gov.ng, so status is recorded as development.","scope_summary":"Scope is as set out in the official text linked below. Issued by Federal Ministry of Communications, Innovation and Digital Economy (FMCIDE) with NITDA / NCAIR. Oversight: FMCIDE leads; NITDA and its National Centre for AI and Robotics implement. Stated purpose: Use AI for economic growth, social inclusion and technological leadership.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2023-08-28: FMCIDE announces initiative to co-create a National AI Strategy; 2024-08-01: Draft National AI Strategy 2024 published by NCAIR","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Only the announcement or adoption date is recorded from the source; in-force and application dates are to be confirmed by a reviewer.","taxonomy":[],"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"National Artificial Intelligence Strategy","publisher":"National Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (NITDA)","url":"https://ncair.nitda.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/National-AI-Strategy_01082024-copy.pdf","document_date":"2024-08-01","document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"FMCIDE announces initiative to co-create a National AI Strategy","publisher":"National Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (NITDA)","url":"https://fmcide.gov.ng/initiative/nais/","document_date":"2023-08-28","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://ncair.nitda.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/National-AI-Strategy_01082024-copy.pdf","source_title":"National Artificial Intelligence Strategy","source_publisher":"National Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (NITDA)","source_document_date":"2024-08-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported from the source-backed legacy dataset (database/data/ai_policies.json); fields limited to what the official source page states. Reviewer to enrich scope, dates and obligations.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"norway-national-strategy-for-artificial-intelligence-2020","title":"Nasjonal strategi for kunstig intelligens (National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence)","short_title":"National Strategy for AI (2020)","jurisdiction":"norway","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Norwegian Ministry of Local Government and Modernisation","summary_plain":"Published in January 2020, the strategy sets ethical principles for AI in Norway based on the EU High-Level Expert Group guidelines, and measures on data access and sharing, language resources, research, skills, public-sector and business adoption, security and the Data Protection Authority's sandbox.","adopted_on":"2020-01-14","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.regjeringen.no/en/dokumenter/nasjonal-strategi-for-kunstig-intelligens/id2685594/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:05+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/norway-national-strategy-for-artificial-intelligence-2020","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Government programme; no obligations on private organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Dates are taken from the linked official source; a reviewer should confirm in-force and application dates before relying on them.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence","publisher":"Government of Norway","url":"https://www.regjeringen.no/en/dokumenter/nasjonal-strategi-for-kunstig-intelligens/id2685594/","document_date":"2020-01-14","document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.regjeringen.no/en/dokumenter/nasjonal-strategi-for-kunstig-intelligens/id2685594/","source_title":"National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence","source_publisher":"Government of Norway","source_document_date":"2020-01-14","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"oecd-recommendation-on-artificial-intelligence","title":"OECD Recommendation of the Council on Artificial Intelligence (OECD/LEGAL/0449), adopted 22 May 2019 and revised 3 May 2024","short_title":"OECD AI Principles (Recommendation on AI)","jurisdiction":"international","instrument_type":"framework","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"OECD Council","summary_plain":"The first intergovernmental standard on AI. It sets five values-based principles (inclusive growth and well-being; human rights and democratic values including fairness and privacy; transparency and explainability; robustness, security and safety; accountability) and five recommendations to governments (invest in research, foster an inclusive AI ecosystem, enable an agile policy environment, build human capacity and prepare for labour-market transition, cooperate internationally). The 2024 revision updated the definition of an AI system (adopted by the EU AI Act and other laws) and added references to general-purpose and generative AI, misinformation and environmental sustainability. Adherents include all OECD members and several non-members; the G20 AI Principles (2019) draw on it.","adopted_on":"2019-05-22","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://legalinstruments.oecd.org/en/instruments/OECD-LEGAL-0449","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:03+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/oecd-recommendation-on-artificial-intelligence","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Addressed to governments (adherents) and, through them, to AI actors; non-binding.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2019-05-22: adopted; 2024-05-03: revised definition and text.","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Dates are taken from the linked official source; a reviewer should confirm in-force and application dates before relying on them.","taxonomy":{"actor":["provider","deployer","public_authority"],"ai_system_type":["general_purpose_ai_model","generative_ai"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["generative_ai"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"OECD/LEGAL/0449","publisher":"OECD","url":"https://legalinstruments.oecd.org/en/instruments/OECD-LEGAL-0449","document_date":"2024-05-03","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":["nist_ai_rmf","iso_42001"],"faq":[{"question":"Why does the OECD definition matter?","answer":"The EU AI Act, the Council of Europe Convention and several national laws use the OECD's 2024 definition of an AI system, which keeps scope consistent across jurisdictions."}],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://legalinstruments.oecd.org/en/instruments/OECD-LEGAL-0449","source_title":"OECD/LEGAL/0449","source_publisher":"OECD","source_document_date":"2024-05-03","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"oman-national-ai-programme-2024","title":"National Programme for Artificial Intelligence and Advanced Digital Technologies; AI policy for government entities","short_title":"National AI programme and government AI policy (2024)","jurisdiction":"oman","instrument_type":"policy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Government of Oman (MTCIT)","summary_plain":"The programme sets AI adoption goals for government and priority sectors, talent and research initiatives and an AI policy with ethical principles and governance requirements for government entities.","adopted_on":null,"in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.mtcit.gov.om/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:05+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/oman-national-ai-programme-2024","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Government programme; no obligations on private organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Adoption date not established from the official source and left empty rather than estimated; the year in the title or summary is the best available indication. Reviewer to add the exact date with a source reference.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"MTCIT","publisher":"Government of Oman","url":"https://www.mtcit.gov.om/","document_date":null,"document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.mtcit.gov.om/","source_title":"MTCIT","source_publisher":"Government of Oman","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"pakistan-national-artificial-intelligence-policy-2025","title":"National Artificial Intelligence Policy 2025","short_title":"National Artificial Intelligence Policy 2025","jurisdiction":"pakistan","instrument_type":"policy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Ministry of Information Technology and Telecommunication (approved by the Federal Cabinet)","summary_plain":"Pakistan's first national AI policy, organised around six pillars: innovation ecosystem, awareness and readiness, secure AI, transformation of sectors, AI infrastructure, and international partnerships. It proposes a National AI Fund drawn from Ignite's R&D fund, centres of excellence, venture and innovation funds, regulatory sandboxes and KPIs, with an AI Council to oversee delivery. Targets include large-scale training of AI professionals and funded research projects.","adopted_on":"2025-07-30","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.moitt.gov.pk/SiteImage/Policies/National%20AI%20Policy.pdf","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:05+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/pakistan-national-artificial-intelligence-policy-2025","status_note":"Cabinet approval on 30 July 2025 is widely reported and the PID release of 14 August 2025 confirms approval, but no official notice stating the exact approval date was found. The older moitt.gov.pk/SiteImage/Misc PDF link returns 404; the /SiteImage/Policies path loads.","scope_summary":"Scope is as set out in the official text linked below. Issued by Ministry of Information Technology and Telecommunication (approved by the Federal Cabinet). Oversight: MoITT with a proposed national AI Council and implementation directorate. Stated purpose: Build a domestic AI ecosystem, skills base and infrastructure while managing ethical and security risks.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2025-08-14: MoITT press release confirms National AI Policy 2025 approved","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Only the announcement or adoption date is recorded from the source; in-force and application dates are to be confirmed by a reviewer.","taxonomy":[],"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"National Artificial Intelligence Policy 2025","publisher":"Ministry of Information Technology and Telecommunication, Government of Pakistan","url":"https://www.moitt.gov.pk/SiteImage/Policies/National%20AI%20Policy.pdf","document_date":"2025-07-30","document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"MoITT press release confirms National AI Policy 2025 approved","publisher":"Ministry of Information Technology and Telecommunication, Government of Pakistan","url":"https://pid.gov.pk/site/press_detail/30025","document_date":"2025-08-14","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.moitt.gov.pk/SiteImage/Policies/National%20AI%20Policy.pdf","source_title":"National Artificial Intelligence Policy 2025","source_publisher":"Ministry of Information Technology and Telecommunication, Government of Pakistan","source_document_date":"2025-07-30","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported from the source-backed legacy dataset (database/data/ai_policies.json); fields limited to what the official source page states. Reviewer to enrich scope, dates and obligations.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"panama-national-ai-strategy","title":"Estrategia Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial de Panamá","short_title":"National AI strategy (in development)","jurisdiction":"panama","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"proposed","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Government of Panama (AIG)","summary_plain":"Panama has been developing a national AI strategy with UNESCO support, covering governance and ethics, public-sector adoption, talent, data infrastructure and the logistics and financial sectors.","adopted_on":null,"in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://aig.gob.pa/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:05+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/panama-national-ai-strategy","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Government programme; no obligations on private organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Adoption date not established from the official source and left empty rather than estimated; the year in the title or summary is the best available indication. Reviewer to add the exact date with a source reference.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Autoridad Nacional para la Innovación Gubernamental","publisher":"Government of Panama","url":"https://aig.gob.pa/","document_date":null,"document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://aig.gob.pa/","source_title":"Autoridad Nacional para la Innovación Gubernamental","source_publisher":"Government of Panama","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"paraguay-national-ai-policy-2024","title":"Política Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial del Paraguay","short_title":"National AI Policy (2024)","jurisdiction":"paraguay","instrument_type":"policy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Government of Paraguay (MITIC)","summary_plain":"Presented in 2024, the policy sets objectives on ethical and human-centred AI, capacity building, public-sector adoption, data and infrastructure, and research, aligned with the UNESCO recommendation.","adopted_on":null,"in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.mitic.gov.py/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:05+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/paraguay-national-ai-policy-2024","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Government programme; no obligations on private organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Adoption date not established from the official source and left empty rather than estimated; the year in the title or summary is the best available indication. Reviewer to add the exact date with a source reference.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"MITIC","publisher":"Government of Paraguay","url":"https://www.mitic.gov.py/","document_date":null,"document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.mitic.gov.py/","source_title":"MITIC","source_publisher":"Government of Paraguay","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"peru-decreto-supremo-n-115-2025-pcm","title":"Decreto Supremo N° 115-2025-PCM – Reglamento de la Ley N° 31814 (Supreme Decree No. 115-2025-PCM – Regulation of Law No. 31814)","short_title":"Decreto Supremo N° 115-2025-PCM","jurisdiction":"peru","instrument_type":"act","status":"in_force","is_binding":true,"issuing_body":"Presidencia del Consejo de Ministros (PCM)","summary_plain":"This regulation, published on 9 September 2025, develops Law 31814 with six titles and 36 articles. It introduces a risk classification distinguishing prohibited uses, high-risk systems and acceptable-risk systems, sets transparency, data protection and governance obligations for public and private actors, and provides for sandboxes, capacity-building and reporting channels. Compliance is phased in over one to four years depending on the sector and type of organisation.","adopted_on":"2025-09-09","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://busquedas.elperuano.pe/dispositivo/NL/2436426-1","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:05+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/peru-decreto-supremo-n-115-2025-pcm","status_note":"A draft regulation had been released for public comment in May 2024 before final approval.","scope_summary":"Scope is as set out in the official text linked below. Issued by Presidencia del Consejo de Ministros (PCM). Oversight: PCM's Secretaría de Gobierno y Transformación Digital supervises compliance. Stated purpose: Operationalise the AI promotion law with risk-based obligations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2025-09-09: DS 115-2025-PCM published in El Peruano","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Only the announcement or adoption date is recorded from the source; in-force and application dates are to be confirmed by a reviewer.","taxonomy":[],"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Decreto Supremo N° 115-2025-PCM – Reglamento de la Ley N° 31814 (Supreme Decree No. 115-2025-PCM – Regulation of Law No. 31814)","publisher":"Diario Oficial El Peruano","url":"https://busquedas.elperuano.pe/dispositivo/NL/2436426-1","document_date":"2025-09-09","document_type":"legislation","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"DS 115-2025-PCM published in El Peruano","publisher":"Diario Oficial El Peruano","url":"https://www.gob.pe/institucion/pcm/normas-legales/7133522-115-2025-pcm","document_date":"2025-09-09","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://busquedas.elperuano.pe/dispositivo/NL/2436426-1","source_title":"Decreto Supremo N° 115-2025-PCM – Reglamento de la Ley N° 31814 (Supreme Decree No. 115-2025-PCM – Regulation of Law No. 31814)","source_publisher":"Diario Oficial El Peruano","source_document_date":"2025-09-09","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported from the source-backed legacy dataset (database/data/ai_policies.json); fields limited to what the official source page states. Reviewer to enrich scope, dates and obligations.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"peru-ley-n-31814","title":"Ley N° 31814 – Ley que promueve el uso de la inteligencia artificial en favor del desarrollo económico y social del país (Law No. 31814 – Law promoting the use of artificial intelligence for the country's economic and social development)","short_title":"Ley N° 31814","jurisdiction":"peru","instrument_type":"act","status":"in_force","is_binding":true,"issuing_body":"Congreso de la República; implemented by the Presidencia del Consejo de Ministros (PCM)","summary_plain":"Law 31814, promulgated on 4 July 2023 and published on 5 July 2023, declares AI development of national interest and frames its use within Peru's digital transformation process. It sets principles such as risk-based safety, ethics, transparency and multi-stakeholder participation, and designates the PCM's digital government secretariat as the national AI authority. The law is promotional in character and left detailed obligations to a later regulation.","adopted_on":"2023-07-05","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://busquedas.elperuano.pe/dispositivo/NL/2192926-1","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:05+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/peru-ley-n-31814","status_note":"All three official URLs returned HTTP 200.","scope_summary":"Scope is as set out in the official text linked below. Issued by Congreso de la República; implemented by the Presidencia del Consejo de Ministros (PCM). Oversight: PCM, through the Secretaría de Gobierno y Transformación Digital, is the national technical-regulatory authority. Stated purpose: Promote AI adoption within the national digital transformation while safeguarding rights.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2023-07-05: Law 31814 published in El Peruano; 2025-09-09: Implementing regulation (DS 115-2025-PCM) published","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Only the announcement or adoption date is recorded from the source; in-force and application dates are to be confirmed by a reviewer.","taxonomy":[],"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Ley N° 31814 – Ley que promueve el uso de la inteligencia artificial en favor del desarrollo económico y social del país (Law No. 31814 – Law promoting the use of artificial intelligence for the country's economic and social development)","publisher":"Diario Oficial El Peruano","url":"https://busquedas.elperuano.pe/dispositivo/NL/2192926-1","document_date":"2023-07-05","document_type":"legislation","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"Law 31814 published in El Peruano","publisher":"Diario Oficial El Peruano","url":"https://www.gob.pe/institucion/congreso-de-la-republica/normas-legales/4565760-31814","document_date":"2023-07-05","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"Implementing regulation (DS 115-2025-PCM) published","publisher":"Diario Oficial El Peruano","url":"https://www.gob.pe/institucion/pcm/normas-legales/7133522-115-2025-pcm","document_date":"2025-09-09","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://busquedas.elperuano.pe/dispositivo/NL/2192926-1","source_title":"Ley N° 31814 – Ley que promueve el uso de la inteligencia artificial en favor del desarrollo económico y social del país (Law No. 31814 – Law promoting the use of artificial intelligence for the country's economic and social development)","source_publisher":"Diario Oficial El Peruano","source_document_date":"2023-07-05","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported from the source-backed legacy dataset (database/data/ai_policies.json); fields limited to what the official source page states. Reviewer to enrich scope, dates and obligations.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"philippines-national-ai-strategy-for-the-philippines","title":"National AI Strategy for the Philippines (NAIS-PH)","short_title":"National AI Strategy for the Philippines","jurisdiction":"philippines","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"proposed","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Department of Science and Technology (DOST)","summary_plain":"A national AI strategy proposed by DOST at National Innovation Day 2025, structured around five core strategies: infrastructure, workforce, innovation, ethics and policy, and deployment, phased from 2024 to 2028. It includes a national high-performance computing centre, AI micro-credentials and an AI hub linking regional industries to solutions, coordinated with DICT, DepEd, CHED, TESDA, DTI and others. DOST later launched NAICRI as its institutional backbone.","adopted_on":"2025-04-30","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.dost.gov.ph/knowledge-resources/news/86-2025-news/3989-dost-builds-on-ai-national-strategy.html","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:05+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/philippines-national-ai-strategy-for-the-philippines","status_note":"Presidential approval in May 2025 and the February 2026 NAICRI launch are reported in the press but were not confirmed from an official page; status kept at development. No standalone strategy document was found on dost.gov.ph.","scope_summary":"Scope is as set out in the official text linked below. Issued by Department of Science and Technology (DOST). Oversight: DOST with the National AI Center for Research and Innovation (NAICRI) and partner agencies. Stated purpose: Coordinate a whole-of-government AI strategy on infrastructure, workforce, innovation, ethics and deployment through 2028.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2025-04-30: DOST Secretary presents NAIS-PH at National Innovation Day","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Only the announcement or adoption date is recorded from the source; in-force and application dates are to be confirmed by a reviewer.","taxonomy":[],"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"National AI Strategy for the Philippines (NAIS-PH)","publisher":"Department of Science and Technology, Philippines","url":"https://www.dost.gov.ph/knowledge-resources/news/86-2025-news/3989-dost-builds-on-ai-national-strategy.html","document_date":"2025-04-30","document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.dost.gov.ph/knowledge-resources/news/86-2025-news/3989-dost-builds-on-ai-national-strategy.html","source_title":"National AI Strategy for the Philippines (NAIS-PH)","source_publisher":"Department of Science and Technology, Philippines","source_document_date":"2025-04-30","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported from the source-backed legacy dataset (database/data/ai_policies.json); fields limited to what the official source page states. Reviewer to enrich scope, dates and obligations.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"philippines-national-ai-strategy-roadmap-2-0","title":"National AI Strategy Roadmap 2.0 (NAISR 2.0)","short_title":"National AI Strategy Roadmap 2.0","jurisdiction":"philippines","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Department of Trade and Industry (DTI)","summary_plain":"An updated national AI roadmap launched by DTI together with the Center for AI Research, building on the 2021 roadmap and adding generative AI. It aims to strengthen entrepreneurship and competitiveness, improve public services, support responsible governance of AI and identify investment and R&D priorities. CAIR is intended to serve as a national AI research hub for industry-relevant solutions.","adopted_on":"2024-07-03","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.dti.gov.ph/dti-archives/dti-news-archived/dti-dti-launches-national-ai-strategy-roadmap-2-0-center-ai-research-positioning-philippines-center-excellence-ai-rampd","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:06+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/philippines-national-ai-strategy-roadmap-2-0","status_note":"DTI now labels NAISR 2.0 an archived reference following DOST's NAIS-PH.","scope_summary":"Scope is as set out in the official text linked below. Issued by Department of Trade and Industry (DTI). Oversight: DTI with the Center for AI Research (CAIR). Stated purpose: Accelerate AI adoption and R&D to boost competitiveness and public services.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2024-07-03: DTI launches NAISR 2.0 and the Center for AI Research; 2025-04-30: DOST proposes a successor National AI Strategy for the Philippines (NAIS-PH)","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Only the announcement or adoption date is recorded from the source; in-force and application dates are to be confirmed by a reviewer.","taxonomy":[],"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"National AI Strategy Roadmap 2.0 (NAISR 2.0)","publisher":"Department of Trade and Industry, Philippines","url":"https://www.dti.gov.ph/dti-archives/dti-news-archived/dti-dti-launches-national-ai-strategy-roadmap-2-0-center-ai-research-positioning-philippines-center-excellence-ai-rampd","document_date":"2024-07-03","document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"DOST proposes a successor National AI Strategy for the Philippines (NAIS-PH)","publisher":"Department of Trade and Industry, Philippines","url":"https://www.dost.gov.ph/knowledge-resources/news/86-2025-news/3989-dost-builds-on-ai-national-strategy.html","document_date":"2025-04-30","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.dti.gov.ph/dti-archives/dti-news-archived/dti-dti-launches-national-ai-strategy-roadmap-2-0-center-ai-research-positioning-philippines-center-excellence-ai-rampd","source_title":"National AI Strategy Roadmap 2.0 (NAISR 2.0)","source_publisher":"Department of Trade and Industry, Philippines","source_document_date":"2024-07-03","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported from the source-backed legacy dataset (database/data/ai_policies.json); fields limited to what the official source page states. Reviewer to enrich scope, dates and obligations.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"poland-draft-act-on-ai-systems-ai-act-implementation","title":"Projekt ustawy o systemach sztucznej inteligencji","short_title":"Draft act on AI systems (AI Act implementation)","jurisdiction":"poland","instrument_type":"bill","status":"proposed","is_binding":true,"issuing_body":"Ministry of Digital Affairs","summary_plain":"The draft act implements the EU AI Act in Poland: it creates the Commission for the Development and Safety of Artificial Intelligence as the market-surveillance authority and single point of contact, sets procedures for complaints and inspections, provides for a regulatory sandbox and defines the national penalty regime.","adopted_on":null,"in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.pl/web/cyfryzacja","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:06+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/poland-draft-act-on-ai-systems-ai-act-implementation","status_note":"Draft published for public consultation in October 2024 and revised in 2025; adoption by the Sejm not confirmed from an official source.","scope_summary":"Providers, deployers, importers and distributors of AI systems within the scope of the EU AI Act.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Draft; dates to be confirmed on adoption.","taxonomy":{"actor":["provider","deployer","importer","distributor"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"risk_category":["high_risk"],"use_case":["generative_ai"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Ministerstwo Cyfryzacji: sztuczna inteligencja","publisher":"Ministry of Digital Affairs","url":"https://www.gov.pl/web/cyfryzacja","document_date":null,"document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.pl/web/cyfryzacja","source_title":"Ministerstwo Cyfryzacji: sztuczna inteligencja","source_publisher":"Ministry of Digital Affairs","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"poland-policy-for-the-development-of-ai-2020","title":"Polityka dla rozwoju sztucznej inteligencji w Polsce od roku 2020","short_title":"Policy for the development of AI in Poland (2020)","jurisdiction":"poland","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Council of Ministers of Poland","summary_plain":"Adopted by resolution of the Council of Ministers in December 2020, the policy sets goals for AI in society, business, science, education, international cooperation and the public sector, with short-, medium- and long-term actions and an ethics and trustworthy-AI dimension.","adopted_on":"2020-12-28","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.pl/web/ai/polityka-dla-rozwoju-sztucznej-inteligencji-w-polsce-od-roku-2020","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:06+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/poland-policy-for-the-development-of-ai-2020","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Government programme; no obligations on private organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Resolution of 28 December 2020; published in Monitor Polski in January 2021.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Polityka dla rozwoju sztucznej inteligencji w Polsce od roku 2020","publisher":"Council of Ministers","url":"https://www.gov.pl/web/ai/polityka-dla-rozwoju-sztucznej-inteligencji-w-polsce-od-roku-2020","document_date":"2020-12-28","document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.pl/web/ai/polityka-dla-rozwoju-sztucznej-inteligencji-w-polsce-od-roku-2020","source_title":"Polityka dla rozwoju sztucznej inteligencji w Polsce od roku 2020","source_publisher":"Council of Ministers","source_document_date":"2020-12-28","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"portugal-ai-portugal-2030","title":"AI Portugal 2030: Portuguese National Initiative on Digital Skills – Artificial Intelligence strategy","short_title":"AI Portugal 2030","jurisdiction":"portugal","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Government of Portugal (INCoDe.2030)","summary_plain":"Published in 2019 under the INCoDe.2030 initiative, AI Portugal 2030 sets objectives for research, skills, public administration, industry adoption and international positioning, with priority application areas such as natural language, mobility, energy and health, and a commitment to ethical and trustworthy AI.","adopted_on":"2019-06-01","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.incode2030.gov.pt/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:06+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/portugal-ai-portugal-2030","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Government programme; no obligations on private organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Year/month-level date; exact publication date to be confirmed.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"AI Portugal 2030","publisher":"INCoDe.2030","url":"https://www.incode2030.gov.pt/","document_date":"2019-06-01","document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.incode2030.gov.pt/","source_title":"AI Portugal 2030","source_publisher":"INCoDe.2030","source_document_date":"2019-06-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"qatar-national-artificial-intelligence-strategy-for-qatar-2019","title":"National Artificial Intelligence Strategy for Qatar 2019","short_title":"National Artificial Intelligence Strategy for Qatar 2019","jurisdiction":"qatar","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (formerly Ministry of Transport and Communications)","summary_plain":"Developed by the Qatar Center for Artificial Intelligence and adopted by the government as the national strategy, the document sets out six pillars: education, data access, employment, business, research, and ethics. It provides recommendations for building an AI research and innovation ecosystem and for the responsible adoption of AI across society. A national AI committee was subsequently formed to develop an implementation plan.","adopted_on":"2019-10-29","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.mcit.gov.qa/-/media/mcit/documents/strategies/national_artificial_intelligence_strategy_for_qatar_2019_en.pdf","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:06+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/qatar-national-artificial-intelligence-strategy-for-qatar-2019","status_note":"The PDF loads from mcit.gov.qa, but the MCIT AI Committee web page returned HTTP 403/500 during verification. The 29 October 2019 adoption date is from QCRI/HBKU announcements rather than a loadable MCIT page, and the strategy PDF itself carries only the year 2019.","scope_summary":"Scope is as set out in the official text linked below. Issued by Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (formerly Ministry of Transport and Communications). Oversight: National Artificial Intelligence Committee under MCIT oversees implementation planning. Stated purpose: Prepare Qatar for an 'AI+X' future in line with Qatar National Vision 2030.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2019-10-29: Strategy adopted and announced by the government at QITCOM 2019","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Only the announcement or adoption date is recorded from the source; in-force and application dates are to be confirmed by a reviewer.","taxonomy":[],"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"National Artificial Intelligence Strategy for Qatar 2019","publisher":"Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, Qatar","url":"https://www.mcit.gov.qa/-/media/mcit/documents/strategies/national_artificial_intelligence_strategy_for_qatar_2019_en.pdf","document_date":"2019-10-29","document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.mcit.gov.qa/-/media/mcit/documents/strategies/national_artificial_intelligence_strategy_for_qatar_2019_en.pdf","source_title":"National Artificial Intelligence Strategy for Qatar 2019","source_publisher":"Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, Qatar","source_document_date":"2019-10-29","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported from the source-backed legacy dataset (database/data/ai_policies.json); fields limited to what the official source page states. Reviewer to enrich scope, dates and obligations.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"romania-national-ai-strategy-2024-2027","title":"Strategia Națională în domeniul Inteligenței Artificiale 2024–2027","short_title":"National AI Strategy 2024–2027","jurisdiction":"romania","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Government of Romania","summary_plain":"Approved by government decision in July 2024, the strategy sets objectives on infrastructure and data, research and innovation, skills, public-sector and business adoption, and governance and ethics aligned with the EU AI Act, with an action plan and monitoring indicators.","adopted_on":"2024-07-11","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.mcid.gov.ro/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:06+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/romania-national-ai-strategy-2024-2027","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Government programme; no obligations on private organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Government decision July 2024; exact date and Official Gazette reference to be confirmed.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Strategia Națională în domeniul Inteligenței Artificiale 2024–2027","publisher":"Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitalisation","url":"https://www.mcid.gov.ro/","document_date":"2024-07-11","document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.mcid.gov.ro/","source_title":"Strategia Națională în domeniul Inteligenței Artificiale 2024–2027","source_publisher":"Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitalisation","source_document_date":"2024-07-11","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"russia-federal-law-123-fz-moscow-ai-experimental-regime","title":"Federal Law No. 123-FZ of 24 April 2020 on an experiment to establish special regulation to create the conditions for the development and implementation of AI technologies in Moscow","short_title":"Federal Law 123-FZ (Moscow AI experimental regime)","jurisdiction":"russia","instrument_type":"act","status":"in_force","is_binding":true,"issuing_body":"Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation","summary_plain":"Establishes a five-year experimental legal regime in Moscow (from 1 July 2020) allowing participants to develop and deploy AI technologies under special rules, including processing of anonymised personal data for AI purposes, coordinated by the Moscow government with a register of participants. It was accompanied by amendments to the personal-data law.","adopted_on":"2020-04-24","in_force_on":"2020-07-01","applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"http://kremlin.ru/acts/bank/45475","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:06+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/russia-federal-law-123-fz-moscow-ai-experimental-regime","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Registered participants of the experiment in the city of Moscow.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2020-04-24: signed; 2020-07-01: regime starts; five-year term (extended per later acts).","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Extension beyond 2025 to be confirmed by a reviewer.","taxonomy":{"actor":["provider","deployer","public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Federal Law No. 123-FZ of 24 April 2020","publisher":"President of Russia (acts bank)","url":"http://kremlin.ru/acts/bank/45475","document_date":"2020-04-24","document_type":"legislation","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"http://kremlin.ru/acts/bank/45475","source_title":"Federal Law No. 123-FZ of 24 April 2020","source_publisher":"President of Russia (acts bank)","source_document_date":"2020-04-24","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"russia-national-ai-strategy-2030","title":"Национальная стратегия развития искусственного интеллекта на период до 2030 года (Presidential Decree No. 490 of 10 October 2019, as amended by Decree No. 124 of 15 February 2024)","short_title":"National AI Strategy to 2030 (Decree 490, updated 2024)","jurisdiction":"russia","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"President of the Russian Federation","summary_plain":"The national strategy sets goals for AI research, compute, data, talent and adoption across the economy and public administration to 2030, with the 2024 amendment adding targets on domestic compute capacity, large generative models, share of organisations using AI, and trusted-AI requirements for the public sector. It is implemented through the federal \"Artificial Intelligence\" project.","adopted_on":"2019-10-10","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"http://kremlin.ru/acts/bank/44731","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:06+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/russia-national-ai-strategy-2030","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Government programme; obligations arise only through implementing acts.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2019-10-10: Decree 490; 2024-02-15: Decree 124 amendments.","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Dates are taken from the linked official source; a reviewer should confirm in-force and application dates before relying on them.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector","public_services"],"use_case":["public_services","generative_ai"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Decree No. 490 of 10 October 2019","publisher":"President of Russia","url":"http://kremlin.ru/acts/bank/44731","document_date":"2019-10-10","document_type":"legislation","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"http://kremlin.ru/acts/bank/44731","source_title":"Decree No. 490 of 10 October 2019","source_publisher":"President of Russia","source_document_date":"2019-10-10","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"rwanda-the-national-ai-policy","title":"The National AI Policy","short_title":"The National AI Policy","jurisdiction":"rwanda","instrument_type":"policy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Ministry of ICT and Innovation (MINICT) with Rwanda Utilities Regulatory Authority (RURA)","summary_plain":"Rwanda's national AI policy sets out six policy areas and fourteen recommendations covering skills and literacy, infrastructure, data, responsible AI governance, public-sector adoption and ecosystem development. It proposes a Responsible AI Office housed in MINICT to drive an implementation plan and monitor progress. Priority sectors include health, agriculture, education, finance and public services.","adopted_on":"2023-04-20","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.minict.gov.rw/ai-policy","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:06+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/rwanda-the-national-ai-policy","status_note":"The MINICT page and PDF do not state an approval date; the 20 April 2023 Cabinet approval date comes from policy partners (The Future Society) and could not be confirmed on an official Rwandan page, so confidence is medium on the date only.","scope_summary":"Scope is as set out in the official text linked below. Issued by Ministry of ICT and Innovation (MINICT) with Rwanda Utilities Regulatory Authority (RURA). Oversight: MINICT leads; policy proposes a Responsible AI Office within MINICT to coordinate implementation. Stated purpose: Use AI to power growth and position Rwanda as a responsible-AI innovator.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2023-04-20: Policy approved by Cabinet (per policy partners); full text published by MINICT","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Only the announcement or adoption date is recorded from the source; in-force and application dates are to be confirmed by a reviewer.","taxonomy":[],"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"The National AI Policy","publisher":"Ministry of ICT and Innovation, Republic of Rwanda","url":"https://www.minict.gov.rw/ai-policy","document_date":"2023-04-20","document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"Policy approved by Cabinet (per policy partners); full text published by MINICT","publisher":"Ministry of ICT and Innovation, Republic of Rwanda","url":"https://www.minict.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/minict_user_upload/Documents/Artificial_Intelligence_Policy__1_.pdf","document_date":"2023-04-20","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.minict.gov.rw/ai-policy","source_title":"The National AI Policy","source_publisher":"Ministry of ICT and Innovation, Republic of Rwanda","source_document_date":"2023-04-20","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported from the source-backed legacy dataset (database/data/ai_policies.json); fields limited to what the official source page states. Reviewer to enrich scope, dates and obligations.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"saudi-arabia-ai-ethics-principles","title":"AI Ethics Principles","short_title":"AI Ethics Principles","jurisdiction":"saudi-arabia","instrument_type":"guidance","status":"guidance","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Saudi Data and Artificial Intelligence Authority (SDAIA)","summary_plain":"SDAIA's AI Ethics Principles set out ethical principles and associated controls for entities developing, deploying or affected by AI systems in Saudi Arabia, covering fairness, privacy and security, humanity, social and environmental benefit, reliability and safety, transparency, and accountability. The document assigns roles and responsibilities and marks certain controls as binding for public entities. The 2025 edition updates the September 2023 version 1.0.","adopted_on":"2025-05-01","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://sdaia.gov.sa/en/SDAIA/about/Documents/ai-principles.pdf","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:06+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/saudi-arabia-ai-ethics-principles","status_note":"The 2025 PDF is dated 'May 2025' (month only), so first of month used. sdaia.gov.sa rejects some automated fetchers but serves the PDF and pages with HTTP 200 to a browser user-agent.","scope_summary":"Scope is as set out in the official text linked below. Issued by Saudi Data and Artificial Intelligence Authority (SDAIA). Oversight: SDAIA issues and updates the principles and oversees adoption by public entities. Stated purpose: Ensure responsible, safe and rights-respecting AI development and use in the Kingdom.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2023-09-01: AI Ethics Principles version 1.0 issued (September 2023); 2025-05-01: Updated 2025 edition published (document dated May 2025)","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Only the announcement or adoption date is recorded from the source; in-force and application dates are to be confirmed by a reviewer.","taxonomy":[],"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"AI Ethics Principles","publisher":"Saudi Data and Artificial Intelligence Authority","url":"https://sdaia.gov.sa/en/SDAIA/about/Documents/ai-principles.pdf","document_date":"2025-05-01","document_type":"guidance","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"AI Ethics Principles version 1.0 issued (September 2023)","publisher":"Saudi Data and Artificial Intelligence Authority","url":"https://sdaia.gov.sa/en/SDAIA/about/Pages/AboutAI.aspx","document_date":"2023-09-01","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://sdaia.gov.sa/en/SDAIA/about/Documents/ai-principles.pdf","source_title":"AI Ethics Principles","source_publisher":"Saudi Data and Artificial Intelligence Authority","source_document_date":"2025-05-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported from the source-backed legacy dataset (database/data/ai_policies.json); fields limited to what the official source page states. Reviewer to enrich scope, dates and obligations.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"saudi-arabia-national-strategy-for-data-ai","title":"National Strategy for Data & AI","short_title":"National Strategy for Data & AI","jurisdiction":"saudi-arabia","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Saudi Data and Artificial Intelligence Authority (SDAIA)","summary_plain":"The national strategy, approved by royal decision in July 2020, sets an ambition for Saudi Arabia to be among the leading data- and AI-driven economies through phased milestones to 2030. It targets talent development, welcoming regulation, investment attraction, research and an active ecosystem, with measurable goals such as training data and AI specialists, attracting investment and creating startups.","adopted_on":"2020-07-17","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://sdaia.gov.sa/en/SDAIA/SdaiaStrategies/Pages/NationalStrategyForDataAndAI.aspx","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:06+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/saudi-arabia-national-strategy-for-data-ai","status_note":"Public launch was at the Global AI Summit in October 2020; the SDAIA page records the approval date of 17 July 2020, which is used here.","scope_summary":"Scope is as set out in the official text linked below. Issued by Saudi Data and Artificial Intelligence Authority (SDAIA). Oversight: SDAIA guides and supervises execution by government entities and runs its own initiatives. Stated purpose: Make the Kingdom a global hub for data and AI in support of Vision 2030.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2020-07-17: Strategy approved by the King (per SDAIA)","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Only the announcement or adoption date is recorded from the source; in-force and application dates are to be confirmed by a reviewer.","taxonomy":[],"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"National Strategy for Data & AI","publisher":"Saudi Data and Artificial Intelligence Authority","url":"https://sdaia.gov.sa/en/SDAIA/SdaiaStrategies/Pages/NationalStrategyForDataAndAI.aspx","document_date":"2020-07-17","document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://sdaia.gov.sa/en/SDAIA/SdaiaStrategies/Pages/NationalStrategyForDataAndAI.aspx","source_title":"National Strategy for Data & AI","source_publisher":"Saudi Data and Artificial Intelligence Authority","source_document_date":"2020-07-17","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported from the source-backed legacy dataset (database/data/ai_policies.json); fields limited to what the official source page states. Reviewer to enrich scope, dates and obligations.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"senegal-national-ai-strategy-2025","title":"Stratégie nationale de l'intelligence artificielle du Sénégal","short_title":"National AI Strategy (2025)","jurisdiction":"senegal","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Government of Senegal","summary_plain":"The strategy sets priorities on AI for public services, agriculture, health and education, talent and research, data and infrastructure, and ethical governance, within the New Technological Deal.","adopted_on":null,"in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://numerique.gouv.sn/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:06+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/senegal-national-ai-strategy-2025","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Government programme; no obligations on private organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Adoption date not established from the official source and left empty rather than estimated; the year in the title or summary is the best available indication. Reviewer to add the exact date with a source reference.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Ministère du Numérique","publisher":"Government of Senegal","url":"https://numerique.gouv.sn/","document_date":null,"document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://numerique.gouv.sn/","source_title":"Ministère du Numérique","source_publisher":"Government of Senegal","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"serbia-ai-development-strategy-2025-2030","title":"Стратегија развоја вештачке интелигенције у Републици Србији за период 2025–2030","short_title":"AI Development Strategy 2025–2030","jurisdiction":"serbia","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Government of the Republic of Serbia","summary_plain":"Adopted in 2025, the second national AI strategy sets goals to 2030 on research and talent, AI in the economy and public administration, data and compute infrastructure, trustworthy AI and alignment with the EU AI Act and the Council of Europe convention, and the preparation of an AI law.","adopted_on":"2025-03-01","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.ai.gov.rs/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:06+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/serbia-ai-development-strategy-2025-2030","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Government programme; no obligations on private organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Month-level date; to be confirmed.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"AI Serbia","publisher":"Government of the Republic of Serbia","url":"https://www.ai.gov.rs/","document_date":null,"document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.ai.gov.rs/","source_title":"AI Serbia","source_publisher":"Government of the Republic of Serbia","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"serbia-ethical-guidelines-for-trustworthy-ai-2023","title":"Етичке смернице за развој, примену и употребу поуздане и одговорне вештачке интелигенције","short_title":"Ethical guidelines for trustworthy AI (2023)","jurisdiction":"serbia","instrument_type":"guidance","status":"guidance","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Government of the Republic of Serbia","summary_plain":"Adopted in March 2023, the guidelines set principles and requirements for trustworthy and responsible AI in Serbia (human agency, safety, privacy, transparency, non-discrimination, societal well-being, accountability), with self-assessment questions for developers and users, drawing on the EU ethics guidelines and the UNESCO recommendation.","adopted_on":"2023-03-23","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.ai.gov.rs/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:06+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/serbia-ethical-guidelines-for-trustworthy-ai-2023","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Non-binding; addressed to public and private developers and users of AI in Serbia.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Dates are taken from the linked official source; a reviewer should confirm in-force and application dates before relying on them.","taxonomy":{"actor":["provider","deployer","public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"AI Serbia","publisher":"Government of the Republic of Serbia","url":"https://www.ai.gov.rs/","document_date":null,"document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.ai.gov.rs/","source_title":"AI Serbia","source_publisher":"Government of the Republic of Serbia","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"sierra-leone-national-ai-strategy-2024","title":"Sierra Leone National Artificial Intelligence Strategy","short_title":"National AI Strategy (2024)","jurisdiction":"sierra-leone","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Government of Sierra Leone","summary_plain":"The strategy sets priorities on AI in public services, health, agriculture and education, skills and research, data infrastructure and ethical governance.","adopted_on":null,"in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://mocti.gov.sl/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:06+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/sierra-leone-national-ai-strategy-2024","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Government programme; no obligations on private organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Adoption date not established from the official source and left empty rather than estimated; the year in the title or summary is the best available indication. Reviewer to add the exact date with a source reference.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Communication, Technology and Innovation","publisher":"Government of Sierra Leone","url":"https://mocti.gov.sl/","document_date":null,"document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://mocti.gov.sl/","source_title":"Ministry of Communication, Technology and Innovation","source_publisher":"Government of Sierra Leone","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"singapore-model-ai-governance-framework","title":"Model AI Governance Framework (Second Edition) and Model AI Governance Framework for Generative AI","short_title":"Singapore Model AI Governance Framework","jurisdiction":"singapore","instrument_type":"framework","status":"voluntary_standard","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Infocomm Media Development Authority and Personal Data Protection Commission; AI Verify Foundation (generative AI edition)","summary_plain":"Singapore's Model AI Governance Framework is a voluntary, sector-agnostic guide for organisations deploying AI. The second edition (January 2020) covers four areas: internal governance structures and measures, determining the level of human involvement in AI-augmented decision-making, operations management (data, model development, monitoring), and stakeholder interaction and communication. The May 2024 Model AI Governance Framework for Generative AI extends it with nine dimensions including accountability, data, trusted development and deployment, incident reporting, testing and assurance, security, content provenance, safety and alignment research, and AI for the public good.\n","adopted_on":"2020-01-21","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.pdpc.gov.sg/help-and-resources/2020/01/model-ai-governance-framework","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:07+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/singapore-model-ai-governance-framework","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Voluntary; applicable to any organisation developing or deploying AI in Singapore or wishing to align with Singapore's expectations. It is referenced by the PDPC and IMDA and underpins the AI Verify testing framework.\n","who_it_applies_to":"Organisations deploying AI (any sector), and developers of generative AI models and applications.","key_dates_summary":"First edition January 2019; second edition 21 January 2020; Generative AI framework 30 May 2024.","penalties_summary":"None; voluntary.","what_organizations_must_do":"Nothing mandatory. Adopters set up governance structures, choose a human-in/over/out-of-the-loop model based on risk, manage data quality and model lifecycle, and communicate with users, with additional generative-AI measures.\n","published_on":"2020-01-21","date_notes":null,"taxonomy":{"actor":["provider","deployer","gpai_provider"],"ai_system_type":["general_purpose_ai_model","generative_ai","automated_decision_system","recommender_system"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"risk_category":["unclassified"],"use_case":["finance_and_credit","generative_ai","customer_service"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[{"slug":"singapore-mgf-internal-governance","title":"Establish internal governance structures and measures for AI","category":"governance_accountability","summary":"Organisations should adapt existing governance to AI: clear roles and responsibilities, board and senior management oversight, risk-management and internal controls, and staff training.\n","practical_action":"Assign an AI governance owner and add AI risks to the enterprise risk register.","is_binding":false,"applies_from":null,"section":null,"source_reference":"Second edition, Part on internal governance structures and measures","official_source_url":"https://www.pdpc.gov.sg/help-and-resources/2020/01/model-ai-governance-framework","review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","last_verified_at":null,"actors":["provider","deployer"],"sectors":["cross_sector"],"use_cases":["generative_ai","finance_and_credit"],"applicability":[{"description":"Voluntary for any organisation deploying AI.","actors":["provider","deployer"],"conditions":null}],"evidence_examples":[{"title":"AI governance structure document","description":null,"artifact_type":"document"}],"framework_mappings":[{"framework":"iso_42001","framework_name":"ISO/IEC 42001:2023","reference":"Clause 5 Leadership","note":"Original editorial mapping.","confidence_level":"high","is_original":true},{"framework":"nist_ai_rmf","framework_name":"NIST AI RMF 1.0","reference":"GOVERN 2.x","note":"Original editorial mapping.","confidence_level":"high","is_original":true}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/obligations/singapore-mgf-internal-governance"},{"slug":"singapore-mgf-human-involvement","title":"Determine the appropriate level of human involvement in AI decisions","category":"human_oversight","summary":"Using a risk-impact matrix (probability and severity of harm), organisations choose human-in-the-loop, human-over-the-loop or human-out-of-the-loop designs and document the rationale.\n","practical_action":"Record the human-involvement choice and rationale for each AI decision point.","is_binding":false,"applies_from":null,"section":null,"source_reference":"Second edition, Part on human involvement in AI-augmented decision-making","official_source_url":"https://www.pdpc.gov.sg/help-and-resources/2020/01/model-ai-governance-framework","review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","last_verified_at":null,"actors":["deployer"],"sectors":["cross_sector"],"use_cases":["finance_and_credit","customer_service","hiring_and_hr"],"applicability":[{"description":"Voluntary for any organisation deploying AI for decisions.","actors":["deployer"],"conditions":null}],"evidence_examples":[{"title":"Risk-impact assessment and human-involvement decision","description":null,"artifact_type":"record"}],"framework_mappings":[{"framework":"nist_ai_rmf","framework_name":"NIST AI RMF 1.0","reference":"GOVERN 3.2, MANAGE 2.x","note":"Original editorial mapping.","confidence_level":"medium","is_original":true}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/obligations/singapore-mgf-human-involvement"},{"slug":"singapore-mgf-operations-management","title":"Manage data quality, model development and monitoring across the lifecycle","category":"data_governance","summary":"Covers data lineage and quality, minimising bias in datasets, model explainability, repeatability, robustness, regular tuning and active monitoring after deployment.\n","practical_action":"Maintain data lineage records and a model monitoring plan.","is_binding":false,"applies_from":null,"section":null,"source_reference":"Second edition, Part on operations management","official_source_url":"https://www.pdpc.gov.sg/help-and-resources/2020/01/model-ai-governance-framework","review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","last_verified_at":null,"actors":["provider","deployer"],"sectors":["cross_sector"],"use_cases":["generative_ai","finance_and_credit"],"applicability":[{"description":"Voluntary for any organisation building or deploying AI.","actors":["provider","deployer"],"conditions":null}],"evidence_examples":[{"title":"Data lineage and model monitoring records","description":null,"artifact_type":"record"}],"framework_mappings":[{"framework":"iso_42001","framework_name":"ISO/IEC 42001:2023","reference":"Clause 8 Operation; Annex A data controls","note":"Original editorial mapping.","confidence_level":"medium","is_original":true}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/obligations/singapore-mgf-operations-management"},{"slug":"singapore-mgf-genai-incident-reporting-and-provenance","title":"Report incidents and mark AI-generated content (generative AI framework)","category":"transparency","summary":"The generative-AI framework recommends incident-reporting channels and processes for AI harms, and content provenance measures such as digital watermarking and cryptographic provenance so that users can identify AI-generated content.\n","practical_action":"Implement provenance markers for generated media and an AI incident reporting channel.","is_binding":false,"applies_from":null,"section":null,"source_reference":"Generative AI framework, dimensions on incident reporting and content provenance","official_source_url":"https://www.pdpc.gov.sg/help-and-resources/2020/01/model-ai-governance-framework","review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","last_verified_at":null,"actors":["provider","deployer","gpai_provider"],"sectors":["cross_sector","media_information"],"use_cases":["generative_ai","content_moderation"],"applicability":[{"description":"Voluntary for developers and deployers of generative AI.","actors":["provider","deployer","gpai_provider"],"conditions":null}],"evidence_examples":[{"title":"Content provenance implementation record","description":null,"artifact_type":"document"}],"framework_mappings":[{"framework":"nist_ai_rmf","framework_name":"NIST AI RMF 1.0","reference":"NIST AI 600-1 content provenance and incident disclosure","note":"Original editorial mapping.","confidence_level":"medium","is_original":true}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/obligations/singapore-mgf-genai-incident-reporting-and-provenance"}],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[{"version_label":"First edition","version_date":"2019-01-23","summary":"Launched at the World Economic Forum in Davos.","official_source_url":"https://www.pdpc.gov.sg/help-and-resources/2020/01/model-ai-governance-framework","source_reference":null},{"version_label":"Second edition","version_date":"2020-01-21","summary":"Expanded with more use cases and guidance.","official_source_url":"https://www.pdpc.gov.sg/help-and-resources/2020/01/model-ai-governance-framework","source_reference":null},{"version_label":"Model AI Governance Framework for Generative AI","version_date":"2024-05-30","summary":"Companion framework with nine dimensions for generative AI.","official_source_url":"https://aiverifyfoundation.sg/resources/mgf-gen-ai/","source_reference":null}],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Model Artificial Intelligence Governance Framework (Second Edition)","publisher":"PDPC and IMDA","url":"https://www.pdpc.gov.sg/help-and-resources/2020/01/model-ai-governance-framework","document_date":"2020-01-21","document_type":"guidance","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"Model AI Governance Framework for Generative AI","publisher":"AI Verify Foundation and IMDA","url":"https://aiverifyfoundation.sg/resources/mgf-gen-ai/","document_date":"2024-05-30","document_type":"guidance","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"AI Verify Foundation","publisher":"AI Verify Foundation","url":"https://aiverifyfoundation.sg/","document_date":null,"document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":["singapore-pdpc-ai-advisory-guidelines","eu-ai-act","us-nist-ai-rmf"],"related_frameworks":["iso_42001","nist_ai_rmf"],"faq":[{"question":"Is Singapore's Model AI Governance Framework mandatory?","answer":"No. It is voluntary guidance from IMDA and the PDPC, but it reflects regulator expectations and underpins the AI Verify testing framework.\n"}],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.pdpc.gov.sg/help-and-resources/2020/01/model-ai-governance-framework","source_title":"Model AI Governance Framework (Second Edition)","source_publisher":"Personal Data Protection Commission Singapore and IMDA","source_document_date":"2020-01-21","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Initial structured record.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"singapore-national-artificial-intelligence-strategy-2-0","title":"National Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2.0 (NAIS 2.0)","short_title":"National Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2.0","jurisdiction":"singapore","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Smart Nation Group / Ministry of Digital Development and Information","summary_plain":"Singapore's second national AI strategy, launched under the banner of AI for the public good. It sets goals of excellence and empowerment and organises work across three systems, ten enablers and fifteen actions covering talent, compute, data, industry adoption, research and governance. A 2026 update set ten refreshed priorities and launched sector AI Missions under the new National AI Council.","adopted_on":"2023-12-04","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.smartnation.gov.sg/initiatives/national-ai-strategy/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:07+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/singapore-national-artificial-intelligence-strategy-2-0","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Scope is as set out in the official text linked below. Issued by Smart Nation Group / Ministry of Digital Development and Information. Oversight: National AI Council (chaired by the Prime Minister since 2026) with Smart Nation Group and MDDI. Stated purpose: Use AI for the public good while building Singapore into a trusted global AI hub.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2023-12-04: NAIS 2.0 launched by DPM Lawrence Wong; 2026-05-20: Update to the National AI Strategy released with 10 refreshed priorities","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Only the announcement or adoption date is recorded from the source; in-force and application dates are to be confirmed by a reviewer.","taxonomy":[],"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"National Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2.0 (NAIS 2.0)","publisher":"Smart Nation Singapore","url":"https://www.smartnation.gov.sg/initiatives/national-ai-strategy/","document_date":"2023-12-04","document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"NAIS 2.0 launched by DPM Lawrence Wong","publisher":"Smart Nation Singapore","url":"https://www.mddi.gov.sg/newsroom/04122023/","document_date":"2023-12-04","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"Update to the National AI Strategy released with 10 refreshed priorities","publisher":"Smart Nation Singapore","url":"https://www.mddi.gov.sg/newsroom/update-to-singapore-s-national-ai-strategy--refreshed-priorities-to-harness-ai-for-the-public-good-factsheet/","document_date":"2026-05-20","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.smartnation.gov.sg/initiatives/national-ai-strategy/","source_title":"National Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2.0 (NAIS 2.0)","source_publisher":"Smart Nation Singapore","source_document_date":"2023-12-04","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported from the source-backed legacy dataset (database/data/ai_policies.json); fields limited to what the official source page states. Reviewer to enrich scope, dates and obligations.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"singapore-pdpc-ai-advisory-guidelines","title":"PDPC Advisory Guidelines on Use of Personal Data in AI Recommendation and Decision Systems","short_title":"PDPC AI advisory guidelines","jurisdiction":"singapore","instrument_type":"guidance","status":"guidance","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Personal Data Protection Commission Singapore","summary_plain":"These advisory guidelines explain how the Personal Data Protection Act applies when organisations use personal data to develop, test and deploy AI systems that make recommendations, predictions or decisions. They clarify the consent obligation and relevant exceptions (business improvement and research), what to include in notifications to individuals, accountability practices such as documenting data provenance and model development, and expectations for service providers building bespoke AI systems.\n","adopted_on":"2024-03-01","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.pdpc.gov.sg/guidelines-and-consultation/2024/02/advisory-guidelines-on-use-of-personal-data-in-ai-recommendation-and-decision-systems","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:07+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/singapore-pdpc-ai-advisory-guidelines","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Organisations subject to the PDPA that use personal data in AI recommendation and decision systems, and service providers developing such systems for them. Advisory; not legally binding, but reflects how the PDPC interprets binding PDPA obligations.\n","who_it_applies_to":"PDPA-regulated organisations and their AI service providers.","key_dates_summary":"Issued 1 March 2024 following a 2023 public consultation.","penalties_summary":"Underlying PDPA breaches can attract financial penalties up to 10 % of annual turnover in Singapore or SGD 1 million, whichever is higher.","what_organizations_must_do":"Identify the legal basis for using personal data in AI (consent or an exception), provide notification about the AI's use of personal data, and document data-protection and governance practices across the AI lifecycle.\n","published_on":"2024-03-01","date_notes":null,"taxonomy":{"actor":["provider","deployer"],"ai_system_type":["automated_decision_system","recommender_system","predictive_scoring"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"risk_category":["unclassified"],"use_case":["hiring_and_hr","finance_and_credit","customer_service"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[{"slug":"singapore-pdpc-consent-or-exception-for-ai-data","title":"Identify consent or an applicable PDPA exception before using personal data in AI","category":"privacy_data_protection","summary":"Personal data used to train or operate AI systems requires consent unless an exception applies, such as the business improvement exception for improving products and services or the research exception for developing models, each subject to conditions.\n","practical_action":"Map AI data uses to consent or a specific exception and record the conditions met.","is_binding":true,"applies_from":null,"section":null,"source_reference":"Advisory guidelines, sections on consent, business improvement and research exceptions","official_source_url":"https://www.pdpc.gov.sg/guidelines-and-consultation/2024/02/advisory-guidelines-on-use-of-personal-data-in-ai-recommendation-and-decision-systems","review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":null,"actors":["provider","deployer"],"sectors":["cross_sector"],"use_cases":["finance_and_credit","customer_service"],"applicability":[{"description":"PDPA-regulated organisations using personal data in AI systems.","actors":["provider","deployer"],"conditions":null}],"evidence_examples":[{"title":"Legal basis assessment for AI personal data","description":null,"artifact_type":"record"}],"framework_mappings":[{"framework":"iso_42001","framework_name":"ISO/IEC 42001:2023","reference":"Annex A controls on data for AI systems","note":"Original editorial mapping.","confidence_level":"medium","is_original":true}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/obligations/singapore-pdpc-consent-or-exception-for-ai-data"},{"slug":"singapore-pdpc-ai-notification","title":"Notify individuals about the use of personal data in AI recommendations and decisions","category":"transparency","summary":"Organisations should inform individuals that AI systems use their personal data, the purposes, the relevant features and how they influence decisions, proportionate to the impact on the individual.\n","practical_action":"Add AI-specific disclosures to privacy notices and in-product notifications.","is_binding":true,"applies_from":null,"section":null,"source_reference":"Advisory guidelines, section on notification obligation","official_source_url":"https://www.pdpc.gov.sg/guidelines-and-consultation/2024/02/advisory-guidelines-on-use-of-personal-data-in-ai-recommendation-and-decision-systems","review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":null,"actors":["deployer"],"sectors":["cross_sector"],"use_cases":["finance_and_credit","customer_service"],"applicability":[{"description":"Organisations deploying AI recommendation or decision systems using personal data.","actors":["deployer"],"conditions":null}],"evidence_examples":[{"title":"AI notification wording","description":null,"artifact_type":"document"}],"framework_mappings":[{"framework":"nist_ai_rmf","framework_name":"NIST AI RMF 1.0","reference":"GOVERN 4.x","note":"Original editorial mapping.","confidence_level":"medium","is_original":true}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/obligations/singapore-pdpc-ai-notification"}],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Advisory Guidelines on Use of Personal Data in AI Recommendation and Decision Systems","publisher":"Personal Data Protection Commission Singapore","url":"https://www.pdpc.gov.sg/guidelines-and-consultation/2024/02/advisory-guidelines-on-use-of-personal-data-in-ai-recommendation-and-decision-systems","document_date":"2024-03-01","document_type":"guidance","tier":2,"tier_label":"Official consultation, guidance, enforcement, procurement or agency source"}],"related_policies":["singapore-model-ai-governance-framework"],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.pdpc.gov.sg/guidelines-and-consultation/2024/02/advisory-guidelines-on-use-of-personal-data-in-ai-recommendation-and-decision-systems","source_title":"Advisory Guidelines on Use of Personal Data in AI Recommendation and Decision Systems","source_publisher":"Personal Data Protection Commission Singapore","source_document_date":"2024-03-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":2,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Initial structured record.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"slovakia-national-ai-strategy-2030","title":"Národná stratégia pre umelú inteligenciu 2030","short_title":"National AI Strategy 2030","jurisdiction":"slovakia","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Government of Slovakia (MIRRI)","summary_plain":"The strategy to 2030 sets objectives for AI research, skills, data and infrastructure, adoption in public administration and industry, and trustworthy AI aligned with the EU AI Act.","adopted_on":null,"in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.mirri.gov.sk/en/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:07+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/slovakia-national-ai-strategy-2030","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Government programme; no obligations on private organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Adoption date not established from the official source and left empty rather than estimated; the year in the title or summary is the best available indication. Reviewer to add the exact date with a source reference.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"MIRRI","publisher":"Government of Slovakia","url":"https://www.mirri.gov.sk/en/","document_date":null,"document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.mirri.gov.sk/en/","source_title":"MIRRI","source_publisher":"Government of Slovakia","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"slovenia-national-ai-programme-2025","title":"Nacionalni program spodbujanja razvoja in uporabe umetne inteligence v Republiki Sloveniji do leta 2025","short_title":"National AI Programme to 2025 (NpUI)","jurisdiction":"slovenia","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Government of the Republic of Slovenia","summary_plain":"Adopted in May 2021, the programme sets measures on research and innovation, skills, data and infrastructure, public-sector and business adoption, ethics and trustworthy AI, and international cooperation, including support for the UNESCO IRCAI centre.","adopted_on":"2021-05-27","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.si/en/state-authorities/ministries/ministry-of-digital-transformation/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:07+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/slovenia-national-ai-programme-2025","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Government programme; no obligations on private organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Dates are taken from the linked official source; a reviewer should confirm in-force and application dates before relying on them.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"NpUI","publisher":"Government of Slovenia","url":"https://www.gov.si/en/state-authorities/ministries/ministry-of-digital-transformation/","document_date":"2021-05-27","document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.si/en/state-authorities/ministries/ministry-of-digital-transformation/","source_title":"NpUI","source_publisher":"Government of Slovenia","source_document_date":"2021-05-27","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"south-africa-draft-south-africa-national-artificial-intelligence","title":"Draft South Africa National Artificial Intelligence (AI) Policy","short_title":"Draft South Africa National Artificial Intelligence","jurisdiction":"south-africa","instrument_type":"policy","status":"archived","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Department of Communications and Digital Technologies (DCDT)","summary_plain":"Approved by Cabinet in March/April 2026 and gazetted for a 60-day comment period, the draft policy proposed guiding principles, institutional arrangements and implementation pathways for AI across the public and private sectors, building on the department's 2024 National AI Policy Framework. The Minister announced its withdrawal on 26 April 2026 after fictitious citations were found in its reference list, and the withdrawal was formally gazetted in June 2026.","adopted_on":"2026-04-10","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/202604/54477gen3880.pdf","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:07+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/south-africa-draft-south-africa-national-artificial-intelligence","status_note":"The earlier South Africa National AI Policy Framework (Aug/Oct 2024, comments to 29 Nov 2024) is referenced in the gazette notice, but its DCDT page (dcdt.gov.za/sa-national-ai-policy-framework/...) now serves unrelated content, so it is not recorded as a separate entry. Withdrawal notice is signed 4 June 2026 and gazetted 12 June 2026.","scope_summary":"Scope is as set out in the official text linked below. Issued by Department of Communications and Digital Technologies (DCDT). Oversight: DCDT; Cabinet-approved draft published for public comment. Stated purpose: Set national principles, institutions and pathways for safe and inclusive AI adoption.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2026-04-26: Minister Malatsi announces withdrawal of the draft policy; 2026-06-12: Withdrawal gazetted (Notice 3978 of 2026, Gazette No. 54840)","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Only the announcement or adoption date is recorded from the source; in-force and application dates are to be confirmed by a reviewer.","taxonomy":[],"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Draft South Africa National Artificial Intelligence (AI) Policy","publisher":"Government Gazette No. 54477, Notice 3880 of 2026 (DCDT)","url":"https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/202604/54477gen3880.pdf","document_date":"2026-04-10","document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"Minister Malatsi announces withdrawal of the draft policy","publisher":"Government Gazette No. 54477, Notice 3880 of 2026 (DCDT)","url":"https://www.sanews.gov.za/south-africa/minister-announces-withdrawal-draft-ai-policy","document_date":"2026-04-26","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"Withdrawal gazetted (Notice 3978 of 2026, Gazette No. 54840)","publisher":"Government Gazette No. 54477, Notice 3880 of 2026 (DCDT)","url":"https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/202606/54840gen3978.pdf","document_date":"2026-06-12","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/202604/54477gen3880.pdf","source_title":"Draft South Africa National Artificial Intelligence (AI) Policy","source_publisher":"Government Gazette No. 54477, Notice 3880 of 2026 (DCDT)","source_document_date":"2026-04-10","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported from the source-backed legacy dataset (database/data/ai_policies.json); fields limited to what the official source page states. Reviewer to enrich scope, dates and obligations.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"south-korea-framework-act-on-the-development-of-artificial-intelligence-and-establishment-of-a-foundation-for","title":"Framework Act on the Development of Artificial Intelligence and Establishment of a Foundation for Trust (AI Basic Act, Act No. 20676)","short_title":"Framework Act on the Development of Artificial Intelligence and Establishment of a Foundation for Trust","jurisdiction":"south-korea","instrument_type":"act","status":"in_force","is_binding":true,"issuing_body":"National Assembly of the Republic of Korea; competent ministry Ministry of Science and ICT","summary_plain":"Korea's AI Basic Act is a comprehensive framework statute combining industrial promotion with trust and safety rules. It gives a legal basis for a national AI master plan every three years and the National AI Committee, supports R&D, data, standardisation and SMEs, and imposes duties on operators of high-impact AI (risk management, explanation, human oversight) and transparency duties to notify users of generative AI output. Foreign operators above a threshold must designate a domestic representative. It was promulgated in January 2025 and took effect on 22 January 2026 after a one-year grace period.","adopted_on":"2025-01-21","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.law.go.kr/lsInfoP.do?lsiSeq=268543","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:07+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/south-korea-framework-act-on-the-development-of-artificial-intelligence-and-establishment-of-a-foundation-for","status_note":"Official page is in Korean; law number, promulgation date (2025-01-21) and enforcement date (2026-01-22) were confirmed from it. The 26 December 2024 plenary passage date comes from search results rather than the fetched page. English title is the commonly used translation; an official English text was not fetched.","scope_summary":"Scope is as set out in the official text linked below. Issued by National Assembly of the Republic of Korea; competent ministry Ministry of Science and ICT. Oversight: Ministry of Science and ICT as competent authority; presidential National AI Committee; AI Safety Institute. Stated purpose: Promote the AI industry while establishing trust obligations for high-impact and generative AI.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2024-12-26: Passed by the National Assembly plenary; 2025-01-21: Promulgated as Act No. 20676; 2026-01-22: Act enters into force","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Only the announcement or adoption date is recorded from the source; in-force and application dates are to be confirmed by a reviewer.","taxonomy":[],"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Framework Act on the Development of Artificial Intelligence and Establishment of a Foundation for Trust (AI Basic Act, Act No. 20676)","publisher":"Korea Ministry of Government Legislation, National Law Information Center","url":"https://www.law.go.kr/lsInfoP.do?lsiSeq=268543","document_date":"2025-01-21","document_type":"legislation","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.law.go.kr/lsInfoP.do?lsiSeq=268543","source_title":"Framework Act on the Development of Artificial Intelligence and Establishment of a Foundation for Trust (AI Basic Act, Act No. 20676)","source_publisher":"Korea Ministry of Government Legislation, National Law Information Center","source_document_date":"2025-01-21","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported from the source-backed legacy dataset (database/data/ai_policies.json); fields limited to what the official source page states. Reviewer to enrich scope, dates and obligations.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"spain-draft-law-on-good-use-and-governance-of-ai","title":"Anteproyecto de Ley para el buen uso y la gobernanza de la inteligencia artificial","short_title":"Draft law on good use and governance of AI","jurisdiction":"spain","instrument_type":"bill","status":"proposed","is_binding":true,"issuing_body":"Ministry for Digital Transformation and the Civil Service","summary_plain":"The draft implements the EU AI Act in Spain: it allocates supervision among AESIA, the data-protection authority, the electoral board, the financial and audiovisual regulators, sets the national penalty scale (up to EUR 35 million or 7% of turnover for prohibited practices), treats failure to label AI-generated content as a serious infringement and provides for the national sandbox to continue.","adopted_on":null,"in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://aesia.digital.gob.es/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:07+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/spain-draft-law-on-good-use-and-governance-of-ai","status_note":"Approved as a preliminary draft by the Council of Ministers on 11 March 2025; parliamentary adoption not confirmed from an official source at the time of checking.","scope_summary":"Providers, deployers, importers and distributors of AI systems in Spain within the scope of the EU AI Act.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Draft; dates to be confirmed once published in the BOE.","taxonomy":{"actor":["provider","deployer","importer","distributor","public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"risk_category":["prohibited","high_risk","transparency_risk"],"use_case":["generative_ai"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"AESIA: normativa","publisher":"Agencia Española de Supervisión de la Inteligencia Artificial","url":"https://aesia.digital.gob.es/","document_date":null,"document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://aesia.digital.gob.es/","source_title":"AESIA: normativa","source_publisher":"Agencia Española de Supervisión de la Inteligencia Artificial","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"spain-royal-decree-729-2023-aesia","title":"Real Decreto 729/2023, de 22 de agosto, por el que se aprueba el Estatuto de la Agencia Española de Supervisión de Inteligencia Artificial","short_title":"Royal Decree 729/2023 (AESIA statute)","jurisdiction":"spain","instrument_type":"regulation","status":"in_force","is_binding":true,"issuing_body":"Government of Spain","summary_plain":"Creates and organises AESIA, the Spanish AI Supervision Agency, as a public body attached to the Ministry for Digital Transformation. AESIA supervises and inspects AI systems, promotes sandboxes and standards, and acts as national authority for the EU AI Act. The decree sets its governance, functions and funding.","adopted_on":"2023-08-22","in_force_on":"2023-09-03","applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-18911","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:07+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/spain-royal-decree-729-2023-aesia","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Institutional: establishes the agency and its powers over AI systems placed on or used in the Spanish market.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2023-08-22: approved by Council of Ministers; 2023-09-02: published in BOE.","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":"2023-09-02","date_notes":"Dates are taken from the linked official source; a reviewer should confirm in-force and application dates before relying on them.","taxonomy":{"actor":["provider","deployer","public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Real Decreto 729/2023","publisher":"Boletín Oficial del Estado","url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-18911","document_date":"2023-09-02","document_type":"legislation","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-18911","source_title":"Real Decreto 729/2023","source_publisher":"Boletín Oficial del Estado","source_document_date":"2023-09-02","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"spain-royal-decree-817-2023-ai-sandbox","title":"Real Decreto 817/2023, de 8 de noviembre, que establece un entorno controlado de pruebas para el ensayo del cumplimiento de la propuesta de Reglamento de IA","short_title":"Royal Decree 817/2023 (AI regulatory sandbox)","jurisdiction":"spain","instrument_type":"regulation","status":"in_force","is_binding":true,"issuing_body":"Government of Spain","summary_plain":"Establishes Spain's controlled testing environment (sandbox) for providers of high-risk AI systems to test compliance with the then-proposed EU AI Act requirements: risk management, data governance, documentation, transparency, human oversight, accuracy and robustness. Participation is voluntary; participants receive guidance and produce documentation that feeds into national implementation.","adopted_on":"2023-11-08","in_force_on":"2023-11-10","applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-22767","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:07+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/spain-royal-decree-817-2023-ai-sandbox","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Voluntary for AI providers and, where relevant, deployers selected through calls; obligations arise only for participants.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":"2023-11-09","date_notes":"Dates are taken from the linked official source; a reviewer should confirm in-force and application dates before relying on them.","taxonomy":{"actor":["provider","deployer"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"risk_category":["high_risk"],"use_case":["safety_critical"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Real Decreto 817/2023","publisher":"Boletín Oficial del Estado","url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-22767","document_date":"2023-11-09","document_type":"legislation","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-22767","source_title":"Real Decreto 817/2023","source_publisher":"Boletín Oficial del Estado","source_document_date":"2023-11-09","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"sri-lanka-national-ai-strategy-2024","title":"National Strategy on Artificial Intelligence for Sri Lanka","short_title":"National AI Strategy (2024)","jurisdiction":"sri-lanka","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Government of Sri Lanka (Ministry of Digital Economy)","summary_plain":"The strategy sets priorities on AI skills and research, public-sector and industry adoption, data and compute infrastructure, and responsible-AI governance, with a national AI centre and implementation task force.","adopted_on":null,"in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.digitaleconomy.gov.lk/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:07+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/sri-lanka-national-ai-strategy-2024","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Government programme; no obligations on private organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Adoption date not established from the official source and left empty rather than estimated; the year in the title or summary is the best available indication. Reviewer to add the exact date with a source reference.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Digital Economy","publisher":"Government of Sri Lanka","url":"https://www.digitaleconomy.gov.lk/","document_date":null,"document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.digitaleconomy.gov.lk/","source_title":"Ministry of Digital Economy","source_publisher":"Government of Sri Lanka","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"sweden-ai-commission-roadmap-2024","title":"Färdplan för Sverige – AI-kommissionens slutbetänkande (SOU 2024:94)","short_title":"AI Commission roadmap for Sweden (SOU 2024:94)","jurisdiction":"sweden","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"AI Commission appointed by the Government of Sweden","summary_plain":"The government-appointed AI Commission's final report sets out a roadmap for Sweden with around 75 proposals: a national AI task force and data factory, compute and skills investment, AI in public administration and health care, access to data for research and innovation, and measures to make the most of the EU AI Act. It estimates costs and proposes a funding envelope over several years.","adopted_on":"2024-11-26","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.regeringen.se/rattsliga-dokument/statens-offentliga-utredningar/2024/11/sou-202494/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:07+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/sweden-ai-commission-roadmap-2024","status_note":"Final report delivered to the government in November 2024; individual proposals are implemented through budget and legislative decisions.","scope_summary":"Recommendations to the government; no obligations for organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2024-11-26: final report handed to the government.","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Dates are taken from the linked official source; a reviewer should confirm in-force and application dates before relying on them.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector","healthcare","public_services"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Färdplan för Sverige (SOU 2024:94)","publisher":"Regeringskansliet","url":"https://www.regeringen.se/rattsliga-dokument/statens-offentliga-utredningar/2024/11/sou-202494/","document_date":"2024-11-26","document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.regeringen.se/rattsliga-dokument/statens-offentliga-utredningar/2024/11/sou-202494/","source_title":"Färdplan för Sverige (SOU 2024:94)","source_publisher":"Regeringskansliet","source_document_date":"2024-11-26","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"switzerland-federal-council-ai-regulatory-approach-2025","title":"Federal Council decision on the regulation of artificial intelligence: ratification of the Council of Europe Convention and sector-specific adjustments","short_title":"Federal Council AI regulatory approach (2025)","jurisdiction":"switzerland","instrument_type":"policy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Swiss Federal Council","summary_plain":"On 12 February 2025 the Federal Council decided how Switzerland will regulate AI: it will ratify the Council of Europe Framework Convention on AI and implement it mainly through targeted changes to existing law where needed (for example transparency, data protection and non-discrimination), avoid a horizontal AI act, and complement legislation with non-binding measures such as self-regulation and agreements with industry. Federal departments were tasked to prepare a consultation draft by the end of 2026.","adopted_on":"2025-02-12","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.admin.ch/gov/en/start/documentation/media-releases.msg-id-104110.html","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:07+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/switzerland-federal-council-ai-regulatory-approach-2025","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Sets direction for federal law-making; creates no obligations until implementing legislation is adopted.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2025-02-12: Federal Council decision; end of 2026: consultation draft due.","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Dates are taken from the linked official source; a reviewer should confirm in-force and application dates before relying on them.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[{"title":"Consultation draft on ratification and legal amendments","due_on":"2026-12-31","date_precision":"year","date_label":null,"display_date":"2026","description":"Deadline set by the Federal Council for the consultation draft.","source_reference":null,"official_source_url":null,"status":"scheduled","confidence_level":"medium"}],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Federal Council wants to ratify the Council of Europe Convention on AI","publisher":"Swiss Federal Council","url":"https://www.admin.ch/gov/en/start/documentation/media-releases.msg-id-104110.html","document_date":"2025-02-12","document_type":"press_release","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.admin.ch/gov/en/start/documentation/media-releases.msg-id-104110.html","source_title":"Federal Council wants to ratify the Council of Europe Convention on AI","source_publisher":"Swiss Federal Council","source_document_date":"2025-02-12","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"switzerland-guidelines-on-ai-for-the-federal-administration-2020","title":"Leitlinien \"Künstliche Intelligenz\" für den Bund","short_title":"Guidelines on AI for the Federal Administration (2020)","jurisdiction":"switzerland","instrument_type":"guidance","status":"guidance","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Swiss Federal Council","summary_plain":"Adopted in November 2020, seven guidelines steer the use of AI by the federal administration: putting people at the centre, conditions for development and use, transparency and explainability, accountability, security, active participation in AI governance, and involvement of stakeholders.","adopted_on":"2020-11-25","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.bakom.admin.ch/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:07+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/switzerland-guidelines-on-ai-for-the-federal-administration-2020","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Applies to the federal administration of Switzerland when it develops, procures or uses AI systems; cantons and private organisations are not bound.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Dates are taken from the linked official source; a reviewer should confirm in-force and application dates before relying on them.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Guidelines on artificial intelligence for the Confederation","publisher":"Swiss Federal Council","url":"https://www.bakom.admin.ch/","document_date":"2020-11-25","document_type":"guidance","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.bakom.admin.ch/","source_title":"Guidelines on artificial intelligence for the Confederation","source_publisher":"Swiss Federal Council","source_document_date":"2020-11-25","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"taiwan-artificial-intelligence-basic-act","title":"人工智慧基本法 (Artificial Intelligence Basic Act) – draft approved by the Executive Yuan, July 2024","short_title":"Artificial Intelligence Basic Act (draft)","jurisdiction":"taiwan","instrument_type":"bill","status":"proposed","is_binding":true,"issuing_body":"Executive Yuan of Taiwan (National Science and Technology Council)","summary_plain":"A framework act setting seven principles for AI development and use, requiring the government to promote AI research, talent and infrastructure, to establish a risk-classification framework and safety standards, to protect personal data, labour and consumers, to provide for liability, disclosure of AI-generated content and non-discrimination, and to designate competent authorities by sector, with the NSTC coordinating.","adopted_on":"2024-07-15","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.nstc.gov.tw/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:08+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/taiwan-artificial-intelligence-basic-act","status_note":"Executive Yuan approved the draft on 15 July 2024 and sent it to the Legislative Yuan; passage and promulgation reported in late 2025 must be confirmed from the Legislative Yuan gazette before this record is updated.","scope_summary":"Framework obligations on government agencies; obligations for private actors arise through sector regulation adopted under the act.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Executive Yuan approval date; legislative status to be confirmed.","taxonomy":{"actor":["provider","deployer","public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"risk_category":["unclassified"],"use_case":["public_services","generative_ai"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"National Science and Technology Council","publisher":"Executive Yuan","url":"https://www.nstc.gov.tw/","document_date":"2024-07-15","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.nstc.gov.tw/","source_title":"National Science and Technology Council","source_publisher":"Executive Yuan","source_document_date":"2024-07-15","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"tajikistan-ai-development-strategy-2040","title":"Strategy for the Development of Artificial Intelligence in the Republic of Tajikistan for the period up to 2040","short_title":"AI Development Strategy to 2040","jurisdiction":"tajikistan","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Government of the Republic of Tajikistan","summary_plain":"Approved by government decree in 2021, the strategy sets long-term goals for AI research, education, infrastructure and use in the economy and public administration to 2040.","adopted_on":null,"in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.president.tj/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:08+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/tajikistan-ai-development-strategy-2040","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Government programme; no obligations on private organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Adoption date not established from the official source; 2021 per government announcements.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"President of the Republic of Tajikistan","publisher":"Government of Tajikistan","url":"https://www.president.tj/","document_date":null,"document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.president.tj/","source_title":"President of the Republic of Tajikistan","source_publisher":"Government of Tajikistan","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"tanzania-national-ai-strategy","title":"Tanzania National Artificial Intelligence Strategy","short_title":"National AI strategy (in development)","jurisdiction":"tanzania","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"proposed","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Government of Tanzania","summary_plain":"A national AI strategy under development covering governance and ethics, skills, public-sector and agricultural use cases, data and infrastructure.","adopted_on":null,"in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.mictit.go.tz/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:08+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/tanzania-national-ai-strategy","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Government programme; no obligations on private organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Adoption date not established from the official source and left empty rather than estimated; the year in the title or summary is the best available indication. Reviewer to add the exact date with a source reference.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Ministry of ICT","publisher":"Government of Tanzania","url":"https://www.mictit.go.tz/","document_date":null,"document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.mictit.go.tz/","source_title":"Ministry of ICT","source_publisher":"Government of Tanzania","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"thailand-draft-principles-of-the-law-on-artificial-intelligence","title":"(Draft) Principles of the Law on Artificial Intelligence","short_title":"(Draft) Principles of the Law on Artificial Intelligence","jurisdiction":"thailand","instrument_type":"consultation","status":"under_consultation","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Ministry of Digital Economy and Society / Electronic Transactions Development Agency (ETDA)","summary_plain":"Draft principles for a Thai AI law released for public hearing by MDES and ETDA. They propose a risk-based structure that distinguishes prohibited and high-risk AI, duties for providers and deployers, human oversight, incident reporting and a regulatory sandbox, while leaving sector regulators to set proportionate rules. The draft merges the 2022 ONDE royal decree draft and the 2023 ETDA promotion act draft.","adopted_on":"2025-06-11","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.etda.or.th/th/pr-news/law_ai.aspx","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:08+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/thailand-draft-principles-of-the-law-on-artificial-intelligence","status_note":"Date is the ETDA news item date (11 June B.E. 2568). Subsequent revision status after the 2025 hearing not confirmed from an official page.","scope_summary":"Scope is as set out in the official text linked below. Issued by Ministry of Digital Economy and Society / Electronic Transactions Development Agency (ETDA). Oversight: ETDA under MDES, with sectoral regulators envisaged. Stated purpose: Consolidate earlier draft AI instruments into one risk-based AI law.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2025-06-11: ETDA opens public hearing on draft AI law principles (comments to 24 June 2025)","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Only the announcement or adoption date is recorded from the source; in-force and application dates are to be confirmed by a reviewer.","taxonomy":[],"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"(Draft) Principles of the Law on Artificial Intelligence","publisher":"Electronic Transactions Development Agency (ETDA), Thailand","url":"https://www.etda.or.th/th/pr-news/law_ai.aspx","document_date":"2025-06-11","document_type":"consultation","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.etda.or.th/th/pr-news/law_ai.aspx","source_title":"(Draft) Principles of the Law on Artificial Intelligence","source_publisher":"Electronic Transactions Development Agency (ETDA), Thailand","source_document_date":"2025-06-11","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported from the source-backed legacy dataset (database/data/ai_policies.json); fields limited to what the official source page states. Reviewer to enrich scope, dates and obligations.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"thailand-thailand-national-ai-strategy-and-action-plan","title":"Thailand National AI Strategy and Action Plan (2022-2027)","short_title":"Thailand National AI Strategy and Action Plan","jurisdiction":"thailand","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Cabinet of Thailand (prepared by MHESI and MDES; NECTEC/NSTDA secretariat)","summary_plain":"A cabinet-approved strategy and action plan with five strategies: readiness in ethics, law and regulation; national AI infrastructure; human capability and education; AI technology and innovation development; and promotion of AI use in public and private sectors. It sets targets for AI talent, research prototypes and economic impact through 2027 and is implemented in phases coordinated across ministries.","adopted_on":"2022-07-26","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.nectec.or.th/en/about/news/cabinet-national-ai-strategy.html","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:08+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/thailand-thailand-national-ai-strategy-and-action-plan","status_note":"Second milestone date is month-level (file uploaded December 2022).","scope_summary":"Scope is as set out in the official text linked below. Issued by Cabinet of Thailand (prepared by MHESI and MDES; NECTEC/NSTDA secretariat). Oversight: National AI Committee with NECTEC/NSTDA as secretariat. Stated purpose: Build an effective AI ecosystem to strengthen the economy and quality of life by 2027.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2022-07-26: Cabinet approves the National AI Strategy and Action Plan (2022-2027); 2022-12-01: English overview of the strategy published on Thailand's official AI portal","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Only the announcement or adoption date is recorded from the source; in-force and application dates are to be confirmed by a reviewer.","taxonomy":[],"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Thailand National AI Strategy and Action Plan (2022-2027)","publisher":"National Electronics and Computer Technology Center (NECTEC), NSTDA","url":"https://www.nectec.or.th/en/about/news/cabinet-national-ai-strategy.html","document_date":"2022-07-26","document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"English overview of the strategy published on Thailand's official AI portal","publisher":"National Electronics and Computer Technology Center (NECTEC), NSTDA","url":"https://www.ai.in.th/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/2022-NAIS-Presentation-eng.pdf","document_date":"2022-12-01","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.nectec.or.th/en/about/news/cabinet-national-ai-strategy.html","source_title":"Thailand National AI Strategy and Action Plan (2022-2027)","source_publisher":"National Electronics and Computer Technology Center (NECTEC), NSTDA","source_document_date":"2022-07-26","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported from the source-backed legacy dataset (database/data/ai_policies.json); fields limited to what the official source page states. Reviewer to enrich scope, dates and obligations.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"tunisia-national-ai-strategy-2025","title":"Stratégie nationale de l'intelligence artificielle de la Tunisie","short_title":"National AI Strategy (2025)","jurisdiction":"tunisia","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Government of Tunisia (Ministry of Communication Technologies)","summary_plain":"The strategy sets objectives on AI talent and research, adoption in public services and the economy, data and infrastructure, start-up support and ethical governance.","adopted_on":null,"in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.mtc.gov.tn/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:08+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/tunisia-national-ai-strategy-2025","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Government programme; no obligations on private organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Adoption date not established from the official source and left empty rather than estimated; the year in the title or summary is the best available indication. Reviewer to add the exact date with a source reference.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Ministère des Technologies de la Communication","publisher":"Government of Tunisia","url":"https://www.mtc.gov.tn/","document_date":null,"document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.mtc.gov.tn/","source_title":"Ministère des Technologies de la Communication","source_publisher":"Government of Tunisia","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"turkiye-draft-artificial-intelligence-law-2024","title":"Yapay Zekâ Kanunu Teklifi (Artificial Intelligence Law proposal submitted to the Grand National Assembly, June 2024)","short_title":"Draft Artificial Intelligence Law (2024)","jurisdiction":"turkiye","instrument_type":"bill","status":"proposed","is_binding":true,"issuing_body":"Grand National Assembly of Türkiye (private member's bill)","summary_plain":"A short framework bill proposing principles for AI (safety, transparency, fairness, accountability, privacy), a risk-based approach with registration of high-risk systems, operator obligations and penalties, and supervision by designated authorities, broadly modelled on the EU AI Act.","adopted_on":null,"in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://cbddo.gov.tr/en/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:08+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/turkiye-draft-artificial-intelligence-law-2024","status_note":"Submitted 24 June 2024; not enacted at the time of checking.","scope_summary":"Would apply to developers, providers and users of AI systems in Türkiye if enacted.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Bill stage; no dates in force.","taxonomy":{"actor":["provider","deployer"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"risk_category":["high_risk"],"use_case":["generative_ai"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Digital Transformation Office: AI","publisher":"Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye","url":"https://cbddo.gov.tr/en/","document_date":null,"document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://cbddo.gov.tr/en/","source_title":"Digital Transformation Office: AI","source_publisher":"Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"turkiye-national-ai-strategy-2021-2025","title":"Ulusal Yapay Zekâ Stratejisi 2021–2025 (National Artificial Intelligence Strategy)","short_title":"National AI Strategy 2021–2025","jurisdiction":"turkiye","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye (Digital Transformation Office) and Ministry of Industry and Technology","summary_plain":"Published by Presidential Circular in August 2021, the strategy sets six priorities: training AI experts and increasing employment, supporting research and innovation, access to quality data and technical infrastructure, regulations to accelerate socio-economic adaptation, strengthening international cooperation, and accelerating structural and workforce transformation. Its action plan was updated for 2024–2025.","adopted_on":"2021-08-20","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://cbddo.gov.tr/en/nais/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:08+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/turkiye-national-ai-strategy-2021-2025","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Government programme; no obligations on private organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Dates are taken from the linked official source; a reviewer should confirm in-force and application dates before relying on them.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"National Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2021–2025","publisher":"Digital Transformation Office","url":"https://cbddo.gov.tr/en/nais/","document_date":"2021-08-20","document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://cbddo.gov.tr/en/nais/","source_title":"National Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2021–2025","source_publisher":"Digital Transformation Office","source_document_date":"2021-08-20","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"uae-national-ai-strategy-2031","title":"UAE National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence 2031","short_title":"UAE AI Strategy 2031","jurisdiction":"uae","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"UAE Government, Office of the Minister of State for Artificial Intelligence","summary_plain":"The UAE National Strategy for AI 2031 aims to position the UAE as a global leader in AI by 2031. It sets objectives across priority sectors, AI talent and research, data and infrastructure, government adoption and governance, including a commitment to AI ethics and to developing appropriate regulation. It is a strategy document that guides government programmes and does not itself impose obligations on private organisations.\n","adopted_on":"2017-10-16","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://ai.gov.ae/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:08+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/uae-national-ai-strategy-2031","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"UAE federal government entities and national programmes; indirectly the private sector and research institutions participating in national AI initiatives.\n","who_it_applies_to":"UAE government entities (primary); AI companies and partners engaging with government (indirect).","key_dates_summary":"Announced October 2017; strategy document published 2018; ongoing implementation to 2031.","penalties_summary":"None; strategy.","what_organizations_must_do":"No mandatory duties. Organisations working with UAE government entities should align with the strategy's ethics commitments and the AI Ethics Principles and Guidelines and AI Charter.\n","published_on":null,"date_notes":"Announcement date October 2017 is widely reported; the full strategy document followed in 2018. Reviewer to confirm.","taxonomy":{"actor":["provider","public_authority"],"ai_system_type":["general_purpose_ai_model","automated_decision_system"],"sector":["cross_sector","public_services"],"risk_category":["unclassified"],"use_case":["public_services","government_procurement"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[{"slug":"uae-ai-strategy-ethics-and-governance-commitment","title":"Government commitment to AI ethics, governance and regulation (strategy objective)","category":"governance_accountability","summary":"The strategy commits the government to ensure effective governance and regulation of AI and to promote ethical AI, which led to the AI Ethics Principles and Guidelines and the 2024 UAE AI Charter.\n","practical_action":"Reference the UAE AI Ethics Principles and AI Charter in proposals to UAE government entities.","is_binding":false,"applies_from":null,"section":null,"source_reference":"Strategy objectives on governance and ethics (reviewer to cite the section)","official_source_url":"https://ai.gov.ae/","review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":null,"actors":["public_authority"],"sectors":["public_services"],"use_cases":["public_services"],"applicability":[{"description":"UAE government entities.","actors":["public_authority"],"conditions":null}],"evidence_examples":[],"framework_mappings":[],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/obligations/uae-ai-strategy-ethics-and-governance-commitment"}],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[{"title":"Strategy horizon","due_on":"2031-12-31","date_precision":"year","date_label":null,"display_date":"2031","description":"Target year for the strategy's objectives.","source_reference":null,"official_source_url":null,"status":"scheduled","confidence_level":"high"}],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"UAE National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence 2031","publisher":"UAE Government, Office of the Minister of State for AI","url":"https://ai.gov.ae/","document_date":null,"document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":["uae-personal-data-protection-law","singapore-model-ai-governance-framework"],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://ai.gov.ae/","source_title":"UAE National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence 2031","source_publisher":"UAE Government","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":"Document-level URL to be added by reviewer","source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Initial structured record.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"uae-personal-data-protection-law","title":"Federal Decree-Law No. 45 of 2021 on the Protection of Personal Data (UAE PDPL)","short_title":"UAE PDPL","jurisdiction":"uae","instrument_type":"act","status":"in_force","is_binding":true,"issuing_body":"UAE Federal Government","summary_plain":"The UAE Personal Data Protection Law is the federal data-protection law applying outside the DIFC and ADGM free zones. It sets principles for lawful processing, consent and its exceptions, data-subject rights (including the right to object to automated decision-making without human intervention), controller and processor duties, security and breach notification to the UAE Data Office, cross-border transfer rules, and data protection impact assessments for high-risk processing including new technologies.\n","adopted_on":"2021-09-20","in_force_on":"2022-01-02","applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/digital-uae/data/data-protection","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:08+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/uae-personal-data-protection-law","status_note":"In force since 2 January 2022. Executive regulations that trigger the compliance period for organisations had not been confirmed as issued at the last check; a reviewer must confirm their status.\n","scope_summary":"Controllers and processors in the UAE (outside the financial free zones) and those outside the UAE processing personal data of individuals in the UAE. Government data, security bodies and health and banking data covered by other laws are excluded or partly excluded.\n","who_it_applies_to":"Organisations processing personal data of individuals in the UAE, including AI developers and deployers using such data.","key_dates_summary":"Issued 20 September 2021; in force 2 January 2022; compliance period runs from issuance of executive regulations (status to be confirmed).","penalties_summary":"Administrative penalties to be set by Cabinet decision (reviewer to confirm current position).","what_organizations_must_do":"Establish a lawful basis for AI data processing, provide rights including objection to automated decisions, conduct impact assessments for high-risk AI processing, secure data and notify breaches to the Data Office.\n","published_on":"2021-09-27","date_notes":null,"taxonomy":{"actor":["provider","deployer"],"ai_system_type":["automated_decision_system","predictive_scoring"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"risk_category":["unclassified"],"use_case":["hiring_and_hr","finance_and_credit","generative_ai"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[{"slug":"uae-pdpl-automated-decision-objection","title":"Respect the right to object to automated decision-making without human intervention","category":"human_oversight","summary":"Data subjects may object to decisions based solely on automated processing, including profiling, that produce legal or similarly serious effects, subject to exceptions such as contractual necessity or consent.\n","practical_action":"Provide a human-review route for significant automated decisions affecting UAE residents.","is_binding":true,"applies_from":null,"section":null,"source_reference":"Article on data-subject rights relating to automated processing (reviewer to cite article number)","official_source_url":"https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/digital-uae/data/data-protection","review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":null,"actors":["deployer"],"sectors":["cross_sector"],"use_cases":["hiring_and_hr","finance_and_credit"],"applicability":[{"description":"Controllers making solely automated decisions with significant effects.","actors":["deployer"],"conditions":null}],"evidence_examples":[{"title":"Automated decision objection procedure","description":null,"artifact_type":"document"}],"framework_mappings":[{"framework":"nist_ai_rmf","framework_name":"NIST AI RMF 1.0","reference":"GOVERN 5.x, MANAGE 4.x","note":"Original editorial mapping.","confidence_level":"low","is_original":true}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/obligations/uae-pdpl-automated-decision-objection"},{"slug":"uae-pdpl-impact-assessment-new-technologies","title":"Conduct a data protection impact assessment for high-risk processing using new technologies","category":"impact_assessment","summary":"Before processing that uses modern technologies and is likely to pose a high risk to privacy, controllers must assess the impact on personal data protection, covering the processing, its purposes, risks and safeguards.\n","practical_action":"Run a DPIA for AI systems processing personal data of UAE residents and keep it on file.","is_binding":true,"applies_from":null,"section":null,"source_reference":"Article on data protection impact assessment (reviewer to cite article number)","official_source_url":"https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/digital-uae/data/data-protection","review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":null,"actors":["provider","deployer"],"sectors":["cross_sector"],"use_cases":["biometrics","generative_ai"],"applicability":[{"description":"Controllers using new technologies for high-risk processing.","actors":["provider","deployer"],"conditions":null}],"evidence_examples":[{"title":"Data protection impact assessment","description":null,"artifact_type":"report"}],"framework_mappings":[{"framework":"iso_42001","framework_name":"ISO/IEC 42001:2023","reference":"Clause 6.1.4 AI system impact assessment","note":"Original editorial mapping.","confidence_level":"medium","is_original":true}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/obligations/uae-pdpl-impact-assessment-new-technologies"}],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[{"title":"Law in force","due_on":"2022-01-02","date_precision":"exact","date_label":null,"display_date":"2 January 2022","description":"Entry into force.","source_reference":null,"official_source_url":null,"status":"passed","confidence_level":"high"},{"title":"Compliance period after executive regulations","due_on":null,"date_precision":"tbd","date_label":"Depends on issuance of executive regulations (to be confirmed)","display_date":"Depends on issuance of executive regulations (to be confirmed)","description":"Reviewer to confirm whether executive regulations have been issued.","source_reference":null,"official_source_url":null,"status":"tbd","confidence_level":"low"}],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Data protection — UAE Government portal (Federal Decree-Law No. 45 of 2021)","publisher":"UAE Government","url":"https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/digital-uae/data/data-protection","document_date":"2021-09-20","document_type":"legislation","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":["uae-national-ai-strategy-2031","india-dpdp-act"],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/digital-uae/data/data-protection","source_title":"Federal Decree-Law No. 45 of 2021 on the Protection of Personal Data","source_publisher":"UAE Government portal (u.ae)","source_document_date":"2021-09-20","source_reference":"Article numbers to be added by reviewer","source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Initial structured record; executive-regulation status unverified.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"uae-the-uae-charter-for-the-development-and-use-of-artificial-intelligence","title":"The UAE Charter for the Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence","short_title":"The UAE Charter for the Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence","jurisdiction":"uae","instrument_type":"guidance","status":"guidance","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"UAE Cabinet / Artificial Intelligence, Digital Economy and Remote Work Applications Office","summary_plain":"A twelve-principle charter approved by the UAE Cabinet setting expectations for AI development and use, including safety, algorithmic bias, data privacy, transparency, human oversight, governance and accountability, and compliance with applicable laws and treaties. It is a guiding framework rather than binding legislation and supports the objectives of the UAE Strategy for AI.","adopted_on":"2024-06-10","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/strategies-initiatives-and-awards/policies/Ai/The-UAE-Charter-for-the-Development-and-Use-of-Artificial-Intelligence","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:08+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/uae-the-uae-charter-for-the-development-and-use-of-artificial-intelligence","status_note":"The uaelegislation.gov.ae page (issued date 10 Jun 2024) loaded in a browser but returns 403 to non-browser clients. The AI Office publicly released the charter document in July 2024.","scope_summary":"Scope is as set out in the official text linked below. Issued by UAE Cabinet / Artificial Intelligence, Digital Economy and Remote Work Applications Office. Oversight: AI Office under the Minister of State for AI; applies across federal entities. Stated purpose: Guiding principles for safe, ethical and inclusive AI aligned with the 2031 strategy.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2024-06-10: Charter issued (Cabinet approval) per UAE Legislation portal","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Only the announcement or adoption date is recorded from the source; in-force and application dates are to be confirmed by a reviewer.","taxonomy":[],"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"The UAE Charter for the Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence","publisher":"Official Platform of the UAE Government (u.ae)","url":"https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/strategies-initiatives-and-awards/policies/Ai/The-UAE-Charter-for-the-Development-and-Use-of-Artificial-Intelligence","document_date":"2024-06-10","document_type":"guidance","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"Charter issued (Cabinet approval) per UAE Legislation portal","publisher":"Official Platform of the UAE Government (u.ae)","url":"https://uaelegislation.gov.ae/en/policy/details/the-uae-charter-for-the-development-and-use-of-artificial-intelligence","document_date":"2024-06-10","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/strategies-initiatives-and-awards/policies/Ai/The-UAE-Charter-for-the-Development-and-Use-of-Artificial-Intelligence","source_title":"The UAE Charter for the Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence","source_publisher":"Official Platform of the UAE Government (u.ae)","source_document_date":"2024-06-10","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported from the source-backed legacy dataset (database/data/ai_policies.json); fields limited to what the official source page states. Reviewer to enrich scope, dates and obligations.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"uae-uae-strategy-for-artificial-intelligence","title":"UAE Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (UAE National Strategy for AI 2031)","short_title":"UAE Strategy for Artificial Intelligence","jurisdiction":"uae","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"UAE Government / Minister of State for Artificial Intelligence","summary_plain":"Launched in October 2017, the strategy aims to embed AI across government services and priority sectors such as health, education, transport, energy and space, and to make the UAE a leading AI destination by 2031. Its objectives include AI-friendly legislation, talent development, research capability, data infrastructure and strong governance. The UAE Council for AI was created to drive implementation.","adopted_on":"2017-10-01","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/digital-uae/digital-technology/artificial-intelligence/artificial-intelligence-in-government-policies","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:08+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/uae-uae-strategy-for-artificial-intelligence","status_note":"Month-only launch date (October 2017); first of month used. The primary strategy PDF on ai.gov.ae and the dedicated u.ae strategy page could not be verified: ai.gov.ae is blocked by Cloudflare from this location and the u.ae strategy page returns 404. The recorded source is the official u.ae overview page that describes the strategy and the AI Council (last updated 8 Jul 2025).","scope_summary":"Scope is as set out in the official text linked below. Issued by UAE Government / Minister of State for Artificial Intelligence. Oversight: UAE Council for Artificial Intelligence oversees implementation via committees and sub-councils. Stated purpose: Make the UAE a global AI leader by 2031 as the first project of UAE Centennial 2071.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2017-10-01: UAE Strategy for Artificial Intelligence launched (October 2017)","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Only the announcement or adoption date is recorded from the source; in-force and application dates are to be confirmed by a reviewer.","taxonomy":[],"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"UAE Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (UAE National Strategy for AI 2031)","publisher":"Official Platform of the UAE Government (u.ae)","url":"https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/digital-uae/digital-technology/artificial-intelligence/artificial-intelligence-in-government-policies","document_date":"2017-10-01","document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/digital-uae/digital-technology/artificial-intelligence/artificial-intelligence-in-government-policies","source_title":"UAE Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (UAE National Strategy for AI 2031)","source_publisher":"Official Platform of the UAE Government (u.ae)","source_document_date":"2017-10-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported from the source-backed legacy dataset (database/data/ai_policies.json); fields limited to what the official source page states. Reviewer to enrich scope, dates and obligations.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"uganda-national-ai-strategy","title":"Uganda National Artificial Intelligence Strategy","short_title":"National AI strategy (in development)","jurisdiction":"uganda","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"proposed","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Government of Uganda (Ministry of ICT and National Guidance)","summary_plain":"A national AI strategy under development covering governance and ethics, skills, public-sector and agricultural use cases, data and infrastructure, within the Digital Transformation Roadmap.","adopted_on":null,"in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://ict.go.ug/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:08+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/uganda-national-ai-strategy","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Government programme; no obligations on private organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Adoption date not established from the official source and left empty rather than estimated; the year in the title or summary is the best available indication. Reviewer to add the exact date with a source reference.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Ministry of ICT and National Guidance","publisher":"Government of Uganda","url":"https://ict.go.ug/","document_date":null,"document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://ict.go.ug/","source_title":"Ministry of ICT and National Guidance","source_publisher":"Government of Uganda","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"uk-ai-opportunities-action-plan","title":"AI Opportunities Action Plan","short_title":"AI Opportunities Action Plan","jurisdiction":"uk","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Department for Science, Innovation and Technology","summary_plain":"The AI Opportunities Action Plan is an independent report by Matt Clifford commissioned by the government, containing 50 recommendations organised under three aims: laying foundations (compute, data, skills and regulation), driving AI adoption across the public and private sectors, and securing homegrown frontier AI capability. The government published a response accepting the recommendations and treats the plan as its roadmap for AI-led growth.","adopted_on":"2025-01-13","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-opportunities-action-plan","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:08+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/uk-ai-opportunities-action-plan","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Scope is as set out in the official text linked below. Issued by Department for Science, Innovation and Technology. Oversight: DSIT leads delivery across government; recommendations adopted via the government response. Stated purpose: Use AI to drive economic growth, public-service improvement and sovereign UK AI capability.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2025-01-13: Action Plan and government response published","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Only the announcement or adoption date is recorded from the source; in-force and application dates are to be confirmed by a reviewer.","taxonomy":[],"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"AI Opportunities Action Plan","publisher":"GOV.UK (Department for Science, Innovation and Technology)","url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-opportunities-action-plan","document_date":"2025-01-13","document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"Action Plan and government response published","publisher":"GOV.UK (Department for Science, Innovation and Technology)","url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-opportunities-action-plan/ai-opportunities-action-plan","document_date":"2025-01-13","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-opportunities-action-plan","source_title":"AI Opportunities Action Plan","source_publisher":"GOV.UK (Department for Science, Innovation and Technology)","source_document_date":"2025-01-13","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported from the source-backed legacy dataset (database/data/ai_policies.json); fields limited to what the official source page states. Reviewer to enrich scope, dates and obligations.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"uk-ai-regulation-white-paper","title":"A pro-innovation approach to AI regulation (white paper and government response)","short_title":"UK AI regulation framework","jurisdiction":"uk","instrument_type":"policy","status":"guidance","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Department for Science, Innovation and Technology","summary_plain":"The UK white paper sets out a principles-based, context-specific approach to regulating AI. Instead of a single AI law, it asks existing regulators to interpret and apply five cross-cutting principles within their remits: safety, security and robustness; appropriate transparency and explainability; fairness; accountability and governance; and contestability and redress. Central government provides coordination, monitoring and guidance.\n","adopted_on":"2023-03-29","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-regulation-a-pro-innovation-approach","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:08+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/uk-ai-regulation-white-paper","status_note":"Non-statutory framework implemented by existing regulators. The government response of 6 February 2024 confirmed the approach and asked regulators to publish their AI plans; a reviewer should confirm no statutory duty on regulators has since been introduced.\n","scope_summary":"Applies to UK regulators and, through them, to organisations developing or using AI in regulated activities in the UK. It creates no direct legal obligations on businesses; obligations arise from the existing laws each regulator enforces.\n","who_it_applies_to":"UK regulators (primary audience), and indirectly any organisation whose AI use falls within a regulator's remit.\n","key_dates_summary":"White paper published 29 March 2023; consultation closed 21 June 2023; government response published 6 February 2024, with regulators asked to publish their AI strategies by 30 April 2024.\n","penalties_summary":"None directly; penalties arise under the underlying laws enforced by each regulator.","what_organizations_must_do":"Map your AI uses to the regulators that cover them, read those regulators' AI guidance, and evidence how you meet the five principles through your existing compliance programmes (data protection, equality, consumer, sector).\n","published_on":"2023-03-29","date_notes":null,"taxonomy":{"actor":["provider","deployer","public_authority"],"ai_system_type":["general_purpose_ai_model","generative_ai","automated_decision_system"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"risk_category":["unclassified"],"use_case":["hiring_and_hr","finance_and_credit","public_services","generative_ai"]},"sections":[{"reference":"Part 3","title":"Framework principles","summary":"The five cross-cutting principles for regulators.","official_source_url":null},{"reference":"Part 4","title":"Central functions","summary":"Monitoring, risk assessment, coordination and sandbox support from central government.","official_source_url":null}],"obligations":[{"slug":"uk-principles-safety-security-robustness","title":"Ensure AI systems are safe, secure and robust throughout their lifecycle","category":"risk_management","summary":"Regulators are asked to ensure AI systems function in a robust, secure and safe way, with risks continually identified, assessed and managed. In practice this is enforced through existing safety, security and data-protection law rather than a new duty.\n","practical_action":"Run lifecycle risk assessments and keep security testing evidence that you can show a regulator.\n","is_binding":false,"applies_from":null,"section":"Part 3","source_reference":"Principle 1, Part 3","official_source_url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-regulation-a-pro-innovation-approach","review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","last_verified_at":null,"actors":["provider","deployer"],"sectors":["cross_sector"],"use_cases":["safety_critical","generative_ai"],"applicability":[{"description":"Non-binding expectation for all AI developers and deployers in regulated activities.","actors":["provider","deployer"],"conditions":null}],"evidence_examples":[{"title":"AI risk assessment","description":null,"artifact_type":"report"}],"framework_mappings":[{"framework":"nist_ai_rmf","framework_name":"NIST AI RMF 1.0","reference":"MEASURE 2.5–2.7","note":"Original editorial mapping.","confidence_level":"medium","is_original":true},{"framework":"iso_42001","framework_name":"ISO/IEC 42001:2023","reference":"Clause 6.1 and Annex A risk controls","note":"Original editorial mapping.","confidence_level":"medium","is_original":true}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/obligations/uk-principles-safety-security-robustness"},{"slug":"uk-principles-transparency-explainability","title":"Provide appropriate transparency and explainability","category":"transparency","summary":"Organisations should communicate when and how AI is used and provide explanations proportionate to the risk, so that people can understand decisions affecting them. For personal data, UK GDPR transparency and automated decision-making rights make this binding in practice.\n","practical_action":"Publish AI use notices and keep explainability documentation for decisions about individuals.\n","is_binding":false,"applies_from":null,"section":"Part 3","source_reference":"Principle 2, Part 3","official_source_url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-regulation-a-pro-innovation-approach","review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","last_verified_at":null,"actors":["provider","deployer"],"sectors":["cross_sector"],"use_cases":["hiring_and_hr","finance_and_credit","public_services"],"applicability":[{"description":"All AI uses; binding where UK GDPR applies.","actors":["provider","deployer"],"conditions":null}],"evidence_examples":[{"title":"AI transparency notice","description":null,"artifact_type":"document"}],"framework_mappings":[{"framework":"nist_ai_rmf","framework_name":"NIST AI RMF 1.0","reference":"GOVERN 4.x, MAP 1.x","note":"Original editorial mapping.","confidence_level":"medium","is_original":true}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/obligations/uk-principles-transparency-explainability"},{"slug":"uk-principles-fairness","title":"Use AI in ways that are fair and do not discriminate unlawfully","category":"governance_accountability","summary":"AI systems should not undermine legal rights, discriminate unfairly or create unfair market outcomes. The Equality Act 2010 and UK GDPR fairness principle make key parts of this binding.\n","practical_action":"Test for disparate outcomes across protected characteristics before and after deployment.\n","is_binding":false,"applies_from":null,"section":"Part 3","source_reference":"Principle 3, Part 3","official_source_url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-regulation-a-pro-innovation-approach","review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","last_verified_at":null,"actors":["provider","deployer"],"sectors":["cross_sector","employment","financial_services"],"use_cases":["hiring_and_hr","finance_and_credit"],"applicability":[{"description":"All AI uses affecting people; binding under equality and data-protection law.","actors":["provider","deployer"],"conditions":null}],"evidence_examples":[{"title":"Bias and fairness testing report","description":null,"artifact_type":"report"}],"framework_mappings":[{"framework":"nist_ai_rmf","framework_name":"NIST AI RMF 1.0","reference":"MEASURE 2.11","note":"Fairness and bias evaluation.","confidence_level":"medium","is_original":true}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/obligations/uk-principles-fairness"},{"slug":"uk-principles-accountability-governance","title":"Establish accountability and governance for AI","category":"governance_accountability","summary":"Governance measures should ensure effective oversight of AI supply and use with clear lines of accountability across the lifecycle.\n","practical_action":"Name an accountable owner for each AI system and record decisions in a governance log.\n","is_binding":false,"applies_from":null,"section":"Part 3","source_reference":"Principle 4, Part 3","official_source_url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-regulation-a-pro-innovation-approach","review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","last_verified_at":null,"actors":["provider","deployer"],"sectors":["cross_sector"],"use_cases":["generative_ai","public_services"],"applicability":[{"description":"All organisations developing or deploying AI.","actors":["provider","deployer"],"conditions":null}],"evidence_examples":[{"title":"AI governance policy and RACI","description":null,"artifact_type":"document"}],"framework_mappings":[{"framework":"iso_42001","framework_name":"ISO/IEC 42001:2023","reference":"Clause 5 Leadership","note":"Original editorial mapping.","confidence_level":"high","is_original":true},{"framework":"nist_ai_rmf","framework_name":"NIST AI RMF 1.0","reference":"GOVERN 2.1","note":"Roles and responsibilities.","confidence_level":"high","is_original":true}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/obligations/uk-principles-accountability-governance"},{"slug":"uk-principles-contestability-redress","title":"Provide routes to contest AI outcomes and seek redress","category":"human_oversight","summary":"Affected people should be able to contest harmful AI decisions or outcomes and obtain redress, through existing complaint routes and regulators.\n","practical_action":"Add an AI-decision challenge route to customer complaint procedures.\n","is_binding":false,"applies_from":null,"section":"Part 3","source_reference":"Principle 5, Part 3","official_source_url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-regulation-a-pro-innovation-approach","review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","last_verified_at":null,"actors":["deployer","public_authority"],"sectors":["cross_sector"],"use_cases":["public_services","finance_and_credit","hiring_and_hr"],"applicability":[{"description":"Organisations whose AI produces decisions or outcomes affecting people.","actors":["deployer","public_authority"],"conditions":null}],"evidence_examples":[{"title":"Contest and redress procedure","description":null,"artifact_type":"document"}],"framework_mappings":[{"framework":"nist_ai_rmf","framework_name":"NIST AI RMF 1.0","reference":"GOVERN 5.1, MANAGE 4.x","note":"Feedback and recourse mechanisms.","confidence_level":"medium","is_original":true}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/obligations/uk-principles-contestability-redress"}],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[{"title":"Consultation closed","due_on":"2023-06-21","date_precision":"exact","date_label":null,"display_date":"21 June 2023","description":"End of the white paper consultation period.","source_reference":null,"official_source_url":null,"status":"passed","confidence_level":"high"},{"title":"Government response published","due_on":"2024-02-06","date_precision":"exact","date_label":null,"display_date":"6 February 2024","description":"Confirmed the principles-based approach and asked regulators to publish AI plans.","source_reference":null,"official_source_url":null,"status":"passed","confidence_level":"high"}],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"A pro-innovation approach to AI regulation (white paper, CP 815)","publisher":"Department for Science, Innovation and Technology","url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-regulation-a-pro-innovation-approach","document_date":"2023-03-29","document_type":"guidance","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"A pro-innovation approach to AI regulation: government response","publisher":"Department for Science, Innovation and Technology","url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/ai-regulation-a-pro-innovation-approach-policy-proposals/outcome/a-pro-innovation-approach-to-ai-regulation-government-response","document_date":"2024-02-06","document_type":"guidance","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":["eu-ai-act","uk-ico-ai-data-protection-guidance"],"related_frameworks":["nist_ai_rmf","iso_42001"],"faq":[{"question":"Is the UK AI white paper legally binding?","answer":"No. It is a policy framework for regulators. Legal obligations on businesses continue to come from existing laws such as UK GDPR, the Equality Act 2010 and sector regulation.\n"}],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-regulation-a-pro-innovation-approach","source_title":"A pro-innovation approach to AI regulation","source_publisher":"UK Government, Department for Science, Innovation and Technology","source_document_date":"2023-03-29","source_reference":"CP 815; government response 6 February 2024","source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Initial structured record.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"uk-artificial-intelligence-playbook-for-the-uk-government","title":"Artificial Intelligence Playbook for the UK Government","short_title":"Artificial Intelligence Playbook for the UK Government","jurisdiction":"uk","instrument_type":"guidance","status":"guidance","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Government Digital Service (Department for Science, Innovation and Technology)","summary_plain":"The AI Playbook is official guidance for UK public-sector organisations on selecting, buying, building and deploying AI. It sets ten principles covering legality, security, human oversight, transparency and accountability, and explains AI capabilities, limitations and risks in plain terms. It expands and replaces the January 2024 Generative AI Framework for HMG to cover a broader range of AI technologies.","adopted_on":"2025-02-10","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-playbook-for-the-uk-government","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:09+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/uk-artificial-intelligence-playbook-for-the-uk-government","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Scope is as set out in the official text linked below. Issued by Government Digital Service (Department for Science, Innovation and Technology). Oversight: Government Digital Service; applied by departments and public bodies. Stated purpose: Give civil servants practical rules for safe, lawful and effective use of AI in public services.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2025-02-10: AI Playbook published, superseding the Generative AI Framework for HMG","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Only the announcement or adoption date is recorded from the source; in-force and application dates are to be confirmed by a reviewer.","taxonomy":[],"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Artificial Intelligence Playbook for the UK Government","publisher":"GOV.UK (Government Digital Service)","url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-playbook-for-the-uk-government","document_date":"2025-02-10","document_type":"guidance","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-playbook-for-the-uk-government","source_title":"Artificial Intelligence Playbook for the UK Government","source_publisher":"GOV.UK (Government Digital Service)","source_document_date":"2025-02-10","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported from the source-backed legacy dataset (database/data/ai_policies.json); fields limited to what the official source page states. Reviewer to enrich scope, dates and obligations.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"uk-ico-ai-data-protection-guidance","title":"ICO Guidance on AI and data protection","short_title":"ICO AI guidance","jurisdiction":"uk","instrument_type":"guidance","status":"guidance","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Information Commissioner's Office","summary_plain":"The ICO's guidance explains how UK GDPR and the Data Protection Act 2018 apply when organisations develop or use AI that processes personal data. It covers accountability and governance, lawfulness and fairness, transparency, data minimisation, security, individual rights, and automated decision-making. The guidance is not itself law, but it reflects how the regulator interprets binding obligations and is the reference point in ICO enforcement.\n","adopted_on":null,"in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/uk-gdpr-guidance-and-resources/artificial-intelligence/guidance-on-ai-and-data-protection/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:09+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/uk-ico-ai-data-protection-guidance","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Any controller or processor using personal data in AI systems in the UK, at any lifecycle stage. It does not apply to AI that processes no personal data.\n","who_it_applies_to":"Controllers and processors under UK GDPR, including developers and deployers of AI.","key_dates_summary":"First published July 2020, updated March 2023. Consultations on generative AI and data protection ran in 2024. The Data (Use and Access) Act 2025 changed the rules on automated decision-making, so a reviewer should confirm the current version.\n","penalties_summary":"Underlying UK GDPR breaches can attract fines up to GBP 17.5 million or 4 % of global annual turnover.\n","what_organizations_must_do":"Complete a data protection impact assessment for high-risk AI, document lawful bases, provide meaningful information about automated decisions, implement safeguards for solely automated decisions with legal or similarly significant effects, and test for bias and accuracy.\n","published_on":null,"date_notes":null,"taxonomy":{"actor":["provider","deployer","public_authority"],"ai_system_type":["generative_ai","automated_decision_system","predictive_scoring"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"risk_category":["unclassified"],"use_case":["hiring_and_hr","finance_and_credit","public_services","generative_ai"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[{"slug":"uk-ico-dpia-for-ai","title":"Carry out a data protection impact assessment for high-risk AI processing","category":"impact_assessment","summary":"Where AI processing of personal data is likely to result in a high risk to individuals, UK GDPR requires a DPIA before processing begins. The ICO treats most AI involving profiling, large-scale processing or novel technology as meeting this threshold.\n","practical_action":"Use the ICO's DPIA template and add AI-specific sections on bias, explainability and human oversight.\n","is_binding":true,"applies_from":null,"section":null,"source_reference":"UK GDPR Article 35; ICO guidance, accountability and governance section","official_source_url":"https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/uk-gdpr-guidance-and-resources/artificial-intelligence/guidance-on-ai-and-data-protection/","review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":null,"actors":["provider","deployer","public_authority"],"sectors":["cross_sector"],"use_cases":["hiring_and_hr","finance_and_credit","biometrics"],"applicability":[{"description":"Controllers using personal data in AI where processing is likely high risk.","actors":["provider","deployer","public_authority"],"conditions":null}],"evidence_examples":[{"title":"Data protection impact assessment","description":null,"artifact_type":"report"}],"framework_mappings":[{"framework":"iso_42001","framework_name":"ISO/IEC 42001:2023","reference":"Clause 6.1.4 AI system impact assessment","note":"Original editorial mapping.","confidence_level":"high","is_original":true},{"framework":"nist_ai_rmf","framework_name":"NIST AI RMF 1.0","reference":"MAP 5.1","note":"Impact assessment.","confidence_level":"medium","is_original":true}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/obligations/uk-ico-dpia-for-ai"},{"slug":"uk-ico-automated-decision-safeguards","title":"Apply safeguards to solely automated decisions with significant effects","category":"human_oversight","summary":"Individuals have rights in relation to solely automated decisions that produce legal or similarly significant effects, including being told about the decision, obtaining human intervention, and contesting it. The Data (Use and Access) Act 2025 amended these rules; the reviewer must confirm the current wording.\n","practical_action":"Map every significant automated decision, add a human-review route and a notice to affected people.\n","is_binding":true,"applies_from":null,"section":null,"source_reference":"UK GDPR Article 22 as amended by the Data (Use and Access) Act 2025","official_source_url":"https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/uk-gdpr-guidance-and-resources/artificial-intelligence/guidance-on-ai-and-data-protection/","review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":null,"actors":["deployer","public_authority"],"sectors":["cross_sector","financial_services","employment"],"use_cases":["finance_and_credit","hiring_and_hr","public_services"],"applicability":[{"description":"Any controller making solely automated decisions with legal or similarly significant effects.","actors":["deployer","public_authority"],"conditions":null}],"evidence_examples":[{"title":"Automated decision register and review procedure","description":null,"artifact_type":"register"}],"framework_mappings":[{"framework":"nist_ai_rmf","framework_name":"NIST AI RMF 1.0","reference":"GOVERN 5.x, MANAGE 4.x","note":"Recourse mechanisms.","confidence_level":"medium","is_original":true}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/obligations/uk-ico-automated-decision-safeguards"}],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Guidance on AI and data protection","publisher":"Information Commissioner's Office","url":"https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/uk-gdpr-guidance-and-resources/artificial-intelligence/guidance-on-ai-and-data-protection/","document_date":null,"document_type":"guidance","tier":2,"tier_label":"Official consultation, guidance, enforcement, procurement or agency source"},{"title":"Data (Use and Access) Act 2025","publisher":"legislation.gov.uk","url":"https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2025/18","document_date":"2025-06-19","document_type":"legislation","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":["uk-ai-regulation-white-paper","eu-ai-act"],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/uk-gdpr-guidance-and-resources/artificial-intelligence/guidance-on-ai-and-data-protection/","source_title":"Guidance on AI and data protection","source_publisher":"Information Commissioner's Office","source_document_date":"2023-03-15","source_reference":"ICO guidance hub","source_tier":2,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Initial structured record; post-2025 amendments to automated decision-making rules need confirmation.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"ukraine-roadmap-for-ai-regulation-2023","title":"Roadmap for the regulation of artificial intelligence in Ukraine","short_title":"Roadmap for AI regulation (2023)","jurisdiction":"ukraine","instrument_type":"policy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Ministry of Digital Transformation of Ukraine","summary_plain":"Published in October 2023, the roadmap sets a two-stage, bottom-up approach: first voluntary instruments (white paper, general and sector recommendations, a self-assessment tool, a code of conduct and regulatory sandboxes) to help businesses prepare, then a law on AI harmonised with the EU AI Act, timed with Ukraine's EU accession path.","adopted_on":"2023-10-01","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://thedigital.gov.ua/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:09+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/ukraine-roadmap-for-ai-regulation-2023","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Government programme; no obligations on private organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Month-level date.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Digital Transformation","publisher":"Government of Ukraine","url":"https://thedigital.gov.ua/","document_date":null,"document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://thedigital.gov.ua/","source_title":"Ministry of Digital Transformation","source_publisher":"Government of Ukraine","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"unesco-recommendation-on-the-ethics-of-ai","title":"UNESCO Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence (adopted by the General Conference, 23 November 2021)","short_title":"UNESCO Recommendation on the Ethics of AI","jurisdiction":"international","instrument_type":"framework","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"UNESCO General Conference (193 member states)","summary_plain":"The first global normative instrument on AI ethics. It sets values (human rights and dignity, environment and ecosystem flourishing, diversity and inclusiveness, peaceful and just societies) and principles (proportionality and do no harm, safety and security, fairness, sustainability, privacy, human oversight, transparency and explainability, responsibility, awareness and literacy, multi-stakeholder governance), and eleven policy action areas from ethical impact assessment and data policy to gender, education, health and the environment. UNESCO supports implementation with a Readiness Assessment Methodology (RAM) and an Ethical Impact Assessment tool used by dozens of countries.","adopted_on":"2021-11-23","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000381137","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:03+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/unesco-recommendation-on-the-ethics-of-ai","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Addressed to member states; recommends measures for public and private AI actors; non-binding.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Dates are taken from the linked official source; a reviewer should confirm in-force and application dates before relying on them.","taxonomy":{"actor":["provider","deployer","public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector","healthcare","education"],"use_case":["health","education","public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence","publisher":"UNESCO","url":"https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000381137","document_date":"2021-11-23","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000381137","source_title":"Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence","source_publisher":"UNESCO","source_document_date":"2021-11-23","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"un-general-assembly-resolution-78-265-on-ai","title":"UN General Assembly resolution A/RES/78/265: Seizing the opportunities of safe, secure and trustworthy artificial intelligence systems for sustainable development (21 March 2024)","short_title":"UN General Assembly resolution 78/265 on safe, secure and trustworthy AI","jurisdiction":"international","instrument_type":"policy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"United Nations General Assembly","summary_plain":"The first General Assembly resolution on AI, adopted by consensus with more than 120 co-sponsors, encourages states to promote safe, secure and trustworthy AI systems that respect human rights and advance the Sustainable Development Goals, to close digital divides, and to develop governance frameworks and interoperable safeguards; it calls on companies to act responsibly. It was followed by resolution A/RES/79/325 (August 2025) establishing an Independent International Scientific Panel on AI and a Global Dialogue on AI Governance under the Global Digital Compact.","adopted_on":"2024-03-21","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://docs.un.org/en/A/RES/78/265","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:03+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/un-general-assembly-resolution-78-265-on-ai","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Recommendatory; addressed to member states, the UN system and stakeholders.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2024-03-21: A/RES/78/265 adopted; 2024-09-22: Global Digital Compact; 2025-08-26: A/RES/79/325 creates the scientific panel and global dialogue.","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Dates are taken from the linked official source; a reviewer should confirm in-force and application dates before relying on them.","taxonomy":{"actor":["provider","public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"A/RES/78/265","publisher":"United Nations General Assembly","url":"https://docs.un.org/en/A/RES/78/265","document_date":"2024-03-21","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://docs.un.org/en/A/RES/78/265","source_title":"A/RES/78/265","source_publisher":"United Nations General Assembly","source_document_date":"2024-03-21","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"uruguay-estrategia-nacional-de-inteligencia-artificial-del-uruguay-2024-2030","title":"Estrategia Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial del Uruguay 2024-2030 (National Artificial Intelligence Strategy of Uruguay 2024-2030)","short_title":"Estrategia Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial del Uruguay 2024-2030","jurisdiction":"uruguay","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Agencia de Gobierno Electrónico y Sociedad de la Información y del Conocimiento (Agesic)","summary_plain":"Uruguay's 2024-2030 strategy was approved on 21 November 2024 by the public-sector Strategic Committee for AI and Data after a participatory process involving more than 300 people from state bodies, civil society and the private sector, with technical support from CAF and UNESCO. It sets guiding principles and three objectives: governance and safeguards for ethical and safe AI, national capabilities in infrastructure, data and talent, and use of AI for sustainable development and better public services. A roadmap with goals and semi-annual reporting accompanies the strategy.","adopted_on":"2024-11-21","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.gub.uy/agencia-gobierno-electronico-sociedad-informacion-conocimiento/comunicacion/publicaciones/estrategia-nacional-inteligencia-artificial-2024-2030","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:09+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/uruguay-estrategia-nacional-de-inteligencia-artificial-del-uruguay-2024-2030","status_note":"Both Agesic pages fetched successfully. A public consultation preceded approval on the national citizen-participation platform.","scope_summary":"Scope is as set out in the official text linked below. Issued by Agencia de Gobierno Electrónico y Sociedad de la Información y del Conocimiento (Agesic). Oversight: Agesic leads implementation under the Comité Estratégico del Sector Público para IA y Datos, with mid-term review and periodic progress reports. Stated purpose: Ethical, sovereign AI development supporting sustainable growth.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2024-11-21: Strategy approved by the Strategic Committee for Public-Sector AI and Data; 2024-11-22: Strategy document published by Agesic","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Only the announcement or adoption date is recorded from the source; in-force and application dates are to be confirmed by a reviewer.","taxonomy":[],"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Estrategia Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial del Uruguay 2024-2030 (National Artificial Intelligence Strategy of Uruguay 2024-2030)","publisher":"Agesic (gub.uy)","url":"https://www.gub.uy/agencia-gobierno-electronico-sociedad-informacion-conocimiento/comunicacion/publicaciones/estrategia-nacional-inteligencia-artificial-2024-2030","document_date":"2024-11-21","document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"Strategy approved by the Strategic Committee for Public-Sector AI and Data","publisher":"Agesic (gub.uy)","url":"https://www.gub.uy/agencia-gobierno-electronico-sociedad-informacion-conocimiento/comunicacion/noticias/se-aprobo-estrategia-nacional-inteligencia-artificial-2024-2030","document_date":"2024-11-21","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gub.uy/agencia-gobierno-electronico-sociedad-informacion-conocimiento/comunicacion/publicaciones/estrategia-nacional-inteligencia-artificial-2024-2030","source_title":"Estrategia Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial del Uruguay 2024-2030 (National Artificial Intelligence Strategy of Uruguay 2024-2030)","source_publisher":"Agesic (gub.uy)","source_document_date":"2024-11-21","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported from the source-backed legacy dataset (database/data/ai_policies.json); fields limited to what the official source page states. Reviewer to enrich scope, dates and obligations.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"us-california-sb-53","title":"California SB 53: Transparency in Frontier Artificial Intelligence Act","short_title":"California SB 53","jurisdiction":"us-california","instrument_type":"act","status":"in_force","is_binding":true,"issuing_body":"California State Legislature","summary_plain":"SB 53 requires \"large frontier developers\" (developers of the most compute-intensive models above statutory thresholds) to publish a frontier AI framework describing how they assess and mitigate catastrophic risks, publish transparency reports when deploying new frontier models, report critical safety incidents to the California Office of Emergency Services, and protect employees who report safety concerns. It also directs creation of a public computing cluster (\"CalCompute\").\n","adopted_on":"2025-09-29","in_force_on":"2026-01-01","applies_from":"2026-01-01","official_source_url":"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260SB53","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:09+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/us-california-sb-53","status_note":"Signed 29 September 2025; operative 1 January 2026 for most provisions. A reviewer must confirm the operative dates and any federal pre-emption challenge.\n","scope_summary":"Applies to developers of frontier models meeting compute-based thresholds, with heightened duties for large frontier developers above a revenue threshold. Most obligations are transparency and reporting duties rather than prescriptive technical requirements.\n","who_it_applies_to":"Frontier-model developers operating in California, including companies based elsewhere that train frontier models and do business in the state.","key_dates_summary":"Signed 29 September 2025; operative 1 January 2026 (to be confirmed).","penalties_summary":"Civil penalties enforced by the Attorney General for non-compliance, with amounts set in the statute (reviewer to confirm figures).","what_organizations_must_do":"Large frontier developers should publish a frontier AI framework and model transparency reports, set up critical safety incident reporting, and implement whistleblower protections and internal reporting channels.\n","published_on":"2025-09-29","date_notes":null,"taxonomy":{"actor":["provider","gpai_provider"],"ai_system_type":["general_purpose_ai_model","generative_ai"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"risk_category":["systemic_risk"],"use_case":["generative_ai"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[{"slug":"us-california-sb-53-frontier-ai-framework","title":"Large frontier developers must publish a frontier AI framework","category":"safety_testing","summary":"Large frontier developers must publish and maintain a framework describing how they incorporate national and international standards, assess catastrophic risk, apply mitigations, secure model weights, and govern internal processes, and must review it at least annually.\n","practical_action":"Publish a safety framework and keep a change log of revisions.","is_binding":true,"applies_from":"2026-01-01","section":null,"source_reference":"Business and Professions Code, Chapter 25.1 (as added by SB 53)","official_source_url":"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260SB53","review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":null,"actors":["gpai_provider"],"sectors":["cross_sector"],"use_cases":["generative_ai"],"applicability":[{"description":"Large frontier developers above the statutory compute and revenue thresholds.","actors":["gpai_provider"],"conditions":null}],"evidence_examples":[{"title":"Published frontier AI framework","description":null,"artifact_type":"document"}],"framework_mappings":[{"framework":"nist_ai_rmf","framework_name":"NIST AI RMF 1.0","reference":"GOVERN 1.x; NIST AI 600-1","note":"Original editorial mapping.","confidence_level":"medium","is_original":true}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/obligations/us-california-sb-53-frontier-ai-framework"},{"slug":"us-california-sb-53-critical-safety-incident-reporting","title":"Report critical safety incidents to the Office of Emergency Services","category":"incident_handling","summary":"Frontier developers must report critical safety incidents to the California Office of Emergency Services within the statutory time limit after discovery, and the Office is to establish a reporting mechanism.\n","practical_action":"Define critical-safety-incident criteria and an escalation path with the statutory clock.","is_binding":true,"applies_from":"2026-01-01","section":null,"source_reference":"Business and Professions Code, Chapter 25.1 (as added by SB 53)","official_source_url":"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260SB53","review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":null,"actors":["provider","gpai_provider"],"sectors":["cross_sector"],"use_cases":["generative_ai"],"applicability":[{"description":"Frontier developers.","actors":["gpai_provider","provider"],"conditions":null}],"evidence_examples":[{"title":"Incident classification and reporting procedure","description":null,"artifact_type":"document"}],"framework_mappings":[{"framework":"nist_ai_rmf","framework_name":"NIST AI RMF 1.0","reference":"MANAGE 4.3","note":"Incident response.","confidence_level":"medium","is_original":true}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/obligations/us-california-sb-53-critical-safety-incident-reporting"}],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[{"title":"Operative date","due_on":"2026-01-01","date_precision":"exact","date_label":null,"display_date":"1 January 2026","description":"Most provisions operative; confirm on the official bill page.","source_reference":null,"official_source_url":null,"status":"passed","confidence_level":"medium"}],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"SB 53 Transparency in Frontier Artificial Intelligence Act (bill text and history)","publisher":"California Legislative Information","url":"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260SB53","document_date":"2025-09-29","document_type":"legislation","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":["eu-ai-act","us-nist-ai-rmf"],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260SB53","source_title":"SB 53 Transparency in Frontier Artificial Intelligence Act","source_publisher":"California Legislative Information","source_document_date":"2025-09-29","source_reference":"Chapter 853, Statutes of 2025 (reviewer to confirm chapter number)","source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Initial structured record; penalty amounts and chapter number to be confirmed.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"us-colorado-ai-act","title":"Colorado Senate Bill 24-205: Consumer Protections for Artificial Intelligence (Colorado AI Act)","short_title":"Colorado AI Act","jurisdiction":"us-colorado","instrument_type":"act","status":"adopted","is_binding":true,"issuing_body":"Colorado General Assembly","summary_plain":"The Colorado AI Act requires developers and deployers of high-risk AI systems to use reasonable care to protect consumers from known or reasonably foreseeable risks of algorithmic discrimination. High-risk systems are those that make, or are a substantial factor in making, consequential decisions about education, employment, financial or lending services, essential government services, healthcare, housing, insurance or legal services. Deployers must run risk-management programmes and impact assessments, notify consumers, and explain adverse decisions; developers must document systems and disclose known risks.\n","adopted_on":"2024-05-17","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":"2026-06-30","official_source_url":"https://leg.colorado.gov/bills/sb24-205","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:09+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/us-colorado-ai-act","status_note":"Signed 17 May 2024. The effective date was moved from 1 February 2026 to 30 June 2026 by SB 25B-004, signed in August 2025. A reviewer must confirm whether the 2026 legislative session amended the substance or date again.\n","scope_summary":"Applies to developers and deployers doing business in Colorado of high-risk AI systems affecting Colorado consumers, with exemptions (for example certain small deployers, systems approved by federal agencies, and some regulated financial institutions). Enforcement is exclusively by the Attorney General; there is no private right of action.\n","who_it_applies_to":"Developers and deployers of high-risk AI systems used to make consequential decisions about Colorado residents.","key_dates_summary":"Signed 17 May 2024; effective 30 June 2026 after the SB 25B-004 delay (subject to verification).","penalties_summary":"Violations are deceptive trade practices under the Colorado Consumer Protection Act, enforced by the Attorney General. A rebuttable presumption of reasonable care is available where the statute's requirements are met, and an affirmative defence exists for organisations that cure violations and follow a recognised risk framework such as the NIST AI RMF or ISO/IEC 42001.\n","what_organizations_must_do":"Deployers: adopt a risk-management policy and programme, complete impact assessments annually and within 90 days of substantial modification, notify consumers before a consequential decision, explain adverse decisions and offer correction and appeal, and notify the Attorney General of discovered algorithmic discrimination within 90 days. Developers: provide documentation and known-risk disclosures to deployers, publish a public statement on high-risk systems, and notify the Attorney General of discovered discrimination.\n","published_on":"2024-05-17","date_notes":"Effective date per SB 25B-004 (2025 special session); confirm against the current statute.","taxonomy":{"actor":["provider","deployer"],"ai_system_type":["automated_decision_system","predictive_scoring"],"sector":["employment","financial_services","healthcare","education","public_services"],"risk_category":["high_risk"],"use_case":["hiring_and_hr","health","finance_and_credit","education","public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[{"slug":"us-colorado-deployer-risk-management-program","title":"Deployers must implement a risk management policy and programme","category":"risk_management","summary":"Deployers of high-risk AI must implement a risk-management policy and programme governing deployment, specifying principles, processes and personnel used to identify, document and mitigate known or reasonably foreseeable risks of algorithmic discrimination, and reasonable in light of recognised frameworks such as the NIST AI RMF or ISO/IEC 42001.\n","practical_action":"Adopt an AI risk policy referencing NIST AI RMF or ISO/IEC 42001 and keep programme records.","is_binding":true,"applies_from":"2026-06-30","section":null,"source_reference":"C.R.S. 6-1-1703(2)","official_source_url":"https://leg.colorado.gov/bills/sb24-205","review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":null,"actors":["deployer"],"sectors":["employment","financial_services","healthcare","education","public_services"],"use_cases":["hiring_and_hr","finance_and_credit"],"applicability":[{"description":"Deployers of high-risk AI systems affecting Colorado consumers.","actors":["deployer"],"conditions":null}],"evidence_examples":[{"title":"AI risk management policy and programme","description":null,"artifact_type":"document"}],"framework_mappings":[{"framework":"nist_ai_rmf","framework_name":"NIST AI RMF 1.0","reference":"Whole framework (named in the statute)","note":"The statute names the AI RMF as a recognised framework.","confidence_level":"high","is_original":true},{"framework":"iso_42001","framework_name":"ISO/IEC 42001:2023","reference":"Whole management system (named in the statute)","note":"The statute names ISO/IEC 42001 as a recognised framework.","confidence_level":"high","is_original":true}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/obligations/us-colorado-deployer-risk-management-program"},{"slug":"us-colorado-deployer-impact-assessment","title":"Deployers must complete impact assessments for high-risk AI","category":"impact_assessment","summary":"Deployers must complete an impact assessment before deployment, annually, and within 90 days of any intentional and substantial modification, covering purpose, risks of algorithmic discrimination and mitigation, data categories, performance metrics, transparency measures and post-deployment monitoring, and retain assessments for at least three years.\n","practical_action":"Build an impact-assessment template aligned with the statutory elements and calendar the annual refresh.","is_binding":true,"applies_from":"2026-06-30","section":null,"source_reference":"C.R.S. 6-1-1703(3)","official_source_url":"https://leg.colorado.gov/bills/sb24-205","review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":null,"actors":["deployer"],"sectors":["employment","financial_services","healthcare","education","public_services"],"use_cases":["hiring_and_hr","finance_and_credit","health"],"applicability":[{"description":"Deployers of high-risk AI systems.","actors":["deployer"],"conditions":null}],"evidence_examples":[{"title":"Algorithmic impact assessment","description":null,"artifact_type":"report"}],"framework_mappings":[{"framework":"iso_42001","framework_name":"ISO/IEC 42001:2023","reference":"Clause 6.1.4 AI system impact assessment","note":"Original editorial mapping.","confidence_level":"high","is_original":true},{"framework":"nist_ai_rmf","framework_name":"NIST AI RMF 1.0","reference":"MAP 5.x","note":"Original editorial mapping.","confidence_level":"medium","is_original":true}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/obligations/us-colorado-deployer-impact-assessment"},{"slug":"us-colorado-consumer-notice-and-adverse-decision-explanation","title":"Notify consumers and explain adverse consequential decisions","category":"transparency","summary":"Before a high-risk system makes a consequential decision, deployers must notify the consumer that AI is used, describe its purpose and nature, and provide contact and opt-out information where applicable. After an adverse decision they must state the principal reasons, the data used and its sources, and offer an opportunity to correct data and to appeal for human review where feasible.\n","practical_action":"Add pre-decision AI notices and an adverse-decision explanation and appeal workflow.","is_binding":true,"applies_from":"2026-06-30","section":null,"source_reference":"C.R.S. 6-1-1703(4)","official_source_url":"https://leg.colorado.gov/bills/sb24-205","review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":null,"actors":["deployer"],"sectors":["employment","financial_services","healthcare","education","public_services"],"use_cases":["hiring_and_hr","finance_and_credit"],"applicability":[{"description":"Deployers making consequential decisions with high-risk AI.","actors":["deployer"],"conditions":null}],"evidence_examples":[{"title":"Consumer notice and adverse-action explanation templates","description":null,"artifact_type":"document"}],"framework_mappings":[{"framework":"nist_ai_rmf","framework_name":"NIST AI RMF 1.0","reference":"GOVERN 5.x, MANAGE 4.x","note":"Recourse and communication.","confidence_level":"medium","is_original":true}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/obligations/us-colorado-consumer-notice-and-adverse-decision-explanation"},{"slug":"us-colorado-developer-documentation-and-disclosure","title":"Developers must document high-risk systems and disclose known risks","category":"technical_documentation","summary":"Developers must make available to deployers a general statement of intended uses, documentation of known or reasonably foreseeable risks of algorithmic discrimination, training-data summaries, limitations, performance evaluation and mitigation measures, and information needed for deployer impact assessments, and must publish a public statement describing their high-risk systems and how they manage discrimination risks.\n","practical_action":"Prepare a deployer information pack and a public high-risk systems statement.","is_binding":true,"applies_from":"2026-06-30","section":null,"source_reference":"C.R.S. 6-1-1702","official_source_url":"https://leg.colorado.gov/bills/sb24-205","review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":null,"actors":["provider"],"sectors":["employment","financial_services","healthcare","education","public_services"],"use_cases":["hiring_and_hr","finance_and_credit"],"applicability":[{"description":"Developers of high-risk AI systems doing business in Colorado.","actors":["provider"],"conditions":null}],"evidence_examples":[{"title":"Deployer documentation pack","description":null,"artifact_type":"document"},{"title":"Public statement on high-risk systems","description":null,"artifact_type":"document"}],"framework_mappings":[{"framework":"nist_ai_rmf","framework_name":"NIST AI RMF 1.0","reference":"GOVERN 1.4, MAP 3.x","note":"Documentation and transparency.","confidence_level":"medium","is_original":true}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/obligations/us-colorado-developer-documentation-and-disclosure"}],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[{"title":"Signed into law","due_on":"2024-05-17","date_precision":"exact","date_label":null,"display_date":"17 May 2024","description":"Governor signed SB 24-205.","source_reference":null,"official_source_url":null,"status":"passed","confidence_level":"high"},{"title":"Original effective date (superseded)","due_on":"2026-02-01","date_precision":"exact","date_label":null,"display_date":"1 February 2026","description":"Replaced by SB 25B-004.","source_reference":null,"official_source_url":null,"status":"superseded","confidence_level":"high"},{"title":"Effective date after SB 25B-004 delay","due_on":"2026-06-30","date_precision":"exact","date_label":null,"display_date":"30 June 2026","description":"Reviewer must confirm no further delay was enacted in the 2026 session.","source_reference":null,"official_source_url":null,"status":"scheduled","confidence_level":"medium"}],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"SB24-205 Consumer Protections for Artificial Intelligence","publisher":"Colorado General Assembly","url":"https://leg.colorado.gov/bills/sb24-205","document_date":"2024-05-17","document_type":"legislation","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"SB25B-004 Artificial Intelligence Sunshine Act / effective-date delay","publisher":"Colorado General Assembly","url":"https://leg.colorado.gov/bills/sb25b-004","document_date":"2025-08-28","document_type":"legislation","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":["us-nist-ai-rmf","eu-ai-act"],"related_frameworks":["nist_ai_rmf","iso_42001"],"faq":[{"question":"When does the Colorado AI Act take effect?","answer":"The effective date was delayed to 30 June 2026 by SB 25B-004 in the August 2025 special session. Confirm the current date on the Colorado General Assembly site, because further amendments were debated in 2026.\n"},{"question":"Does the Colorado AI Act allow consumers to sue?","answer":"No. Enforcement is exclusively by the Colorado Attorney General; there is no private right of action."}],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://leg.colorado.gov/bills/sb24-205","source_title":"SB24-205 Consumer Protections for Artificial Intelligence","source_publisher":"Colorado General Assembly","source_document_date":"2024-05-17","source_reference":"Colorado Revised Statutes 6-1-1701 to 6-1-1707","source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Initial structured record reflecting the SB 25B-004 delay; 2026 amendments unverified.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"us-executive-order-14179","title":"Executive Order 14179: Removing Barriers to American Leadership in Artificial Intelligence","short_title":"EO 14179","jurisdiction":"us","instrument_type":"executive_order","status":"in_force","is_binding":true,"issuing_body":"President of the United States","summary_plain":"Executive Order 14179, signed 23 January 2025, sets US federal policy to sustain and enhance American AI dominance, directs the development of an AI Action Plan within 180 days, and orders agencies to review and revise or rescind actions taken under the revoked Executive Order 14110 that are inconsistent with the new policy. It also called for revision of the OMB memoranda governing federal agency use and procurement of AI, which OMB replaced in April 2025 with M-25-21 and M-25-22.\n","adopted_on":"2025-01-23","in_force_on":"2025-01-23","applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/01/removing-barriers-to-american-leadership-in-artificial-intelligence/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:10+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/us-executive-order-14179","status_note":"Revoked Executive Order 14110 (Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy AI, October 2023) had already been rescinded by Executive Order 14148 on 20 January 2025. EO 14179 directs development of an AI Action Plan, published in July 2025. Executive orders bind federal agencies, not private organisations directly.\n","scope_summary":"Binds executive departments and agencies of the US federal government. It does not itself impose obligations on private companies, but it shapes federal procurement, agency guidance and enforcement priorities.\n","who_it_applies_to":"Federal executive departments and agencies; indirectly federal contractors and AI vendors.","key_dates_summary":"Signed 23 January 2025; AI Action Plan delivered 23 July 2025; OMB memoranda issued 3 April 2025.","penalties_summary":"None; executive-branch policy.","what_organizations_must_do":"Private organisations have no direct duties. Federal vendors should track the AI Action Plan and OMB memoranda for procurement expectations.\n","published_on":"2025-01-31","date_notes":null,"taxonomy":{"actor":["provider","public_authority"],"ai_system_type":["general_purpose_ai_model","generative_ai"],"sector":["public_services"],"risk_category":["unclassified"],"use_case":["generative_ai","government_procurement"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[{"slug":"us-eo-14179-agency-review-of-prior-actions","title":"Federal agencies must review and revise actions inconsistent with the new AI policy","category":"public_sector_use","summary":"Agency heads were directed to identify actions taken under Executive Order 14110 that are inconsistent with the policy of EO 14179 and to suspend, revise or rescind them, and OMB was directed to revise its federal AI use and procurement memoranda.\n","practical_action":"Vendors should check which prior agency AI requirements remain in force before bidding.","is_binding":true,"applies_from":null,"section":null,"source_reference":"Section 5","official_source_url":"https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/01/removing-barriers-to-american-leadership-in-artificial-intelligence/","review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","last_verified_at":null,"actors":["public_authority"],"sectors":["public_services"],"use_cases":["government_procurement"],"applicability":[{"description":"Federal executive agencies.","actors":["public_authority"],"conditions":null}],"evidence_examples":[],"framework_mappings":[],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/obligations/us-eo-14179-agency-review-of-prior-actions"}],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[{"title":"AI Action Plan due (180 days)","due_on":"2025-07-22","date_precision":"exact","date_label":null,"display_date":"22 July 2025","description":"Deadline for the Action Plan required by Section 4; the plan was published 23 July 2025.","source_reference":"Section 4","official_source_url":null,"status":"passed","confidence_level":"medium"}],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Removing Barriers to American Leadership in Artificial Intelligence (Executive Order 14179)","publisher":"The White House","url":"https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/01/removing-barriers-to-american-leadership-in-artificial-intelligence/","document_date":"2025-01-23","document_type":"legislation","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"America's AI Action Plan","publisher":"The White House","url":"https://www.ai.gov/action-plan","document_date":"2025-07-23","document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":["us-omb-m-25-21","us-nist-ai-rmf"],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/01/removing-barriers-to-american-leadership-in-artificial-intelligence/","source_title":"Executive Order 14179 — Removing Barriers to American Leadership in Artificial Intelligence","source_publisher":"The White House","source_document_date":"2025-01-23","source_reference":"90 FR 8741 (31 January 2025)","source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Initial structured record.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"us-illinois-artificial-intelligence-video-interview-act","title":"Illinois Artificial Intelligence Video Interview Act (820 ILCS 42)","short_title":"Illinois AI Video Interview Act","jurisdiction":"us-illinois","instrument_type":"act","status":"in_force","is_binding":true,"issuing_body":"Illinois General Assembly","summary_plain":"In force since 1 January 2020, the Act requires employers that use AI to analyse video interviews of applicants for Illinois-based positions to notify applicants, explain how the AI works and what characteristics it evaluates, obtain consent, limit sharing of videos, and delete videos on request within 30 days; a 2022 amendment requires employers relying solely on AI to decide who gets an in-person interview to report demographic data annually.","adopted_on":"2019-08-09","in_force_on":"2020-01-01","applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs3.asp?ActID=4015&ChapterID=68","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:09+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/us-illinois-artificial-intelligence-video-interview-act","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Employers using AI analysis of video interviews for positions based in Illinois.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2020-01-01: effective; 2022-01-01: demographic reporting amendment effective.","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Dates are taken from the linked official source; a reviewer should confirm in-force and application dates before relying on them.","taxonomy":{"actor":["deployer"],"ai_system_type":["automated_decision_system","biometric_system"],"sector":["employment"],"risk_category":["transparency_risk"],"use_case":["hiring_and_hr"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"820 ILCS 42 Artificial Intelligence Video Interview Act","publisher":"Illinois General Assembly","url":"https://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs3.asp?ActID=4015&ChapterID=68","document_date":"2020-01-01","document_type":"legislation","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs3.asp?ActID=4015&ChapterID=68","source_title":"820 ILCS 42 Artificial Intelligence Video Interview Act","source_publisher":"Illinois General Assembly","source_document_date":"2020-01-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"us-illinois-hb-3773-ai-in-employment","title":"Illinois Public Act 103-0804 (HB 3773): Artificial intelligence in employment decisions – amendment to the Illinois Human Rights Act","short_title":"Illinois HB 3773 (AI in employment, Human Rights Act amendment)","jurisdiction":"us-illinois","instrument_type":"act","status":"in_force","is_binding":true,"issuing_body":"Illinois General Assembly","summary_plain":"Signed 9 August 2024 and effective 1 January 2026, the Act makes it a civil-rights violation for an employer to use artificial intelligence in recruitment, hiring, promotion, discipline, discharge or other terms of employment in a way that subjects employees to discrimination on the basis of protected classes, or to use zip codes as a proxy for protected classes. Employers must notify employees when AI is used for such decisions; the Department of Human Rights is to adopt rules on notice.","adopted_on":"2024-08-09","in_force_on":"2026-01-01","applies_from":"2026-01-01","official_source_url":"https://www.ilga.gov/legislation/BillStatus.asp?DocNum=3773&GAID=17&DocTypeID=HB&SessionID=112","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:09+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/us-illinois-hb-3773-ai-in-employment","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Employers covered by the Illinois Human Rights Act using AI in employment decisions affecting Illinois employees and applicants.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2024-08-09: signed; 2026-01-01: effective.","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Dates are taken from the linked official source; a reviewer should confirm in-force and application dates before relying on them.","taxonomy":{"actor":["deployer"],"ai_system_type":["automated_decision_system","predictive_scoring"],"sector":["employment"],"risk_category":["high_risk"],"use_case":["hiring_and_hr"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"HB 3773 / Public Act 103-0804","publisher":"Illinois General Assembly","url":"https://www.ilga.gov/legislation/BillStatus.asp?DocNum=3773&GAID=17&DocTypeID=HB&SessionID=112","document_date":"2024-08-09","document_type":"legislation","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.ilga.gov/legislation/BillStatus.asp?DocNum=3773&GAID=17&DocTypeID=HB&SessionID=112","source_title":"HB 3773 / Public Act 103-0804","source_publisher":"Illinois General Assembly","source_document_date":"2024-08-09","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"us-new-york-city-local-law-144-automated-employment-decision-tools","title":"New York City Local Law 144 of 2021 on Automated Employment Decision Tools (AEDT) and DCWP implementing rules","short_title":"NYC Local Law 144 (automated employment decision tools)","jurisdiction":"us-new-york","instrument_type":"act","status":"in_force","is_binding":true,"issuing_body":"New York City Council; rules by the Department of Consumer and Worker Protection","summary_plain":"Employers and employment agencies may not use an automated employment decision tool to screen candidates or employees for hiring or promotion in New York City unless the tool has had an independent bias audit within the past year, a summary of the audit results is published, and candidates receive at least ten business days' notice of the tool's use, the job qualifications assessed, and how to request an alternative process or accommodation. The bias audit calculates selection and scoring impact ratios by sex, race/ethnicity and intersectional categories. Enforcement began 5 July 2023.","adopted_on":"2021-12-11","in_force_on":"2023-01-01","applies_from":"2023-07-05","official_source_url":"https://www.nyc.gov/site/dca/about/automated-employment-decision-tools.page","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:10+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/us-new-york-city-local-law-144-automated-employment-decision-tools","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Employers and employment agencies using AEDTs for candidates or employees residing in New York City.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2021-12-11: enacted; 2023-01-01: effective; 2023-07-05: enforcement began under final DCWP rules.","penalties_summary":"Civil penalties of USD 500 for a first violation and 500–1,500 for each subsequent violation; each day of use and each missing notice is a separate violation.","what_organizations_must_do":"Commission an annual independent bias audit, publish the summary and distribution date on the careers site, give ten business days' notice to candidates, and keep audit and notice records.","published_on":null,"date_notes":"Dates are taken from the linked official source; a reviewer should confirm in-force and application dates before relying on them.","taxonomy":{"actor":["provider","deployer"],"ai_system_type":["automated_decision_system","predictive_scoring"],"sector":["employment"],"risk_category":["high_risk"],"use_case":["hiring_and_hr"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Automated Employment Decision Tools (AEDT)","publisher":"NYC Department of Consumer and Worker Protection","url":"https://www.nyc.gov/site/dca/about/automated-employment-decision-tools.page","document_date":"2023-07-05","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.nyc.gov/site/dca/about/automated-employment-decision-tools.page","source_title":"Automated Employment Decision Tools (AEDT)","source_publisher":"NYC Department of Consumer and Worker Protection","source_document_date":"2023-07-05","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"us-new-york-raise-act","title":"New York Responsible AI Safety and Education (RAISE) Act (S.6953-B / A.6453-B, signed December 2025)","short_title":"New York RAISE Act (frontier model safety)","jurisdiction":"us-new-york","instrument_type":"act","status":"adopted","is_binding":true,"issuing_body":"New York State Legislature","summary_plain":"The RAISE Act requires large developers of frontier AI models (defined by training compute and revenue thresholds) to publish and follow a safety and security protocol, report critical safety incidents to the state within a set period, not deploy models that create unreasonable risk of critical harm, and submit to Attorney General enforcement with civil penalties; the chapter amendments create a state oversight office and align definitions with California's Transparency in Frontier AI Act.","adopted_on":"2025-12-19","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":"2027-01-01","official_source_url":"https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2025/S6953/amendment/B","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:10+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/us-new-york-raise-act","status_note":"Signed by the Governor in December 2025 with chapter amendments agreed to align with California SB 53; effective date reported as 1 January 2027. Confirm the final text and date on the Senate website before relying on it.","scope_summary":"Large frontier-model developers whose models are available in New York; not deployers of ordinary AI systems.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2025-06-12: passed Legislature; 2025-12-19: signed with agreed chapter amendments; 2027-01-01: reported effective date.","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Signing and effective dates reported in press coverage; verify against the enrolled chapter text.","taxonomy":{"actor":["provider","gpai_provider"],"ai_system_type":["general_purpose_ai_model"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"risk_category":["systemic_risk"],"use_case":["generative_ai"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"New York State Senate: bill S6953","publisher":"New York State Senate","url":"https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2025/S6953/amendment/B","document_date":"2025-12-19","document_type":"legislation","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":["us-california-sb-53"],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2025/S6953/amendment/B","source_title":"New York State Senate: bill S6953","source_publisher":"New York State Senate","source_document_date":"2025-12-19","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"us-nist-ai-rmf","title":"NIST AI Risk Management Framework (AI RMF 1.0) and Generative AI Profile","short_title":"NIST AI RMF","jurisdiction":"us","instrument_type":"framework","status":"voluntary_standard","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"National Institute of Standards and Technology (US Department of Commerce)","summary_plain":"The NIST AI Risk Management Framework is a voluntary framework for managing risks to individuals, organisations and society from AI. It organises practices into four functions: Govern, Map, Measure and Manage, and describes characteristics of trustworthy AI such as validity, safety, security, accountability, explainability, privacy and fairness. The July 2024 Generative AI Profile (NIST AI 600-1) adds risks and suggested actions specific to generative AI. Many US procurement requirements and state laws reference the framework as a recognised approach.\n","adopted_on":"2023-01-26","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ai/NIST.AI.100-1.pdf","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:10+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/us-nist-ai-rmf","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Voluntary and sector-agnostic; usable by any organisation designing, developing, deploying or evaluating AI systems. It creates no legal obligations, but Colorado SB 24-205 and federal procurement guidance treat conformity with the framework as evidence of reasonable care.\n","who_it_applies_to":"Any organisation that chooses to adopt it; referenced by regulators, state laws and customers.","key_dates_summary":"AI RMF 1.0 released 26 January 2023; Generative AI Profile (NIST AI 600-1) released 26 July 2024.","penalties_summary":"None; voluntary.","what_organizations_must_do":"Nothing is mandatory. Organisations adopting it typically establish governance (Govern), document context and impacts (Map), test and monitor (Measure), and prioritise and respond to risks (Manage), using the Playbook.\n","published_on":"2023-01-26","date_notes":null,"taxonomy":{"actor":["provider","deployer","public_authority","gpai_provider"],"ai_system_type":["general_purpose_ai_model","generative_ai","automated_decision_system"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"risk_category":["unclassified"],"use_case":["hiring_and_hr","finance_and_credit","generative_ai","safety_critical"]},"sections":[{"reference":"Part 1","title":"Foundational information","summary":"Framing AI risk, audiences, harms and trustworthiness characteristics.","official_source_url":null},{"reference":"Part 2: Core","title":"Govern, Map, Measure, Manage","summary":"The four functions with categories and subcategories.","official_source_url":null},{"reference":"NIST AI 600-1","title":"Generative AI Profile","summary":"Twelve generative-AI risk areas and suggested actions.","official_source_url":null}],"obligations":[{"slug":"us-nist-ai-rmf-govern","title":"Establish AI governance policies, roles and accountability (Govern)","category":"governance_accountability","summary":"Govern covers policies and procedures for AI risk, roles and responsibilities, workforce diversity and training, organisational culture, stakeholder engagement, and third-party risk management. It is the cross-cutting function that supports the other three.\n","practical_action":"Adopt an AI policy, assign owners, and set a risk-tolerance statement approved by leadership.","is_binding":false,"applies_from":null,"section":"Part 2: Core","source_reference":"GOVERN function","official_source_url":"https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ai/NIST.AI.100-1.pdf","review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","last_verified_at":null,"actors":["provider","deployer"],"sectors":["cross_sector"],"use_cases":["generative_ai","hiring_and_hr"],"applicability":[{"description":"Voluntary; any organisation adopting the framework.","actors":["provider","deployer"],"conditions":null}],"evidence_examples":[{"title":"AI governance policy","description":null,"artifact_type":"document"}],"framework_mappings":[{"framework":"iso_42001","framework_name":"ISO/IEC 42001:2023","reference":"Clauses 4–5 and 7","note":"Original editorial mapping: leadership, context and support.","confidence_level":"high","is_original":true}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/obligations/us-nist-ai-rmf-govern"},{"slug":"us-nist-ai-rmf-map","title":"Map context, intended use and potential impacts (Map)","category":"impact_assessment","summary":"Map establishes the context: intended purposes, users, deployment settings, legal requirements, risk categorisation, benefits and costs, and impacts on individuals, groups, communities and society.\n","practical_action":"Produce a system card or context document before development starts.","is_binding":false,"applies_from":null,"section":"Part 2: Core","source_reference":"MAP function","official_source_url":"https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ai/NIST.AI.100-1.pdf","review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","last_verified_at":null,"actors":["provider","deployer"],"sectors":["cross_sector"],"use_cases":["generative_ai","public_services"],"applicability":[{"description":"Voluntary; any organisation adopting the framework.","actors":["provider","deployer"],"conditions":null}],"evidence_examples":[{"title":"AI system context and impact document","description":null,"artifact_type":"document"}],"framework_mappings":[{"framework":"iso_42001","framework_name":"ISO/IEC 42001:2023","reference":"Clause 6.1.4 AI system impact assessment","note":"Original editorial mapping.","confidence_level":"high","is_original":true}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/obligations/us-nist-ai-rmf-map"},{"slug":"us-nist-ai-rmf-measure","title":"Measure and test trustworthiness characteristics (Measure)","category":"safety_testing","summary":"Measure covers selecting metrics and test methods, evaluating validity, safety, security, resilience, explainability, privacy, fairness and bias, and monitoring these over time, including through independent review and red-teaming for generative AI.\n","practical_action":"Define a test plan with metrics for each trustworthiness characteristic and record results.","is_binding":false,"applies_from":null,"section":"Part 2: Core","source_reference":"MEASURE function","official_source_url":"https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ai/NIST.AI.100-1.pdf","review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","last_verified_at":null,"actors":["provider"],"sectors":["cross_sector"],"use_cases":["generative_ai","safety_critical","biometrics"],"applicability":[{"description":"Voluntary; any organisation adopting the framework.","actors":["provider"],"conditions":null}],"evidence_examples":[{"title":"Evaluation and red-team reports","description":null,"artifact_type":"report"}],"framework_mappings":[{"framework":"iso_42001","framework_name":"ISO/IEC 42001:2023","reference":"Clause 9 Performance evaluation; Annex A verification controls","note":"Original editorial mapping.","confidence_level":"medium","is_original":true}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/obligations/us-nist-ai-rmf-measure"},{"slug":"us-nist-ai-rmf-manage","title":"Prioritise, respond to and monitor AI risks (Manage)","category":"risk_management","summary":"Manage allocates resources to mapped and measured risks, plans responses including decommissioning, manages third-party risks, and documents post-deployment monitoring, incident response and communication.\n","practical_action":"Maintain a risk-treatment plan and an incident and monitoring log per system.","is_binding":false,"applies_from":null,"section":"Part 2: Core","source_reference":"MANAGE function","official_source_url":"https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ai/NIST.AI.100-1.pdf","review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","last_verified_at":null,"actors":["provider","deployer"],"sectors":["cross_sector"],"use_cases":["generative_ai","finance_and_credit"],"applicability":[{"description":"Voluntary; any organisation adopting the framework.","actors":["provider","deployer"],"conditions":null}],"evidence_examples":[{"title":"Risk treatment and monitoring plan","description":null,"artifact_type":"document"}],"framework_mappings":[{"framework":"iso_42001","framework_name":"ISO/IEC 42001:2023","reference":"Clauses 8 and 10","note":"Operation and improvement.","confidence_level":"medium","is_original":true}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/obligations/us-nist-ai-rmf-manage"}],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework (AI RMF 1.0), NIST AI 100-1","publisher":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","url":"https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ai/NIST.AI.100-1.pdf","document_date":"2023-01-26","document_type":"standard","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"AI RMF: Generative Artificial Intelligence Profile, NIST AI 600-1","publisher":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","url":"https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ai/NIST.AI.600-1.pdf","document_date":"2024-07-26","document_type":"standard","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"AI RMF programme page and Playbook","publisher":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","url":"https://www.nist.gov/itl/ai-risk-management-framework","document_date":null,"document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":["eu-ai-act","us-colorado-ai-act","us-omb-m-25-21"],"related_frameworks":["iso_42001"],"faq":[{"question":"Is the NIST AI RMF mandatory?","answer":"No. It is voluntary. Some laws and procurement rules reference it, and Colorado's AI Act treats compliance with a recognised framework such as the AI RMF as relevant to the \"reasonable care\" defence.\n"},{"question":"How does the NIST AI RMF relate to ISO/IEC 42001?","answer":"Both are voluntary. The AI RMF is a risk-management framework with four functions; ISO/IEC 42001 is a certifiable management-system standard. Organisations often use the AI RMF as the practice catalogue inside an ISO/IEC 42001 management system.\n"}],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ai/NIST.AI.100-1.pdf","source_title":"Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework (AI RMF 1.0)","source_publisher":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","source_document_date":"2023-01-26","source_reference":"NIST AI 100-1","source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Initial structured record.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"us-omb-m-25-21","title":"OMB Memorandum M-25-21: Accelerating Federal Use of AI through Innovation, Governance, and Public Trust","short_title":"OMB M-25-21","jurisdiction":"us","instrument_type":"guidance","status":"in_force","is_binding":true,"issuing_body":"Office of Management and Budget, Executive Office of the President","summary_plain":"M-25-21 directs US federal agencies on how to govern and use AI. It requires agencies to designate Chief AI Officers, maintain AI governance boards, publish AI use-case inventories, and apply minimum risk-management practices to \"high-impact\" AI, including pre-deployment testing, AI impact assessments, ongoing monitoring, human oversight and training, and remedies for affected individuals. It replaced the 2024 memoranda with a greater emphasis on adoption and innovation while retaining core risk practices.\n","adopted_on":"2025-04-03","in_force_on":"2025-04-03","applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/information-for-agencies/memoranda/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:10+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/us-omb-m-25-21","status_note":"Binding on federal agencies as OMB policy; issued together with M-25-22 on federal acquisition of AI. Replaced M-24-10 and M-24-18. Deadlines in the memo run from its issue date; a reviewer should confirm current status.\n","scope_summary":"Applies to federal executive agencies' development, acquisition and use of AI, with exceptions for national security systems and certain research. It does not bind private organisations but sets the expectations vendors must meet to sell AI to federal agencies.\n","who_it_applies_to":"Federal agencies, their Chief AI Officers, and by extension AI vendors and contractors.","key_dates_summary":"Issued 3 April 2025 with staggered compliance deadlines for governance, inventories and high-impact AI practices.","penalties_summary":"None; internal executive-branch policy.","what_organizations_must_do":"Agencies must implement the governance and high-impact practices; vendors should be able to supply documentation, test results and monitoring support that agencies need for high-impact use cases.\n","published_on":"2025-04-03","date_notes":null,"taxonomy":{"actor":["provider","public_authority"],"ai_system_type":["generative_ai","automated_decision_system"],"sector":["public_services"],"risk_category":["unclassified"],"use_case":["public_services","government_procurement"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[{"slug":"us-omb-m-25-21-high-impact-ai-practices","title":"Apply minimum risk-management practices to high-impact AI","category":"risk_management","summary":"For AI whose output serves as a principal basis for decisions with significant effects on rights, safety or access to services, agencies must complete pre-deployment testing, an AI impact assessment, ongoing monitoring, operator training, human oversight and a mechanism for affected people to seek remedy, or stop using the AI.\n","practical_action":"Vendors should prepare test evidence and documentation that agencies can reuse in impact assessments.","is_binding":true,"applies_from":null,"section":null,"source_reference":"Section 4","official_source_url":"https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/information-for-agencies/memoranda/","review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":null,"actors":["public_authority"],"sectors":["public_services"],"use_cases":["public_services","government_procurement"],"applicability":[{"description":"Federal agencies using high-impact AI; indirectly their vendors.","actors":["public_authority","provider"],"conditions":null}],"evidence_examples":[{"title":"AI impact assessment","description":null,"artifact_type":"report"},{"title":"Pre-deployment test results","description":null,"artifact_type":"report"}],"framework_mappings":[{"framework":"nist_ai_rmf","framework_name":"NIST AI RMF 1.0","reference":"MAP, MEASURE, MANAGE","note":"The memo is aligned with the AI RMF vocabulary.","confidence_level":"medium","is_original":true}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/obligations/us-omb-m-25-21-high-impact-ai-practices"},{"slug":"us-omb-m-25-21-use-case-inventory","title":"Publish an annual AI use-case inventory","category":"transparency","summary":"Agencies must inventory their AI use cases annually and publish the inventory, identifying high-impact uses, with limited exclusions.\n","practical_action":"Agencies maintain the inventory; vendors may be asked for use-case descriptions.","is_binding":true,"applies_from":null,"section":null,"source_reference":"Section 3","official_source_url":"https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/information-for-agencies/memoranda/","review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":null,"actors":["public_authority"],"sectors":["public_services"],"use_cases":["public_services"],"applicability":[{"description":"Federal agencies.","actors":["public_authority"],"conditions":null}],"evidence_examples":[{"title":"AI use-case inventory","description":null,"artifact_type":"register"}],"framework_mappings":[{"framework":"nist_ai_rmf","framework_name":"NIST AI RMF 1.0","reference":"GOVERN 1.6","note":"Inventory of AI systems.","confidence_level":"medium","is_original":true}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/obligations/us-omb-m-25-21-use-case-inventory"}],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[{"title":"Federal acquisition of AI must follow OMB M-25-22","summary":"The companion memorandum M-25-22 sets requirements for agencies buying AI, including protecting government data and avoiding vendor lock-in, performance-based contracting, and requiring vendors to support the documentation and testing agencies need for high-impact AI.\n","applies_to":"Federal executive agencies and their AI vendors","official_source_url":"https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/information-for-agencies/memoranda/","confidence_level":"medium"}],"sources":[{"title":"OMB Memorandum M-25-21","publisher":"Office of Management and Budget","url":"https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/information-for-agencies/memoranda/","document_date":"2025-04-03","document_type":"guidance","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":["us-executive-order-14179","us-nist-ai-rmf"],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/information-for-agencies/memoranda/","source_title":"M-25-21 Accelerating Federal Use of AI through Innovation, Governance, and Public Trust","source_publisher":"Office of Management and Budget","source_document_date":"2025-04-03","source_reference":"OMB memoranda index; reviewer to link the PDF directly","source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Initial structured record; direct PDF link to be confirmed by reviewer.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"us-tennessee-elvis-act","title":"Ensuring Likeness, Voice, and Image Security (ELVIS) Act of 2024 (Tennessee Public Chapter 588)","short_title":"Tennessee ELVIS Act","jurisdiction":"us-tennessee","instrument_type":"act","status":"in_force","is_binding":true,"issuing_body":"Tennessee General Assembly","summary_plain":"Signed 21 March 2024 and effective 1 July 2024, the ELVIS Act updates Tennessee's Personal Rights Protection Act to add voice to the protected attributes of name, photograph and likeness, prohibits publishing or making available an individual's voice or likeness without authorisation, and creates liability for distributing or making available an algorithm, software or tool whose primary purpose is producing an individual's voice or likeness without authorisation. It provides civil actions for individuals and licensees and criminal penalties.","adopted_on":"2024-03-21","in_force_on":"2024-07-01","applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.capitol.tn.gov/Bills/113/Bill/HB2091.pdf","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:10+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/us-tennessee-elvis-act","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Anyone producing, publishing or distributing unauthorised AI-generated voice or likeness of individuals in Tennessee, and providers of tools primarily for that purpose.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2024-03-21: signed; 2024-07-01: effective.","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Dates are taken from the linked official source; a reviewer should confirm in-force and application dates before relying on them.","taxonomy":{"actor":["provider","deployer","user"],"ai_system_type":["generative_ai"],"sector":["media_information"],"risk_category":["unclassified"],"use_case":["generative_ai","content_moderation"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"HB 2091 (ELVIS Act)","publisher":"Tennessee General Assembly","url":"https://www.capitol.tn.gov/Bills/113/Bill/HB2091.pdf","document_date":"2024-03-21","document_type":"legislation","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.capitol.tn.gov/Bills/113/Bill/HB2091.pdf","source_title":"HB 2091 (ELVIS Act)","source_publisher":"Tennessee General Assembly","source_document_date":"2024-03-21","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"us-texas-responsible-ai-governance-act-traiga","title":"Texas Responsible Artificial Intelligence Governance Act (HB 149, 89th Legislature)","short_title":"Texas Responsible AI Governance Act (TRAIGA)","jurisdiction":"us-texas","instrument_type":"act","status":"in_force","is_binding":true,"issuing_body":"Texas Legislature","summary_plain":"Signed on 22 June 2025 and effective 1 January 2026, TRAIGA bans developing or deploying AI systems intended to manipulate people into self-harm or crime, government social scoring, biometric identification by government from public data without consent, intentional unlawful discrimination against protected classes, and production of child sexual abuse material or unlawful sexual deepfakes. State agencies and health-care providers must disclose AI interactions. It creates a 36-month regulatory sandbox administered by the Department of Information Resources, a Texas Artificial Intelligence Council, and gives the Attorney General exclusive enforcement with civil penalties after a 60-day cure period; disparate impact alone does not prove intent to discriminate.","adopted_on":"2025-06-22","in_force_on":"2026-01-01","applies_from":"2026-01-01","official_source_url":"https://capitol.texas.gov/BillLookup/History.aspx?LegSess=89R&Bill=HB149","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:10+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/us-texas-responsible-ai-governance-act-traiga","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Persons doing business in Texas, producing products used by Texans, or developing or deploying AI systems in Texas, plus state agencies; no private right of action.","who_it_applies_to":"Developers and deployers of AI systems in Texas; state agencies; health-care providers using AI with patients.","key_dates_summary":"2025-06-22: signed by the Governor; 2026-01-01: effective date.","penalties_summary":"Civil penalties of USD 10,000 to 12,000 per curable violation, 80,000 to 200,000 per uncurable violation and 2,000 to 40,000 per day for continuing violations, enforced by the Attorney General after notice and a 60-day cure period.","what_organizations_must_do":"Screen AI uses against the prohibited-intent categories, add disclosure where the entity is a state agency or health-care provider, document intent and testing to use the statutory defences (NIST AI RMF alignment, red-teaming, cure), and consider the sandbox for novel uses.","published_on":null,"date_notes":"Dates are taken from the linked official source; a reviewer should confirm in-force and application dates before relying on them.","taxonomy":{"actor":["provider","deployer","public_authority"],"ai_system_type":["generative_ai","automated_decision_system","biometric_system"],"sector":["cross_sector","healthcare","public_services"],"risk_category":["prohibited"],"use_case":["biometrics","health","public_services","generative_ai"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[{"title":"Effective date","due_on":"2026-01-01","date_precision":"exact","date_label":null,"display_date":"1 January 2026","description":"Act takes effect.","source_reference":null,"official_source_url":null,"status":"passed","confidence_level":"high"}],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"HB 149 (89R) history and enrolled text","publisher":"Texas Legislature Online","url":"https://capitol.texas.gov/BillLookup/History.aspx?LegSess=89R&Bill=HB149","document_date":"2025-06-22","document_type":"legislation","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":["us-colorado-ai-act","us-nist-ai-rmf"],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[{"question":"Does TRAIGA require impact assessments like Colorado?","answer":"No. TRAIGA focuses on prohibited intents and government disclosure rather than a duty of care for high-risk systems; the earlier draft with broader duties was narrowed before enactment."}],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://capitol.texas.gov/BillLookup/History.aspx?LegSess=89R&Bill=HB149","source_title":"HB 149 (89R) history and enrolled text","source_publisher":"Texas Legislature Online","source_document_date":"2025-06-22","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"us-utah-artificial-intelligence-policy-act","title":"Utah Artificial Intelligence Policy Act (SB 149, 2024, as amended by SB 226 and SB 332 in 2025)","short_title":"Utah Artificial Intelligence Policy Act (SB 149)","jurisdiction":"us-utah","instrument_type":"act","status":"in_force","is_binding":true,"issuing_body":"Utah State Legislature","summary_plain":"Effective 1 May 2024, the Act requires a person using generative AI to interact with a consumer in a consumer transaction to disclose clearly that the consumer is interacting with AI when asked (as amended in 2025, when the interaction is high-risk or on request), and requires providers of regulated occupations (for example health and legal services) to disclose generative-AI use proactively. It states that using AI is no defence to consumer-protection violations, created the Office of Artificial Intelligence Policy and an AI learning laboratory allowing regulatory mitigation agreements, and originally sunset in 2025, extended to 2027.","adopted_on":"2024-03-13","in_force_on":"2024-05-01","applies_from":"2024-05-01","official_source_url":"https://le.utah.gov/~2024/bills/static/SB0149.html","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:10+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/us-utah-artificial-intelligence-policy-act","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Businesses using generative AI in consumer transactions in Utah and regulated occupations; enforced by the Division of Consumer Protection.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2024-03-13: signed; 2024-05-01: effective; 2025-05-07: SB 226 and SB 332 amendments effective; sunset extended to 2027.","penalties_summary":"Administrative fines of up to USD 2,500 per violation under the Consumer Sales Practices Act, plus court remedies.","what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Dates are taken from the linked official source; a reviewer should confirm in-force and application dates before relying on them.","taxonomy":{"actor":["provider","deployer"],"ai_system_type":["generative_ai","conversational_agent"],"sector":["healthcare","consumer_retail"],"risk_category":["transparency_risk"],"use_case":["health","generative_ai","customer_service"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"SB 149 (2024)","publisher":"Utah State Legislature","url":"https://le.utah.gov/~2024/bills/static/SB0149.html","document_date":"2024-03-13","document_type":"legislation","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://le.utah.gov/~2024/bills/static/SB0149.html","source_title":"SB 149 (2024)","source_publisher":"Utah State Legislature","source_document_date":"2024-03-13","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"us-winning-the-race-america-s-ai-action-plan","title":"Winning the Race: America's AI Action Plan","short_title":"Winning the Race: America's AI Action Plan","jurisdiction":"us","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"The White House (Office of Science and Technology Policy)","summary_plain":"America's AI Action Plan is the federal AI strategy mandated by Executive Order 14179. It lists more than 90 policy actions grouped under three pillars: accelerating innovation (including removing regulatory barriers), building AI infrastructure such as data centres and chip fabrication with streamlined permitting, and leading internationally through AI exports and security measures. It was released with accompanying executive orders on federal procurement, data-centre permitting and AI exports.","adopted_on":"2025-07-23","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.whitehouse.gov/articles/2025/07/white-house-unveils-americas-ai-action-plan/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:10+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/us-winning-the-race-america-s-ai-action-plan","status_note":"The PDF loaded (HTTP 200) but its text was not extracted; content details are from the White House announcement page.","scope_summary":"Scope is as set out in the official text linked below. Issued by The White House (Office of Science and Technology Policy). Oversight: OSTP coordinates; implementation assigned to federal departments and agencies. Stated purpose: Secure US leadership in AI through deregulation, infrastructure build-out and export of American AI.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2025-01-23: EO 14179 orders an AI action plan within 180 days; 2025-07-23: Action Plan published (PDF)","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Only the announcement or adoption date is recorded from the source; in-force and application dates are to be confirmed by a reviewer.","taxonomy":[],"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Winning the Race: America's AI Action Plan","publisher":"The White House","url":"https://www.whitehouse.gov/articles/2025/07/white-house-unveils-americas-ai-action-plan/","document_date":"2025-07-23","document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"EO 14179 orders an AI action plan within 180 days","publisher":"The White House","url":"https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/01/removing-barriers-to-american-leadership-in-artificial-intelligence/","document_date":"2025-01-23","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"Action Plan published (PDF)","publisher":"The White House","url":"https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Americas-AI-Action-Plan.pdf","document_date":"2025-07-23","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.whitehouse.gov/articles/2025/07/white-house-unveils-americas-ai-action-plan/","source_title":"Winning the Race: America's AI Action Plan","source_publisher":"The White House","source_document_date":"2025-07-23","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported from the source-backed legacy dataset (database/data/ai_policies.json); fields limited to what the official source page states. Reviewer to enrich scope, dates and obligations.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"uzbekistan-ai-development-strategy-2030","title":"Strategy for the development of artificial intelligence technologies until 2030 (Presidential Resolution, October 2024)","short_title":"AI development strategy to 2030 (2024)","jurisdiction":"uzbekistan","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"President of the Republic of Uzbekistan","summary_plain":"The 2024 resolution approves a strategy to 2030 to raise the AI services market, deploy AI in public administration and priority sectors, build data centres and datasets, train specialists and adopt ethical principles and standards for AI.","adopted_on":"2024-10-14","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://lex.uz/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:10+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/uzbekistan-ai-development-strategy-2030","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Government programme; no obligations on private organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Resolution date; document number to be added by a reviewer.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Lex.uz national legislation database","publisher":"Ministry of Justice of Uzbekistan","url":"https://lex.uz/","document_date":"2024-10-14","document_type":"legislation","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://lex.uz/","source_title":"Lex.uz national legislation database","source_publisher":"Ministry of Justice of Uzbekistan","source_document_date":"2024-10-14","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"vietnam-law-on-artificial-intelligence","title":"Law on Artificial Intelligence (Law No. 134/2025/QH15)","short_title":"Law on Artificial Intelligence","jurisdiction":"vietnam","instrument_type":"act","status":"in_force","is_binding":true,"issuing_body":"National Assembly of Vietnam","summary_plain":"Vietnam's first dedicated AI statute, with eight chapters and 35 articles governing the research, development, provision, deployment and use of AI systems. It adopts a risk-based approach, requires human oversight in important decisions, and provides for national AI infrastructure, a national AI development fund, a regulatory sandbox and rules on AI-generated content. It took effect on 1 March 2026 with transition periods for existing systems.","adopted_on":"2025-12-10","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://vanban.chinhphu.vn/?pageid=27160&docid=216334&classid=1&orggroupid=1","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:10+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/vietnam-law-on-artificial-intelligence","status_note":"Official portal lists issue date 10-12-2025 and effective date 01-03-2026. Signed PDF: https://datafiles.chinhphu.vn/cpp/files/vbpq/2026/01/luat134.signed.pdf","scope_summary":"Scope is as set out in the official text linked below. Issued by National Assembly of Vietnam. Oversight: Government/Ministry of Science and Technology as state management body. Stated purpose: Establish a comprehensive, risk-based legal framework for AI while promoting innovation.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2025-12-10: Law No. 134/2025/QH15 passed by the National Assembly; 2026-03-01: Law on Artificial Intelligence enters into force","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Only the announcement or adoption date is recorded from the source; in-force and application dates are to be confirmed by a reviewer.","taxonomy":[],"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Law on Artificial Intelligence (Law No. 134/2025/QH15)","publisher":"Government of Vietnam legal document portal (vanban.chinhphu.vn)","url":"https://vanban.chinhphu.vn/?pageid=27160&docid=216334&classid=1&orggroupid=1","document_date":"2025-12-10","document_type":"legislation","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"Law No. 134/2025/QH15 passed by the National Assembly","publisher":"Government of Vietnam legal document portal (vanban.chinhphu.vn)","url":"https://congbao.chinhphu.vn/van-ban/luat-so-134-2025-qh15-468694.htm","document_date":"2025-12-10","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://vanban.chinhphu.vn/?pageid=27160&docid=216334&classid=1&orggroupid=1","source_title":"Law on Artificial Intelligence (Law No. 134/2025/QH15)","source_publisher":"Government of Vietnam legal document portal (vanban.chinhphu.vn)","source_document_date":"2025-12-10","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported from the source-backed legacy dataset (database/data/ai_policies.json); fields limited to what the official source page states. Reviewer to enrich scope, dates and obligations.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"vietnam-national-strategy-on-research-development-and-application-of-artificial-intelligence-to-2030","title":"National Strategy on Research, Development and Application of Artificial Intelligence to 2030 (Decision No. 127/QD-TTg)","short_title":"National Strategy on Research, Development and Application of Artificial Intelligence to 2030","jurisdiction":"vietnam","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Prime Minister of Vietnam","summary_plain":"A prime ministerial decision promulgating Vietnam's national AI strategy to 2030. It targets a top-four ASEAN and top-50 global position in AI, three national big data and high-performance computing centres, national innovation centres for AI and open datasets across sectors. It directs work on a legal framework, infrastructure, talent and application of AI in government and industry, with the Ministry of Science and Technology coordinating.","adopted_on":"2021-01-26","in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://vanban.chinhphu.vn/default.aspx?pageid=27160&docid=202565","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:10+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/vietnam-national-strategy-on-research-development-and-application-of-artificial-intelligence-to-2030","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Scope is as set out in the official text linked below. Issued by Prime Minister of Vietnam. Oversight: Ministry of Science and Technology as focal point coordinating 15+ ministries. Stated purpose: Make Vietnam a leading AI centre in ASEAN and the world's top 50 by 2030.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":"2021-01-26: Decision 127/QD-TTg signed by Deputy PM Vu Duc Dam; 2025-12-10: National Assembly passes the Law on Artificial Intelligence, creating a binding framework","penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Only the announcement or adoption date is recorded from the source; in-force and application dates are to be confirmed by a reviewer.","taxonomy":[],"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"National Strategy on Research, Development and Application of Artificial Intelligence to 2030 (Decision No. 127/QD-TTg)","publisher":"Government of Vietnam legal document portal (vanban.chinhphu.vn)","url":"https://vanban.chinhphu.vn/default.aspx?pageid=27160&docid=202565","document_date":"2021-01-26","document_type":"strategy","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"Decision 127/QD-TTg signed by Deputy PM Vu Duc Dam","publisher":"Government of Vietnam legal document portal (vanban.chinhphu.vn)","url":"https://datafiles.chinhphu.vn/cpp/files/vbpq/2021/01/127.signed.pdf","document_date":"2021-01-26","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"},{"title":"National Assembly passes the Law on Artificial Intelligence, creating a binding framework","publisher":"Government of Vietnam legal document portal (vanban.chinhphu.vn)","url":"https://vanban.chinhphu.vn/?pageid=27160&docid=216334&classid=1&orggroupid=1","document_date":"2025-12-10","document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://vanban.chinhphu.vn/default.aspx?pageid=27160&docid=202565","source_title":"National Strategy on Research, Development and Application of Artificial Intelligence to 2030 (Decision No. 127/QD-TTg)","source_publisher":"Government of Vietnam legal document portal (vanban.chinhphu.vn)","source_document_date":"2021-01-26","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported from the source-backed legacy dataset (database/data/ai_policies.json); fields limited to what the official source page states. Reviewer to enrich scope, dates and obligations.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"zambia-national-ai-strategy-2024","title":"Zambia National Artificial Intelligence Strategy","short_title":"National AI Strategy (2024)","jurisdiction":"zambia","instrument_type":"strategy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Government of Zambia (Ministry of Technology and Science)","summary_plain":"The strategy sets objectives on AI skills and research, adoption in public services, agriculture, health and mining, data infrastructure and responsible-AI governance.","adopted_on":null,"in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.mots.gov.zm/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:11+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/zambia-national-ai-strategy-2024","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Government programme; no obligations on private organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Adoption date not established from the official source and left empty rather than estimated; the year in the title or summary is the best available indication. Reviewer to add the exact date with a source reference.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Technology and Science","publisher":"Government of Zambia","url":"https://www.mots.gov.zm/","document_date":null,"document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.mots.gov.zm/","source_title":"Ministry of Technology and Science","source_publisher":"Government of Zambia","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"zimbabwe-national-ai-policy-2025","title":"Zimbabwe National Artificial Intelligence Policy","short_title":"National AI Policy (2025)","jurisdiction":"zimbabwe","instrument_type":"policy","status":"adopted","is_binding":false,"issuing_body":"Government of Zimbabwe","summary_plain":"The policy sets a framework for responsible AI adoption in government, agriculture, health, mining and education, skills and research, data governance and ethics.","adopted_on":null,"in_force_on":null,"applies_from":null,"official_source_url":"https://www.ictministry.gov.zw/","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","updated_at":"2026-09-11T14:53:11+00:00","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/policies/zimbabwe-national-ai-policy-2025","status_note":null,"scope_summary":"Government programme; no obligations on private organisations.","who_it_applies_to":null,"key_dates_summary":null,"penalties_summary":null,"what_organizations_must_do":null,"published_on":null,"date_notes":"Adoption date not established from the official source and left empty rather than estimated; the year in the title or summary is the best available indication. Reviewer to add the exact date with a source reference.","taxonomy":{"actor":["public_authority"],"sector":["cross_sector"],"use_case":["public_services"]},"sections":[],"obligations":[],"applicability_rules":[],"deadlines":[],"versions":[],"enforcement_events":[],"procurement_rules":[],"sources":[{"title":"Ministry of ICT","publisher":"Government of Zimbabwe","url":"https://www.ictministry.gov.zw/","document_date":null,"document_type":"official","tier":1,"tier_label":"Official primary source (government, legislature, regulator, court, standards body, intergovernmental)"}],"related_policies":[],"related_frameworks":[],"faq":[],"source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.ictministry.gov.zw/","source_title":"Ministry of ICT","source_publisher":"Government of Zimbabwe","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Added in the September 2026 global coverage expansion from the official source listed; reviewer to confirm dates, status and scope against the source text.","reviewed_by":null}}],"changes":[{"slug":"2026-07-14-japan-artificial-intelligence-basic-plan","occurred_on":"2026-07-14","jurisdiction":"japan","policy":"japan-artificial-intelligence-basic-plan","title":"Second AI Basic Plan adopted by Cabinet decision","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for Artificial Intelligence Basic Plan (Japan): Second AI Basic Plan adopted by Cabinet decision. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2026-07-14-japan-artificial-intelligence-basic-plan","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www8.cao.go.jp/cstp/ai/ai_plan/aiplan_eng_20260714.pdf","source_title":"Second AI Basic Plan adopted by Cabinet decision","source_publisher":"Cabinet Office, Government of Japan","source_document_date":"2026-07-14","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2026-07-10-malaysia-artificial-intelligence","occurred_on":"2026-07-10","jurisdiction":"malaysia","policy":"malaysia-artificial-intelligence","title":"Ministry of Digital begins engagement and public consultation on the AI Governance Bill","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for Artificial Intelligence (Malaysia): Ministry of Digital begins engagement and public consultation on the AI Governance Bill. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2026-07-10-malaysia-artificial-intelligence","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.digital.gov.my/en-GB/siaran/Kementerian-Digital-Mulakan-Libat-Urus-Cadangan-Rang-Undang-Undang-Tadbir-Urus-Kecerdasan-Buatan-(AI)","source_title":"Ministry of Digital begins engagement and public consultation on the AI Governance Bill","source_publisher":"Ministry of Digital, Malaysia","source_document_date":"2026-07-10","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2026-06-12-south-africa-draft-south-africa-national-artificial-intelligence","occurred_on":"2026-06-12","jurisdiction":"south-africa","policy":"south-africa-draft-south-africa-national-artificial-intelligence","title":"Withdrawal gazetted (Notice 3978 of 2026, Gazette No. 54840)","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for Draft South Africa National Artificial Intelligence (South Africa): Withdrawal gazetted (Notice 3978 of 2026, Gazette No. 54840). Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2026-06-12-south-africa-draft-south-africa-national-artificial-intelligence","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/202606/54840gen3978.pdf","source_title":"Withdrawal gazetted (Notice 3978 of 2026, Gazette No. 54840)","source_publisher":"Government Gazette No. 54477, Notice 3880 of 2026 (DCDT)","source_document_date":"2026-06-12","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2026-05-20-singapore-national-artificial-intelligence-strategy-2-0","occurred_on":"2026-05-20","jurisdiction":"singapore","policy":"singapore-national-artificial-intelligence-strategy-2-0","title":"Update to the National AI Strategy released with 10 refreshed priorities","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for National Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2.0 (Singapore): Update to the National AI Strategy released with 10 refreshed priorities. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2026-05-20-singapore-national-artificial-intelligence-strategy-2-0","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.mddi.gov.sg/newsroom/update-to-singapore-s-national-ai-strategy--refreshed-priorities-to-harness-ai-for-the-public-good-factsheet/","source_title":"Update to the National AI Strategy released with 10 refreshed priorities","source_publisher":"Smart Nation Singapore","source_document_date":"2026-05-20","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2026-05-05-indonesia-rancangan-peraturan-presiden-tentang-peta-jalan-kecerdasan-artifisial-nasional-2026-2029","occurred_on":"2026-05-05","jurisdiction":"indonesia","policy":"indonesia-rancangan-peraturan-presiden-tentang-peta-jalan-kecerdasan-artifisial-nasional-2026-2029","title":"Government completes inter-ministerial finalisation of the roadmap and ethics draft regulations","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for Rancangan Peraturan Presiden tentang Peta Jalan Kecerdasan Artifisial Nasional 2026-2029 (Indonesia): Government completes inter-ministerial finalisation of the roadmap and ethics draft regulations. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2026-05-05-indonesia-rancangan-peraturan-presiden-tentang-peta-jalan-kecerdasan-artifisial-nasional-2026-2029","source":{"official_source_url":"https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/berita/view/116","source_title":"Government completes inter-ministerial finalisation of the roadmap and ethics draft regulations","source_publisher":"JDIH Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital","source_document_date":"2026-05-05","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2026-04-26-south-africa-draft-south-africa-national-artificial-intelligence","occurred_on":"2026-04-26","jurisdiction":"south-africa","policy":"south-africa-draft-south-africa-national-artificial-intelligence","title":"Minister Malatsi announces withdrawal of the draft policy","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for Draft South Africa National Artificial Intelligence (South Africa): Minister Malatsi announces withdrawal of the draft policy. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2026-04-26-south-africa-draft-south-africa-national-artificial-intelligence","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.sanews.gov.za/south-africa/minister-announces-withdrawal-draft-ai-policy","source_title":"Minister Malatsi announces withdrawal of the draft policy","source_publisher":"Government Gazette No. 54477, Notice 3880 of 2026 (DCDT)","source_document_date":"2026-04-26","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2026-04-24-ghana-ghana-national-artificial-intelligence-strategy","occurred_on":"2026-04-24","jurisdiction":"ghana","policy":"ghana-ghana-national-artificial-intelligence-strategy","title":"Official launch in Accra; Minister's opening remarks published","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for Ghana National Artificial Intelligence Strategy (Ghana): Official launch in Accra; Minister's opening remarks published. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2026-04-24-ghana-ghana-national-artificial-intelligence-strategy","source":{"official_source_url":"https://moc.gov.gh/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Opening-Remarks_Hon-Minister_Launch-of-National-AI-Strategy_Final.pdf","source_title":"Official launch in Accra; Minister's opening remarks published","source_publisher":"Ministry of Communication, Digital Technology and Innovations, Ghana","source_document_date":"2026-04-24","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2026-04-01-mexico-plan-nacional-de-inteligencia-artificial","occurred_on":"2026-04-01","jurisdiction":"mexico","policy":"mexico-plan-nacional-de-inteligencia-artificial","title":"Plan Nacional de IA presented by ATDT (April 2026)","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for Plan Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial (Mexico): Plan Nacional de IA presented by ATDT (April 2026). Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2026-04-01-mexico-plan-nacional-de-inteligencia-artificial","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gob.mx/atdt/agendas/2030/inteligencia-artificial","source_title":"Plan Nacional de IA presented by ATDT (April 2026)","source_publisher":"Agencia de Transformación Digital y Telecomunicaciones (gob.mx)","source_document_date":"2026-04-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2026-03-31-japan-ai-guidelines-for-business","occurred_on":"2026-03-31","jurisdiction":"japan","policy":"japan-ai-guidelines-for-business","title":"Ver1.2 published","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for AI Guidelines for Business (Japan): Ver1.2 published. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2026-03-31-japan-ai-guidelines-for-business","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.meti.go.jp/shingikai/mono_info_service/ai_shakai_jisso/index.html","source_title":"Ver1.2 published","source_publisher":"Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry","source_document_date":"2026-03-31","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2026-03-01-vietnam-law-on-artificial-intelligence","occurred_on":"2026-03-01","jurisdiction":"vietnam","policy":"vietnam-law-on-artificial-intelligence","title":"Law on Artificial Intelligence enters into force","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for Law on Artificial Intelligence (Vietnam): Law on Artificial Intelligence enters into force. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2026-03-01-vietnam-law-on-artificial-intelligence","source":{"official_source_url":"https://vanban.chinhphu.vn/?pageid=27160&docid=216334&classid=1&orggroupid=1","source_title":"Law on Artificial Intelligence enters into force","source_publisher":"Government of Vietnam legal document portal (vanban.chinhphu.vn)","source_document_date":"2026-03-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2026-02-11-indonesia-rancangan-peraturan-presiden-tentang-peta-jalan-kecerdasan-artifisial-nasional-2026-2029","occurred_on":"2026-02-11","jurisdiction":"indonesia","policy":"indonesia-rancangan-peraturan-presiden-tentang-peta-jalan-kecerdasan-artifisial-nasional-2026-2029","title":"Inter-ministerial plenary discusses draft Perpres on National AI Roadmap 2026-2029","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for Rancangan Peraturan Presiden tentang Peta Jalan Kecerdasan Artifisial Nasional 2026-2029 (Indonesia): Inter-ministerial plenary discusses draft Perpres on National AI Roadmap 2026-2029. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2026-02-11-indonesia-rancangan-peraturan-presiden-tentang-peta-jalan-kecerdasan-artifisial-nasional-2026-2029","source":{"official_source_url":"https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/berita/view/113","source_title":"Inter-ministerial plenary discusses draft Perpres on National AI Roadmap 2026-2029","source_publisher":"JDIH Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital","source_document_date":"2026-02-11","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2026-02-09-bangladesh-national-artificial-intelligence-policy-2026-2030","occurred_on":"2026-02-09","jurisdiction":"bangladesh","policy":"bangladesh-national-artificial-intelligence-policy-2026-2030","title":"Draft V2.0 published; consultation closed 8 February 2026","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for National Artificial Intelligence Policy 2026-2030 (Bangladesh): Draft V2.0 published; consultation closed 8 February 2026. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2026-02-09-bangladesh-national-artificial-intelligence-policy-2026-2030","source":{"official_source_url":"https://aipolicy.gov.bd/","source_title":"Draft V2.0 published; consultation closed 8 February 2026","source_publisher":"ICT Division, Government of Bangladesh","source_document_date":"2026-02-09","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2026-01-25-bangladesh-national-artificial-intelligence-policy-2026-2030","occurred_on":"2026-01-25","jurisdiction":"bangladesh","policy":"bangladesh-national-artificial-intelligence-policy-2026-2030","title":"Draft V1.1 released for public consultation","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for National Artificial Intelligence Policy 2026-2030 (Bangladesh): Draft V1.1 released for public consultation. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2026-01-25-bangladesh-national-artificial-intelligence-policy-2026-2030","source":{"official_source_url":"https://aipolicy.gov.bd/","source_title":"Draft V1.1 released for public consultation","source_publisher":"ICT Division, Government of Bangladesh","source_document_date":"2026-01-25","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2026-01-22-south-korea-framework-act-on-the-development-of-artificial-intelligence-and-establishment-of-a-foundation-f","occurred_on":"2026-01-22","jurisdiction":"south-korea","policy":"south-korea-framework-act-on-the-development-of-artificial-intelligence-and-establishment-of-a-foundation-for","title":"Act enters into force","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for Framework Act on the Development of Artificial Intelligence and Establishment of a Foundation for Trust (South Korea): Act enters into force. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2026-01-22-south-korea-framework-act-on-the-development-of-artificial-intelligence-and-establishment-of-a-foundation-f","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.law.go.kr/lsInfoP.do?lsiSeq=268543","source_title":"Act enters into force","source_publisher":"Korea Ministry of Government Legislation, National Law Information Center","source_document_date":"2026-01-22","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2026-01-01-ontario-job-posting-ai-disclosure","occurred_on":"2026-01-01","jurisdiction":"ca-ontario","policy":"ca-ontario-working-for-workers-four-act-ai-in-job-postings","title":"Ontario job postings must disclose AI screening","what_changed":"The Working for Workers Four Act provisions took effect requiring employers with 25 or more employees to state in public job postings whether AI is used to screen, assess or select applicants.\n","practical_impact":"Add an AI-use statement to every public job posting for Ontario roles.","impact_level":"routine","status_after":"in_force","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2026-01-01-ontario-job-posting-ai-disclosure","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.ola.org/en/legislative-business/bills/parliament-43/session-1/bill-149","source_title":"Bill 149","source_publisher":"Legislative Assembly of Ontario","source_document_date":"2024-03-21","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":null,"reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2026-01-01-egypt-national-ai-strategy","occurred_on":"2026-01-01","jurisdiction":"egypt","policy":"egypt-national-ai-strategy","title":"NCAI mandate expanded to AI, Quantum Computing and Emerging Technologies (January 2026)","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for National AI Strategy (Egypt): NCAI mandate expanded to AI, Quantum Computing and Emerging Technologies (January 2026). Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2026-01-01-egypt-national-ai-strategy","source":{"official_source_url":"https://mcit.gov.eg/en/Artificial_Intelligence","source_title":"NCAI mandate expanded to AI, Quantum Computing and Emerging Technologies (January 2026)","source_publisher":"Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, Egypt","source_document_date":"2026-01-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2026-01-01-california-sb-53-operative","occurred_on":"2026-01-01","jurisdiction":"us-california","policy":"us-california-sb-53","title":"California SB 53 frontier-model transparency duties become operative","what_changed":"Most provisions of the Transparency in Frontier Artificial Intelligence Act took effect, including the duty to publish a frontier AI framework and report critical safety incidents.\n","practical_impact":"Large frontier developers should now have a published framework and incident-reporting process.","impact_level":"high","status_after":"in_force","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2026-01-01-california-sb-53-operative","source":{"official_source_url":"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260SB53","source_title":"SB 53 Transparency in Frontier Artificial Intelligence Act","source_publisher":"California Legislative Information","source_document_date":"2025-09-29","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":null,"reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2026-01-01-texas-traiga-effective","occurred_on":"2026-01-01","jurisdiction":"us-texas","policy":"us-texas-responsible-ai-governance-act-traiga","title":"Texas TRAIGA takes effect","what_changed":"The Texas Responsible Artificial Intelligence Governance Act became effective, with Attorney General enforcement after a 60-day cure period.\n","practical_impact":"Prohibited-intent screening, government disclosure and sandbox applications are now live requirements in Texas.","impact_level":"high","status_after":"in_force","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2026-01-01-texas-traiga-effective","source":{"official_source_url":"https://capitol.texas.gov/BillLookup/History.aspx?LegSess=89R&Bill=HB149","source_title":"HB 149 (89R)","source_publisher":"Texas Legislature Online","source_document_date":"2025-06-22","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":null,"reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2026-01-01-illinois-hb-3773-effective","occurred_on":"2026-01-01","jurisdiction":"us-illinois","policy":"us-illinois-hb-3773-ai-in-employment","title":"Illinois AI-in-employment provisions take effect","what_changed":"Public Act 103-0804 became effective: discriminatory AI use in employment decisions is a civil-rights violation and employers must notify employees of AI use.\n","practical_impact":"Employers must have notices and bias testing in place for AI tools affecting Illinois workers.","impact_level":"high","status_after":"in_force","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2026-01-01-illinois-hb-3773-effective","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.ilga.gov/legislation/BillStatus.asp?DocNum=3773&GAID=17&DocTypeID=HB&SessionID=112","source_title":"HB 3773 / Public Act 103-0804","source_publisher":"Illinois General Assembly","source_document_date":"2024-08-09","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":null,"reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2025-12-23-japan-artificial-intelligence-basic-plan","occurred_on":"2025-12-23","jurisdiction":"japan","policy":"japan-artificial-intelligence-basic-plan","title":"First AI Basic Plan adopted by Cabinet decision","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for Artificial Intelligence Basic Plan (Japan): First AI Basic Plan adopted by Cabinet decision. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2025-12-23-japan-artificial-intelligence-basic-plan","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www8.cao.go.jp/cstp/ai/ai_plan/ai_plan.html","source_title":"First AI Basic Plan adopted by Cabinet decision","source_publisher":"Cabinet Office, Government of Japan","source_document_date":"2025-12-23","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2025-12-19-new-york-raise-act-signed","occurred_on":"2025-12-19","jurisdiction":"us-new-york","policy":"us-new-york-raise-act","title":"New York signs the RAISE Act on frontier-model safety","what_changed":"The Governor signed the Responsible AI Safety and Education Act with agreed amendments aligning it to California SB 53, requiring large frontier developers to publish safety protocols and report critical incidents, reportedly effective 1 January 2027.\n","practical_impact":"Frontier-model developers serving New York should align safety documentation with California SB 53 to satisfy both laws; verify the enrolled chapter text.","impact_level":"high","status_after":"adopted","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2025-12-19-new-york-raise-act-signed","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2025/S6953/amendment/B","source_title":"S6953-B","source_publisher":"New York State Senate","source_document_date":"2025-12-19","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":null,"reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2025-12-10-vietnam-national-strategy-on-research-development-and-application-of-artificial-intelligence-to-2030","occurred_on":"2025-12-10","jurisdiction":"vietnam","policy":"vietnam-national-strategy-on-research-development-and-application-of-artificial-intelligence-to-2030","title":"National Assembly passes the Law on Artificial Intelligence, creating a binding framework","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for National Strategy on Research, Development and Application of Artificial Intelligence to 2030 (Vietnam): National Assembly passes the Law on Artificial Intelligence, creating a binding framework. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2025-12-10-vietnam-national-strategy-on-research-development-and-application-of-artificial-intelligence-to-2030","source":{"official_source_url":"https://vanban.chinhphu.vn/?pageid=27160&docid=216334&classid=1&orggroupid=1","source_title":"National Assembly passes the Law on Artificial Intelligence, creating a binding framework","source_publisher":"Government of Vietnam legal document portal (vanban.chinhphu.vn)","source_document_date":"2025-12-10","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2025-12-10-vietnam-law-on-artificial-intelligence","occurred_on":"2025-12-10","jurisdiction":"vietnam","policy":"vietnam-law-on-artificial-intelligence","title":"Law No. 134/2025/QH15 passed by the National Assembly","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for Law on Artificial Intelligence (Vietnam): Law No. 134/2025/QH15 passed by the National Assembly. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2025-12-10-vietnam-law-on-artificial-intelligence","source":{"official_source_url":"https://congbao.chinhphu.vn/van-ban/luat-so-134-2025-qh15-468694.htm","source_title":"Law No. 134/2025/QH15 passed by the National Assembly","source_publisher":"Government of Vietnam legal document portal (vanban.chinhphu.vn)","source_document_date":"2025-12-10","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2025-12-02-australia-national-ai-plan","occurred_on":"2025-12-02","jurisdiction":"australia","policy":"australia-mandatory-guardrails-proposal","title":"Australia releases a National AI Plan signalling an existing-law approach","what_changed":"The National AI Plan set out the government's AI agenda and indicated that AI would be governed by strengthening existing laws rather than a standalone AI Act. The status of the 2024 mandatory-guardrails proposal must be confirmed.\n","practical_impact":"Australian organisations should not expect a cross-economy AI Act in the near term; existing-law compliance and the voluntary standard remain the baseline.","impact_level":"high","status_after":"under_consultation","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2025-12-02-australia-national-ai-plan","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.industry.gov.au/","source_title":"National AI Plan","source_publisher":"Department of Industry, Science and Resources","source_document_date":"2025-12-02","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Date and document link to be confirmed by reviewer.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2025-11-19-eu-digital-omnibus-proposal","occurred_on":"2025-11-19","jurisdiction":"eu","policy":"eu-ai-act","title":"European Commission proposes Digital Omnibus adjustments to AI Act timelines","what_changed":"The Commission proposed a \"Digital Omnibus\" package that would, among other changes, link the application of certain high-risk obligations to the availability of standards and support tools, with later backstop dates. This is a proposal and requires adoption by the European Parliament and Council.\n","practical_impact":"High-risk timelines may move; organisations should keep planning against Article 113 dates until an amendment is adopted.","impact_level":"high","status_after":"partially_applicable","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2025-11-19-eu-digital-omnibus-proposal","source":{"official_source_url":"https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai","source_title":"AI Act policy page (Digital Omnibus proposal)","source_publisher":"European Commission","source_document_date":"2025-11-19","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Reviewer to link the proposal document and confirm adoption status.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2025-11-17-kazakhstan-ai-law-signed","occurred_on":"2025-11-17","jurisdiction":"kazakhstan","policy":"kazakhstan-law-on-artificial-intelligence-2025","title":"Kazakhstan signs Central Asia's first law on artificial intelligence","what_changed":"The President signed the Law on Artificial Intelligence, introducing a risk-based classification, duties for owners and operators of AI systems, labelling of AI-generated content and a national AI platform.\n","practical_impact":"Companies deploying AI in Kazakhstan should classify systems and prepare labelling and risk-management documentation; confirm the in-force date on the official legal database.","impact_level":"high","status_after":"adopted","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2025-11-17-kazakhstan-ai-law-signed","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/mdai","source_title":"Ministry of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Development","source_publisher":"Government of Kazakhstan","source_document_date":"2025-11-17","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":null,"reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2025-11-13-india-dpdp-rules-notified","occurred_on":"2025-11-13","jurisdiction":"india","policy":"india-dpdp-act","title":"India notifies the Digital Personal Data Protection Rules, 2025","what_changed":"The DPDP Rules were notified with phased commencement, starting the countdown for consent, notice, security and breach-notification obligations under the DPDP Act 2023.\n","practical_impact":"Organisations using personal data of Indian residents in AI should plan compliance against the phased dates.","impact_level":"urgent","status_after":"partially_applicable","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2025-11-13-india-dpdp-rules-notified","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.meity.gov.in/data-protection-framework","source_title":"Digital Personal Data Protection Rules, 2025","source_publisher":"Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology","source_document_date":"2025-11-13","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":null,"reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2025-11-05-india-indiaai-mission","occurred_on":"2025-11-05","jurisdiction":"india","policy":"india-indiaai-mission","title":"MeitY releases India AI Governance Guidelines under the IndiaAI Mission","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for IndiaAI Mission (India): MeitY releases India AI Governance Guidelines under the IndiaAI Mission. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2025-11-05-india-indiaai-mission","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2186639","source_title":"MeitY releases India AI Governance Guidelines under the IndiaAI Mission","source_publisher":"Press Information Bureau, Government of India (Cabinet decision)","source_document_date":"2025-11-05","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2025-11-05-india-ai-governance-guidelines","occurred_on":"2025-11-05","jurisdiction":"india","policy":"india-ai-governance-guidelines","title":"MeitY releases the India AI Governance Guidelines","what_changed":"The guidelines set out principles, an institutional framework and recommendations favouring existing-law enforcement, voluntary commitments and risk-based oversight over a new AI statute.\n","practical_impact":"Indian AI developers and deployers have a reference for regulator expectations; no new binding duties.","impact_level":"routine","status_after":"guidance","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2025-11-05-india-ai-governance-guidelines","source":{"official_source_url":"https://indiaai.gov.in/","source_title":"India AI Governance Guidelines","source_publisher":"Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology","source_document_date":"2025-11-05","source_reference":null,"source_tier":2,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","content_version":1,"change_summary":null,"reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2025-10-24-chile-proyecto-de-ley-que-regula-los-sistemas-de-inteligencia-artificial-boletin-16821-19","occurred_on":"2025-10-24","jurisdiction":"chile","policy":"chile-proyecto-de-ley-que-regula-los-sistemas-de-inteligencia-artificial-boletin-16821-19","title":"Senate assigns bill (second constitutional stage) to the Future Challenges Committee","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for Proyecto de ley que regula los sistemas de inteligencia artificial, Boletín 16821-19 (Chile): Senate assigns bill (second constitutional stage) to the Future Challenges Committee. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2025-10-24-chile-proyecto-de-ley-que-regula-los-sistemas-de-inteligencia-artificial-boletin-16821-19","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.senado.cl/comunicaciones/noticias/proyecto-que-regula-sistemas-de-inteligencia-artificial-sera-estudiado-por","source_title":"Senate assigns bill (second constitutional stage) to the Future Challenges Committee","source_publisher":"Senado de la República de Chile","source_document_date":"2025-10-24","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2025-10-08-eu-apply-ai-strategy","occurred_on":"2025-10-08","jurisdiction":"eu","policy":"eu-apply-ai-strategy","title":"Commission presents the Apply AI Strategy and AI in Science Strategy","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for Apply AI Strategy (European Union): Commission presents the Apply AI Strategy and AI in Science Strategy. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2025-10-08-eu-apply-ai-strategy","source":{"official_source_url":"https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/commission-launches-two-strategies-speed-ai-uptake-european-industry-and-science","source_title":"Commission presents the Apply AI Strategy and AI in Science Strategy","source_publisher":"European Commission, Shaping Europe's digital future","source_document_date":"2025-10-08","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2025-10-01-bhutan-bhutan-national-ai-strategy-2025","occurred_on":"2025-10-01","jurisdiction":"bhutan","policy":"bhutan-bhutan-national-ai-strategy-2025","title":"NAIS 2025 published in GovTech Agency's official publications list","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for Bhutan National AI Strategy 2025 (Bhutan): NAIS 2025 published in GovTech Agency's official publications list. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2025-10-01-bhutan-bhutan-national-ai-strategy-2025","source":{"official_source_url":"https://tech.gov.bt/publications/","source_title":"NAIS 2025 published in GovTech Agency's official publications list","source_publisher":"GovTech Agency, Royal Government of Bhutan","source_document_date":"2025-10-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2025-09-29-california-sb-53-signed","occurred_on":"2025-09-29","jurisdiction":"us-california","policy":"us-california-sb-53","title":"California enacts the Transparency in Frontier Artificial Intelligence Act (SB 53)","what_changed":"The Governor signed SB 53, requiring large frontier developers to publish safety frameworks and transparency reports and to report critical safety incidents, operative 1 January 2026.\n","practical_impact":"Frontier-model developers doing business in California need a published safety framework and incident reporting process.","impact_level":"high","status_after":"adopted","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2025-09-29-california-sb-53-signed","source":{"official_source_url":"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260SB53","source_title":"SB 53 Transparency in Frontier Artificial Intelligence Act","source_publisher":"California Legislative Information","source_document_date":"2025-09-29","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":null,"reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2025-09-25-italy-ai-law-published","occurred_on":"2025-09-25","jurisdiction":"italy","policy":"italy-law-132-2025-ai","title":"Italy publishes Law 132/2025, the first national AI law in the EU","what_changed":"Law No. 132 of 23 September 2025 was published in the Official Gazette and entered into force on 10 October 2025, designating AgID and ACN as national AI authorities, adding sector rules for health, work, professions, justice and public administration, an under-14 consent rule and a deepfake offence.\n","practical_impact":"Organisations in Italy must combine EU AI Act compliance with the national sector rules and watch the delegated decrees due within twelve months.","impact_level":"urgent","status_after":"in_force","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2025-09-25-italy-ai-law-published","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/eli/id/2025/09/25/25G00146/sg","source_title":"Legge 23 settembre 2025, n. 132","source_publisher":"Gazzetta Ufficiale","source_document_date":"2025-09-25","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":null,"reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2025-09-09-peru-decreto-supremo-n-115-2025-pcm","occurred_on":"2025-09-09","jurisdiction":"peru","policy":"peru-decreto-supremo-n-115-2025-pcm","title":"DS 115-2025-PCM published in El Peruano","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for Decreto Supremo N° 115-2025-PCM (Peru): DS 115-2025-PCM published in El Peruano. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2025-09-09-peru-decreto-supremo-n-115-2025-pcm","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gob.pe/institucion/pcm/normas-legales/7133522-115-2025-pcm","source_title":"DS 115-2025-PCM published in El Peruano","source_publisher":"Diario Oficial El Peruano","source_document_date":"2025-09-09","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2025-09-09-peru-ley-n-31814","occurred_on":"2025-09-09","jurisdiction":"peru","policy":"peru-ley-n-31814","title":"Implementing regulation (DS 115-2025-PCM) published","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for Ley N° 31814 (Peru): Implementing regulation (DS 115-2025-PCM) published. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2025-09-09-peru-ley-n-31814","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gob.pe/institucion/pcm/normas-legales/7133522-115-2025-pcm","source_title":"Implementing regulation (DS 115-2025-PCM) published","source_publisher":"Diario Oficial El Peruano","source_document_date":"2025-09-09","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2025-09-01-china-measures-for-labeling-artificial-intelligence-generated-and-synthetic-content","occurred_on":"2025-09-01","jurisdiction":"china","policy":"china-measures-for-labeling-artificial-intelligence-generated-and-synthetic-content","title":"Measures enter into force","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for Measures for Labeling Artificial Intelligence-Generated and Synthetic Content (China): Measures enter into force. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2025-09-01-china-measures-for-labeling-artificial-intelligence-generated-and-synthetic-content","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.cac.gov.cn/2025-03/14/c_1743654684782215.htm","source_title":"Measures enter into force","source_publisher":"Cyberspace Administration of China","source_document_date":"2025-09-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2025-09-01-japan-act-on-promotion-of-research-and-development-and-utilization-of-artificial-intelligence-related-techn","occurred_on":"2025-09-01","jurisdiction":"japan","policy":"japan-act-on-promotion-of-research-and-development-and-utilization-of-artificial-intelligence-related-technolo","title":"Chapters III and IV (Strategy Headquarters and Basic Plan) brought into effect by Cabinet Order","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for Act on Promotion of Research and Development, and Utilization of Artificial Intelligence-related Technology (Japan): Chapters III and IV (Strategy Headquarters and Basic Plan) brought into effect by Cabinet Order. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2025-09-01-japan-act-on-promotion-of-research-and-development-and-utilization-of-artificial-intelligence-related-techn","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www8.cao.go.jp/cstp/ai/ai_hou_gaiyou_en.pdf","source_title":"Chapters III and IV (Strategy Headquarters and Basic Plan) brought into effect by Cabinet Order","source_publisher":"Japanese Law Translation Database (Ministry of Justice)","source_document_date":"2025-09-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2025-08-28-colorado-ai-act-delayed","occurred_on":"2025-08-28","jurisdiction":"us-colorado","policy":"us-colorado-ai-act","title":"Colorado delays the AI Act effective date to 30 June 2026","what_changed":"SB 25B-004, passed in a special session, moved the effective date of SB 24-205 from 1 February 2026 to 30 June 2026 without changing its substance.\n","practical_impact":"Developers and deployers gained about five months; further amendments were expected in the 2026 session.","impact_level":"high","status_after":"adopted","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2025-08-28-colorado-ai-act-delayed","source":{"official_source_url":"https://leg.colorado.gov/bills/sb25b-004","source_title":"SB25B-004","source_publisher":"Colorado General Assembly","source_document_date":"2025-08-28","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":null,"reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2025-08-26-china-opinions-of-the-state-council-on-deepening-the-implementation-of-the-ai-plus-action","occurred_on":"2025-08-26","jurisdiction":"china","policy":"china-opinions-of-the-state-council-on-deepening-the-implementation-of-the-ai-plus-action","title":"Opinions issued by the State Council (document dated 21 August 2025)","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for Opinions of the State Council on Deepening the Implementation of the 'AI Plus' Action (China): Opinions issued by the State Council (document dated 21 August 2025). Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2025-08-26-china-opinions-of-the-state-council-on-deepening-the-implementation-of-the-ai-plus-action","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/202508/content_7037861.htm","source_title":"Opinions issued by the State Council (document dated 21 August 2025)","source_publisher":"Central People's Government of the PRC (gov.cn)","source_document_date":"2025-08-26","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2025-08-14-pakistan-national-artificial-intelligence-policy-2025","occurred_on":"2025-08-14","jurisdiction":"pakistan","policy":"pakistan-national-artificial-intelligence-policy-2025","title":"MoITT press release confirms National AI Policy 2025 approved","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for National Artificial Intelligence Policy 2025 (Pakistan): MoITT press release confirms National AI Policy 2025 approved. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2025-08-14-pakistan-national-artificial-intelligence-policy-2025","source":{"official_source_url":"https://pid.gov.pk/site/press_detail/30025","source_title":"MoITT press release confirms National AI Policy 2025 approved","source_publisher":"Ministry of Information Technology and Telecommunication, Government of Pakistan","source_document_date":"2025-08-14","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2025-08-02-eu-gpai-obligations-apply","occurred_on":"2025-08-02","jurisdiction":"eu","policy":"eu-ai-act","title":"EU AI Act general-purpose AI, governance and penalty provisions start to apply","what_changed":"Chapter V obligations for general-purpose AI model providers, the governance chapter, notified-body provisions and most penalty provisions became applicable.\n","practical_impact":"Providers placing general-purpose models on the EU market must now hold documentation, a copyright policy and a training-content summary.","impact_level":"urgent","status_after":"partially_applicable","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2025-08-02-eu-gpai-obligations-apply","source":{"official_source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","source_title":"Regulation (EU) 2024/1689, Article 113(b)","source_publisher":"Official Journal of the European Union","source_document_date":"2024-07-12","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":null,"reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2025-08-nepal-national-ai-policy-approved","occurred_on":"2025-08-01","jurisdiction":"nepal","policy":"nepal-national-ai-policy","title":"Nepal's Council of Ministers approves the National AI Policy","what_changed":"The cabinet approved the National Artificial Intelligence Policy 2082, Nepal's first national AI policy. Exact approval date and the published text need confirmation from MoCIT.\n","practical_impact":"Organisations in Nepal should expect implementing measures, institutions and possible legislation to follow.","impact_level":"high","status_after":"adopted","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2025-08-nepal-national-ai-policy-approved","source":{"official_source_url":"https://mocit.gov.np/","source_title":"Ministry of Communication and Information Technology","source_publisher":"Government of Nepal","source_document_date":null,"source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Month-level date; reviewer to confirm.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2025-07-27-bahrain-general-policy-for-the-use-of-artificial-intelligence","occurred_on":"2025-07-27","jurisdiction":"bahrain","policy":"bahrain-general-policy-for-the-use-of-artificial-intelligence","title":"iGA publicly launches the National Policy for the Use of AI and adopts the GCC AI ethics manual","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for General Policy for the Use of Artificial Intelligence (Bahrain): iGA publicly launches the National Policy for the Use of AI and adopts the GCC AI ethics manual. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2025-07-27-bahrain-general-policy-for-the-use-of-artificial-intelligence","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.iga.gov.bh/en/article/bahrain-launches-national-ai-policy-and-adopts-gcc-ethics-manual","source_title":"iGA publicly launches the National Policy for the Use of AI and adopts the GCC AI ethics manual","source_publisher":"Information & eGovernment Authority, Kingdom of Bahrain","source_document_date":"2025-07-27","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2025-07-23-us-ai-action-plan","occurred_on":"2025-07-23","jurisdiction":"us","policy":"us-executive-order-14179","title":"White House releases America's AI Action Plan","what_changed":"The Action Plan required by EO 14179 set out federal priorities on innovation, infrastructure and international leadership, with accompanying executive orders on federal procurement of AI models and data-centre permitting.\n","practical_impact":"Signals federal deregulatory direction and procurement expectations for AI vendors.","impact_level":"routine","status_after":"in_force","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2025-07-23-us-ai-action-plan","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.ai.gov/action-plan","source_title":"America's AI Action Plan","source_publisher":"The White House","source_document_date":"2025-07-23","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":null,"reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2025-07-23-us-winning-the-race-america-s-ai-action-plan","occurred_on":"2025-07-23","jurisdiction":"us","policy":"us-winning-the-race-america-s-ai-action-plan","title":"Action Plan published (PDF)","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for Winning the Race: America's AI Action Plan (United States): Action Plan published (PDF). Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2025-07-23-us-winning-the-race-america-s-ai-action-plan","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Americas-AI-Action-Plan.pdf","source_title":"Action Plan published (PDF)","source_publisher":"The White House","source_document_date":"2025-07-23","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2025-07-10-eu-gpai-code-of-practice","occurred_on":"2025-07-10","jurisdiction":"eu","policy":"eu-ai-act","title":"European Commission publishes the General-Purpose AI Code of Practice","what_changed":"The final Code of Practice for general-purpose AI models was published, with chapters on transparency, copyright, and safety and security for models with systemic risk, ahead of the 2 August 2025 application date.\n","practical_impact":"Model providers can sign the Code to demonstrate compliance with Articles 53 and 55.","impact_level":"high","status_after":"partially_applicable","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2025-07-10-eu-gpai-code-of-practice","source":{"official_source_url":"https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/contents-code-gpai","source_title":"General-Purpose AI Code of Practice","source_publisher":"European Commission","source_document_date":"2025-07-10","source_reference":null,"source_tier":2,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":null,"reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2025-07-08-new-zealand-ai-strategy","occurred_on":"2025-07-08","jurisdiction":"new-zealand","policy":"new-zealand-ai-strategy-2025","title":"New Zealand publishes its first national AI strategy and rules out a standalone AI act","what_changed":"MBIE released the Strategy for Artificial Intelligence and Responsible AI Guidance for Businesses, opting for a light-touch approach based on existing law and OECD principles.\n","practical_impact":"Businesses in New Zealand should apply the responsible-AI guidance and privacy law; no new AI statute is planned.","impact_level":"routine","status_after":"adopted","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2025-07-08-new-zealand-ai-strategy","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.mbie.govt.nz/business-and-employment/business/support-for-business/artificial-intelligence-strategy","source_title":"New Zealand's Strategy for Artificial Intelligence","source_publisher":"MBIE","source_document_date":"2025-07-08","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":null,"reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2025-06-22-texas-traiga-signed","occurred_on":"2025-06-22","jurisdiction":"us-texas","policy":"us-texas-responsible-ai-governance-act-traiga","title":"Texas signs the Responsible AI Governance Act (TRAIGA), effective 1 January 2026","what_changed":"The Governor signed HB 149, banning AI intended to manipulate people into self-harm or crime, government social scoring and certain biometric uses, requiring government AI disclosure, and creating a sandbox and AI council with Attorney General enforcement.\n","practical_impact":"Developers and deployers serving Texas should screen for prohibited intents and document NIST-aligned governance to use the statutory defences.","impact_level":"high","status_after":"adopted","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2025-06-22-texas-traiga-signed","source":{"official_source_url":"https://capitol.texas.gov/BillLookup/History.aspx?LegSess=89R&Bill=HB149","source_title":"HB 149 (89R)","source_publisher":"Texas Legislature Online","source_document_date":"2025-06-22","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":null,"reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2025-06-11-thailand-draft-principles-of-the-law-on-artificial-intelligence","occurred_on":"2025-06-11","jurisdiction":"thailand","policy":"thailand-draft-principles-of-the-law-on-artificial-intelligence","title":"ETDA opens public hearing on draft AI law principles (comments to 24 June 2025)","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for (Draft) Principles of the Law on Artificial Intelligence (Thailand): ETDA opens public hearing on draft AI law principles (comments to 24 June 2025). Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2025-06-11-thailand-draft-principles-of-the-law-on-artificial-intelligence","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.etda.or.th/th/pr-news/law_ai.aspx","source_title":"ETDA opens public hearing on draft AI law principles (comments to 24 June 2025)","source_publisher":"Electronic Transactions Development Agency (ETDA), Thailand","source_document_date":"2025-06-11","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2025-06-04-japan-act-on-promotion-of-research-and-development-and-utilization-of-artificial-intelligence-related-techn","occurred_on":"2025-06-04","jurisdiction":"japan","policy":"japan-act-on-promotion-of-research-and-development-and-utilization-of-artificial-intelligence-related-technolo","title":"Promulgated as Act No. 53 of 2025; general provisions in force on promulgation","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for Act on Promotion of Research and Development, and Utilization of Artificial Intelligence-related Technology (Japan): Promulgated as Act No. 53 of 2025; general provisions in force on promulgation. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2025-06-04-japan-act-on-promotion-of-research-and-development-and-utilization-of-artificial-intelligence-related-techn","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/en/laws/view/5066/en","source_title":"Promulgated as Act No. 53 of 2025; general provisions in force on promulgation","source_publisher":"Japanese Law Translation Database (Ministry of Justice)","source_document_date":"2025-06-04","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2025-05-20-bahrain-general-policy-for-the-use-of-artificial-intelligence","occurred_on":"2025-05-20","jurisdiction":"bahrain","policy":"bahrain-general-policy-for-the-use-of-artificial-intelligence","title":"Policy version 1.0 first release date (per document)","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for General Policy for the Use of Artificial Intelligence (Bahrain): Policy version 1.0 first release date (per document). Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2025-05-20-bahrain-general-policy-for-the-use-of-artificial-intelligence","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.iga.gov.bh/Media/Publications/National%20Digital%20Policies/General%20Policy%20for%20the%20Use%20of%20AI%20-%20%20Final%2030%20Jul%202025.pdf","source_title":"Policy version 1.0 first release date (per document)","source_publisher":"Information & eGovernment Authority, Kingdom of Bahrain","source_document_date":"2025-05-20","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2025-05-02-ghana-ghana-national-artificial-intelligence-strategy","occurred_on":"2025-05-02","jurisdiction":"ghana","policy":"ghana-ghana-national-artificial-intelligence-strategy","title":"Minister announces development of National AI Strategy and stakeholder consultation","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for Ghana National Artificial Intelligence Strategy (Ghana): Minister announces development of National AI Strategy and stakeholder consultation. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2025-05-02-ghana-ghana-national-artificial-intelligence-strategy","source":{"official_source_url":"https://moc.gov.gh/2025/05/02/ghana-to-develop-national-ai-strategy-initiative-amid-digital-transformation-push/","source_title":"Minister announces development of National AI Strategy and stakeholder consultation","source_publisher":"Ministry of Communication, Digital Technology and Innovations, Ghana","source_document_date":"2025-05-02","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2025-05-01-saudi-arabia-ai-ethics-principles","occurred_on":"2025-05-01","jurisdiction":"saudi-arabia","policy":"saudi-arabia-ai-ethics-principles","title":"Updated 2025 edition published (document dated May 2025)","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for AI Ethics Principles (Saudi Arabia): Updated 2025 edition published (document dated May 2025). Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2025-05-01-saudi-arabia-ai-ethics-principles","source":{"official_source_url":"https://sdaia.gov.sa/en/SDAIA/about/Documents/ai-principles.pdf","source_title":"Updated 2025 edition published (document dated May 2025)","source_publisher":"Saudi Data and Artificial Intelligence Authority","source_document_date":"2025-05-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2025-04-30-mexico-iniciativa-con-proyecto-de-decreto-por-el-que-se-expide-la-ley-federal-para-el-desarrollo-etico-sobe","occurred_on":"2025-04-30","jurisdiction":"mexico","policy":"mexico-iniciativa-con-proyecto-de-decreto-por-el-que-se-expide-la-ley-federal-para-el-desarrollo-etico-soberan","title":"Initiative published in the Gaceta Parlamentaria and turned to committee","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for Iniciativa con proyecto de decreto por el que se expide la Ley Federal para el Desarrollo Ético, Soberano e Inclusivo de (Mexico): Initiative published in the Gaceta Parlamentaria and turned to committee. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2025-04-30-mexico-iniciativa-con-proyecto-de-decreto-por-el-que-se-expide-la-ley-federal-para-el-desarrollo-etico-sobe","source":{"official_source_url":"https://gaceta.diputados.gob.mx/PDF/66/2025/abr/20250430-II-1-2.pdf","source_title":"Initiative published in the Gaceta Parlamentaria and turned to committee","source_publisher":"Sistema de Información Legislativa, Secretaría de Gobernación","source_document_date":"2025-04-30","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2025-04-30-philippines-national-ai-strategy-for-the-philippines","occurred_on":"2025-04-30","jurisdiction":"philippines","policy":"philippines-national-ai-strategy-for-the-philippines","title":"DOST Secretary presents NAIS-PH at National Innovation Day","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for National AI Strategy for the Philippines (Philippines): DOST Secretary presents NAIS-PH at National Innovation Day. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2025-04-30-philippines-national-ai-strategy-for-the-philippines","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.dost.gov.ph/knowledge-resources/news/86-2025-news/3989-dost-builds-on-ai-national-strategy.html","source_title":"DOST Secretary presents NAIS-PH at National Innovation Day","source_publisher":"Department of Science and Technology, Philippines","source_document_date":"2025-04-30","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2025-04-30-philippines-national-ai-strategy-roadmap-2-0","occurred_on":"2025-04-30","jurisdiction":"philippines","policy":"philippines-national-ai-strategy-roadmap-2-0","title":"DOST proposes a successor National AI Strategy for the Philippines (NAIS-PH)","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for National AI Strategy Roadmap 2.0 (Philippines): DOST proposes a successor National AI Strategy for the Philippines (NAIS-PH). Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2025-04-30-philippines-national-ai-strategy-roadmap-2-0","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.dost.gov.ph/knowledge-resources/news/86-2025-news/3989-dost-builds-on-ai-national-strategy.html","source_title":"DOST proposes a successor National AI Strategy for the Philippines (NAIS-PH)","source_publisher":"Department of Trade and Industry, Philippines","source_document_date":"2025-04-30","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2025-04-03-us-omb-ai-memoranda","occurred_on":"2025-04-03","jurisdiction":"us","policy":"us-omb-m-25-21","title":"OMB issues M-25-21 and M-25-22 on federal AI use and acquisition","what_changed":"OMB replaced the 2024 memoranda with new requirements for agency AI governance, use-case inventories, high-impact AI practices and AI procurement.\n","practical_impact":"Vendors to US federal agencies need documentation and testing support aligned with the high-impact AI practices.","impact_level":"high","status_after":"in_force","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2025-04-03-us-omb-ai-memoranda","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/information-for-agencies/memoranda/","source_title":"OMB Memoranda M-25-21 and M-25-22","source_publisher":"Office of Management and Budget","source_document_date":"2025-04-03","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":null,"reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2025-04-01-chile-politica-nacional-de-inteligencia-artificial","occurred_on":"2025-04-01","jurisdiction":"chile","policy":"chile-politica-nacional-de-inteligencia-artificial","title":"Action plan progress report: 78% of 177 initiatives implemented or completed (as of April 2025)","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for Política Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial (Chile): Action plan progress report: 78% of 177 initiatives implemented or completed (as of April 2025). Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2025-04-01-chile-politica-nacional-de-inteligencia-artificial","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.minciencia.gob.cl/areas/inteligencia-artificial/Inteligencia-Artificial/politica-Nacional-Inteligencia-Artificial-Plan-Accion/","source_title":"Action plan progress report: 78% of 177 initiatives implemented or completed (as of April 2025)","source_publisher":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología, Conocimiento e Innovación","source_document_date":"2025-04-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2025-03-27-kenya-kenya-artificial-intelligence-strategy-2025-2030","occurred_on":"2025-03-27","jurisdiction":"kenya","policy":"kenya-kenya-artificial-intelligence-strategy-2025-2030","title":"Strategy launched at KICC, Nairobi; final PDF published","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for Kenya Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2025-2030 (Kenya): Strategy launched at KICC, Nairobi; final PDF published. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2025-03-27-kenya-kenya-artificial-intelligence-strategy-2025-2030","source":{"official_source_url":"https://ict.go.ke/sites/default/files/2025-03/Kenya%20AI%20Strategy%202025%20-%202030.pdf","source_title":"Strategy launched at KICC, Nairobi; final PDF published","source_publisher":"Ministry of Information, Communications and the Digital Economy","source_document_date":"2025-03-27","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2025-03-17-brazil-projeto-de-lei-no-2338-2023","occurred_on":"2025-03-17","jurisdiction":"brazil","policy":"brazil-projeto-de-lei-no-2338-2023","title":"Sent to the Chamber of Deputies for review; special committee subsequently created","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for Projeto de Lei nº 2338/2023 (Brazil): Sent to the Chamber of Deputies for review; special committee subsequently created. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2025-03-17-brazil-projeto-de-lei-no-2338-2023","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www2.camara.leg.br/atividade-legislativa/comissoes/comissoes-temporarias/especiais/57a-legislatura/comissao-especial-sobre-inteligencia-artificial-pl-2338-23","source_title":"Sent to the Chamber of Deputies for review; special committee subsequently created","source_publisher":"Senado Federal","source_document_date":"2025-03-17","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2025-03-14-china-measures-for-labeling-artificial-intelligence-generated-and-synthetic-content","occurred_on":"2025-03-14","jurisdiction":"china","policy":"china-measures-for-labeling-artificial-intelligence-generated-and-synthetic-content","title":"Measures published","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for Measures for Labeling Artificial Intelligence-Generated and Synthetic Content (China): Measures published. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2025-03-14-china-measures-for-labeling-artificial-intelligence-generated-and-synthetic-content","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.cac.gov.cn/2025-03/14/c_1743654684782215.htm","source_title":"Measures published","source_publisher":"Cyberspace Administration of China","source_document_date":"2025-03-14","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2025-03-11-spain-ai-governance-bill","occurred_on":"2025-03-11","jurisdiction":"spain","policy":"spain-draft-law-on-good-use-and-governance-of-ai","title":"Spain approves a draft law implementing the EU AI Act with mandatory AI-content labelling","what_changed":"The Council of Ministers approved the preliminary draft law on the good use and governance of AI, allocating supervision to AESIA and sector authorities, setting national penalties and treating unlabelled AI-generated content as a serious infringement.\n","practical_impact":"Companies operating in Spain should prepare labelling of synthetic content and expect AESIA as the main supervisor.","impact_level":"high","status_after":"proposed","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2025-03-11-spain-ai-governance-bill","source":{"official_source_url":"https://aesia.digital.gob.es/","source_title":"AESIA","source_publisher":"Ministerio para la Transformación Digital y de la Función Pública","source_document_date":"2025-03-11","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":null,"reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2025-02-14-colombia-documento-conpes-4144","occurred_on":"2025-02-14","jurisdiction":"colombia","policy":"colombia-documento-conpes-4144","title":"CONPES 4144 approved by the National Council for Economic and Social Policy","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for Documento CONPES 4144 (Colombia): CONPES 4144 approved by the National Council for Economic and Social Policy. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2025-02-14-colombia-documento-conpes-4144","source":{"official_source_url":"https://normograma.mintic.gov.co/mintic/compilacion/docs/CONPES_DNP_4144_2025.htm","source_title":"CONPES 4144 approved by the National Council for Economic and Social Policy","source_publisher":"Ministerio de Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones (normograma) – DNP document","source_document_date":"2025-02-14","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2025-02-12-switzerland-ai-regulatory-approach","occurred_on":"2025-02-12","jurisdiction":"switzerland","policy":"switzerland-federal-council-ai-regulatory-approach-2025","title":"Swiss Federal Council chooses sector rules and the Council of Europe convention over an AI act","what_changed":"The Federal Council decided to ratify the Council of Europe Framework Convention and implement it through targeted sector-specific changes plus self-regulation, with a consultation draft due by the end of 2026.\n","practical_impact":"Swiss organisations will not face a horizontal AI law; transparency, data-protection and non-discrimination amendments are the ones to watch.","impact_level":"routine","status_after":"adopted","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2025-02-12-switzerland-ai-regulatory-approach","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.admin.ch/gov/en/start/documentation/media-releases.msg-id-104110.html","source_title":"Federal Council wants to ratify the Council of Europe Convention on AI","source_publisher":"Swiss Federal Council","source_document_date":"2025-02-12","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":null,"reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2025-02-10-uk-artificial-intelligence-playbook-for-the-uk-government","occurred_on":"2025-02-10","jurisdiction":"uk","policy":"uk-artificial-intelligence-playbook-for-the-uk-government","title":"AI Playbook published, superseding the Generative AI Framework for HMG","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for Artificial Intelligence Playbook for the UK Government (United Kingdom): AI Playbook published, superseding the Generative AI Framework for HMG. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2025-02-10-uk-artificial-intelligence-playbook-for-the-uk-government","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-playbook-for-the-uk-government","source_title":"AI Playbook published, superseding the Generative AI Framework for HMG","source_publisher":"GOV.UK (Government Digital Service)","source_document_date":"2025-02-10","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2025-02-02-eu-ai-act-prohibitions-apply","occurred_on":"2025-02-02","jurisdiction":"eu","policy":"eu-ai-act","title":"EU AI Act prohibited practices and AI-literacy duties start to apply","what_changed":"Chapters I and II of the AI Act became applicable, banning the Article 5 practices and requiring providers and deployers to ensure AI literacy under Article 4. The Commission published guidelines on prohibited practices on 4 February 2025.\n","practical_impact":"Prohibited-use screening and staff AI training are now legal requirements for anyone using AI in the EU.","impact_level":"urgent","status_after":"partially_applicable","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2025-02-02-eu-ai-act-prohibitions-apply","source":{"official_source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","source_title":"Regulation (EU) 2024/1689, Article 113(a)","source_publisher":"Official Journal of the European Union","source_document_date":"2024-07-12","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":null,"reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2025-01-23-us-winning-the-race-america-s-ai-action-plan","occurred_on":"2025-01-23","jurisdiction":"us","policy":"us-winning-the-race-america-s-ai-action-plan","title":"EO 14179 orders an AI action plan within 180 days","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for Winning the Race: America's AI Action Plan (United States): EO 14179 orders an AI action plan within 180 days. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2025-01-23-us-winning-the-race-america-s-ai-action-plan","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/01/removing-barriers-to-american-leadership-in-artificial-intelligence/","source_title":"EO 14179 orders an AI action plan within 180 days","source_publisher":"The White House","source_document_date":"2025-01-23","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2025-01-23-us-eo-14179","occurred_on":"2025-01-23","jurisdiction":"us","policy":"us-executive-order-14179","title":"US Executive Order 14179 sets a new federal AI policy after EO 14110 was revoked","what_changed":"Three days after Executive Order 14148 revoked the 2023 \"Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy AI\" order, EO 14179 directed an AI Action Plan within 180 days and a review of prior agency actions.\n","practical_impact":"Federal AI requirements derived from EO 14110 were placed under review; vendors should check what agencies still require.","impact_level":"high","status_after":"in_force","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2025-01-23-us-eo-14179","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/01/removing-barriers-to-american-leadership-in-artificial-intelligence/","source_title":"Executive Order 14179","source_publisher":"The White House","source_document_date":"2025-01-23","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":null,"reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2025-01-21-south-korea-framework-act-on-the-development-of-artificial-intelligence-and-establishment-of-a-foundation-f","occurred_on":"2025-01-21","jurisdiction":"south-korea","policy":"south-korea-framework-act-on-the-development-of-artificial-intelligence-and-establishment-of-a-foundation-for","title":"Promulgated as Act No. 20676","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for Framework Act on the Development of Artificial Intelligence and Establishment of a Foundation for Trust (South Korea): Promulgated as Act No. 20676. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2025-01-21-south-korea-framework-act-on-the-development-of-artificial-intelligence-and-establishment-of-a-foundation-f","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.law.go.kr/lsInfoP.do?lsiSeq=268543","source_title":"Promulgated as Act No. 20676","source_publisher":"Korea Ministry of Government Legislation, National Law Information Center","source_document_date":"2025-01-21","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2025-01-14-kenya-kenya-artificial-intelligence-strategy-2025-2030","occurred_on":"2025-01-14","jurisdiction":"kenya","policy":"kenya-kenya-artificial-intelligence-strategy-2025-2030","title":"Draft strategy released for public validation","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for Kenya Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2025-2030 (Kenya): Draft strategy released for public validation. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2025-01-14-kenya-kenya-artificial-intelligence-strategy-2025-2030","source":{"official_source_url":"https://ict.go.ke/sites/default/files/2025-01/Kenya%20National%20AI%20Strategy%20(Draft)%20for%20Public%20Validation%20%20%5B14-01-2025%5D.pdf","source_title":"Draft strategy released for public validation","source_publisher":"Ministry of Information, Communications and the Digital Economy","source_document_date":"2025-01-14","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2025-01-13-uk-ai-opportunities-action-plan","occurred_on":"2025-01-13","jurisdiction":"uk","policy":"uk-ai-opportunities-action-plan","title":"Action Plan and government response published","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for AI Opportunities Action Plan (United Kingdom): Action Plan and government response published. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2025-01-13-uk-ai-opportunities-action-plan","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-opportunities-action-plan/ai-opportunities-action-plan","source_title":"Action Plan and government response published","source_publisher":"GOV.UK (Department for Science, Innovation and Technology)","source_document_date":"2025-01-13","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2025-01-01-egypt-national-ai-strategy","occurred_on":"2025-01-01","jurisdiction":"egypt","policy":"egypt-national-ai-strategy","title":"Second edition published by MCIT (January 2025)","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for National AI Strategy (Egypt): Second edition published by MCIT (January 2025). Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2025-01-01-egypt-national-ai-strategy","source":{"official_source_url":"https://mcit.gov.eg/Upcont/Documents/Publications_2212025000_National_AI_Strategy_Second_Edition_2025_2030.pdf","source_title":"Second edition published by MCIT (January 2025)","source_publisher":"Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, Egypt","source_document_date":"2025-01-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2024-12-26-south-korea-framework-act-on-the-development-of-artificial-intelligence-and-establishment-of-a-foundation-f","occurred_on":"2024-12-26","jurisdiction":"south-korea","policy":"south-korea-framework-act-on-the-development-of-artificial-intelligence-and-establishment-of-a-foundation-for","title":"Passed by the National Assembly plenary","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for Framework Act on the Development of Artificial Intelligence and Establishment of a Foundation for Trust (South Korea): Passed by the National Assembly plenary. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2024-12-26-south-korea-framework-act-on-the-development-of-artificial-intelligence-and-establishment-of-a-foundation-f","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.law.go.kr/lsInfoP.do?lsiSeq=268543","source_title":"Passed by the National Assembly plenary","source_publisher":"Korea Ministry of Government Legislation, National Law Information Center","source_document_date":"2024-12-26","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2024-12-10-brazil-projeto-de-lei-no-2338-2023","occurred_on":"2024-12-10","jurisdiction":"brazil","policy":"brazil-projeto-de-lei-no-2338-2023","title":"Approved by the Senate plenary","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for Projeto de Lei nº 2338/2023 (Brazil): Approved by the Senate plenary. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2024-12-10-brazil-projeto-de-lei-no-2338-2023","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www25.senado.leg.br/web/atividade/materias/-/materia/157233","source_title":"Approved by the Senate plenary","source_publisher":"Senado Federal","source_document_date":"2024-12-10","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2024-11-25-ontario-bill-194-royal-assent","occurred_on":"2024-11-25","jurisdiction":"ca-ontario","policy":"ca-ontario-enhancing-digital-security-and-trust-act-2024","title":"Ontario enacts a framework for regulating public-sector AI use","what_changed":"Bill 194 received royal assent, enabling regulations on disclosure, accountability frameworks, risk management and prohibited uses of AI by Ontario public-sector entities.\n","practical_impact":"Public bodies in Ontario should inventory AI systems ahead of regulations; vendors to government should expect disclosure requirements.","impact_level":"routine","status_after":"adopted","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2024-11-25-ontario-bill-194-royal-assent","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.ola.org/en/legislative-business/bills/parliament-43/session-1/bill-194","source_title":"Bill 194","source_publisher":"Legislative Assembly of Ontario","source_document_date":"2024-11-25","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":null,"reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2024-11-22-uruguay-estrategia-nacional-de-inteligencia-artificial-del-uruguay-2024-2030","occurred_on":"2024-11-22","jurisdiction":"uruguay","policy":"uruguay-estrategia-nacional-de-inteligencia-artificial-del-uruguay-2024-2030","title":"Strategy document published by Agesic","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for Estrategia Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial del Uruguay 2024-2030 (Uruguay): Strategy document published by Agesic. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2024-11-22-uruguay-estrategia-nacional-de-inteligencia-artificial-del-uruguay-2024-2030","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gub.uy/agencia-gobierno-electronico-sociedad-informacion-conocimiento/comunicacion/publicaciones/estrategia-nacional-inteligencia-artificial-2024-2030","source_title":"Strategy document published by Agesic","source_publisher":"Agesic (gub.uy)","source_document_date":"2024-11-22","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2024-11-21-uruguay-estrategia-nacional-de-inteligencia-artificial-del-uruguay-2024-2030","occurred_on":"2024-11-21","jurisdiction":"uruguay","policy":"uruguay-estrategia-nacional-de-inteligencia-artificial-del-uruguay-2024-2030","title":"Strategy approved by the Strategic Committee for Public-Sector AI and Data","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for Estrategia Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial del Uruguay 2024-2030 (Uruguay): Strategy approved by the Strategic Committee for Public-Sector AI and Data. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2024-11-21-uruguay-estrategia-nacional-de-inteligencia-artificial-del-uruguay-2024-2030","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gub.uy/agencia-gobierno-electronico-sociedad-informacion-conocimiento/comunicacion/noticias/se-aprobo-estrategia-nacional-inteligencia-artificial-2024-2030","source_title":"Strategy approved by the Strategic Committee for Public-Sector AI and Data","source_publisher":"Agesic (gub.uy)","source_document_date":"2024-11-21","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2024-11-12-brazil-plano-brasileiro-de-inteligencia-artificial-2024-2028","occurred_on":"2024-11-12","jurisdiction":"brazil","policy":"brazil-plano-brasileiro-de-inteligencia-artificial-2024-2028","title":"Resolução CCT nº 4/2024 approving the PBIA proposal published in the DOU","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for Plano Brasileiro de Inteligência Artificial 2024-2028 (Brazil): Resolução CCT nº 4/2024 approving the PBIA proposal published in the DOU. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2024-11-12-brazil-plano-brasileiro-de-inteligencia-artificial-2024-2028","source":{"official_source_url":"https://antigo.mctic.gov.br/mctic/opencms/legislacao/outros_atos/resolucoes/Resolucao_CCT_n_4_de_08112024.html","source_title":"Resolução CCT nº 4/2024 approving the PBIA proposal published in the DOU","source_publisher":"Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação (gov.br)","source_document_date":"2024-11-12","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2024-09-24-argentina-decision-administrativa-899-2024","occurred_on":"2024-09-24","jurisdiction":"argentina","policy":"argentina-decision-administrativa-899-2024","title":"Decisión Administrativa 899/2024 published in the Boletín Oficial","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for Decisión Administrativa 899/2024 (Argentina): Decisión Administrativa 899/2024 published in the Boletín Oficial. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2024-09-24-argentina-decision-administrativa-899-2024","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.boletinoficial.gob.ar/detalleAviso/primera/314465/20240924","source_title":"Decisión Administrativa 899/2024 published in the Boletín Oficial","source_publisher":"Boletín Oficial de la República Argentina","source_document_date":"2024-09-24","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2024-09-05-australia-voluntary-standard-and-guardrails","occurred_on":"2024-09-05","jurisdiction":"australia","policy":"australia-voluntary-ai-safety-standard","title":"Australia releases a Voluntary AI Safety Standard and consults on mandatory guardrails","what_changed":"The Department of Industry, Science and Resources published ten voluntary guardrails and a proposals paper on mandatory guardrails for high-risk AI, with consultation to 4 October 2024.\n","practical_impact":"Australian organisations gained a concrete voluntary baseline aligned with ISO/IEC 42001 and the NIST AI RMF.","impact_level":"high","status_after":"voluntary_standard","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2024-09-05-australia-voluntary-standard-and-guardrails","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.industry.gov.au/publications/voluntary-ai-safety-standard","source_title":"Voluntary AI Safety Standard","source_publisher":"Department of Industry, Science and Resources","source_document_date":"2024-09-05","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":null,"reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2024-09-05-australia-national-ai-plan","occurred_on":"2024-09-05","jurisdiction":"australia","policy":"australia-national-ai-plan","title":"Preceding consultation on mandatory guardrails for high-risk AI opened (government later chose not to proceed with them)","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for National AI Plan (Australia): Preceding consultation on mandatory guardrails for high-risk AI opened (government later chose not to proceed with them). Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2024-09-05-australia-national-ai-plan","source":{"official_source_url":"https://consult.industry.gov.au/ai-mandatory-guardrails","source_title":"Preceding consultation on mandatory guardrails for high-risk AI opened (government later chose not to proceed with them)","source_publisher":"Department of Industry, Science and Resources","source_document_date":"2024-09-05","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2024-09-01-malaysia-national-artificial-intelligence-roadmap-2021-2025","occurred_on":"2024-09-01","jurisdiction":"malaysia","policy":"malaysia-national-artificial-intelligence-roadmap-2021-2025","title":"National Guidelines on AI Governance and Ethics issued under the roadmap","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for National Artificial Intelligence Roadmap 2021-2025 (Malaysia): National Guidelines on AI Governance and Ethics issued under the roadmap. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2024-09-01-malaysia-national-artificial-intelligence-roadmap-2021-2025","source":{"official_source_url":"https://mastic.mosti.gov.my/publication/the-national-guidelines-on-ai-governance-ethics/","source_title":"National Guidelines on AI Governance and Ethics issued under the roadmap","source_publisher":"Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia","source_document_date":"2024-09-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2024-09-01-malaysia-the-national-guidelines-on-ai-governance-ethics","occurred_on":"2024-09-01","jurisdiction":"malaysia","policy":"malaysia-the-national-guidelines-on-ai-governance-ethics","title":"AIGE published by MOSTI (September 2024)","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for The National Guidelines on AI Governance & Ethics (Malaysia): AIGE published by MOSTI (September 2024). Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2024-09-01-malaysia-the-national-guidelines-on-ai-governance-ethics","source":{"official_source_url":"https://mastic.mosti.gov.my/storage/2024/09/THE-NATIONAL-GUIDELINES-ON-AI-GOVERNANCE-ETHICS.pdf","source_title":"AIGE published by MOSTI (September 2024)","source_publisher":"Malaysian Science, Technology Information Centre (MASTIC), MOSTI","source_document_date":"2024-09-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2024-08-09-illinois-hb-3773-signed","occurred_on":"2024-08-09","jurisdiction":"us-illinois","policy":"us-illinois-hb-3773-ai-in-employment","title":"Illinois makes discriminatory AI in employment a civil-rights violation","what_changed":"Public Act 103-0804 amended the Human Rights Act so that using AI with a discriminatory effect in employment decisions, or zip codes as a proxy, is a violation, with notice duties; effective 1 January 2026.\n","practical_impact":"Illinois employers must test AI hiring and HR tools for discriminatory effect and notify employees before 2026.","impact_level":"high","status_after":"adopted","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2024-08-09-illinois-hb-3773-signed","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.ilga.gov/legislation/BillStatus.asp?DocNum=3773&GAID=17&DocTypeID=HB&SessionID=112","source_title":"HB 3773 / Public Act 103-0804","source_publisher":"Illinois General Assembly","source_document_date":"2024-08-09","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":null,"reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2024-08-09-african-union-continental-artificial-intelligence-strategy","occurred_on":"2024-08-09","jurisdiction":"african-union","policy":"african-union-continental-artificial-intelligence-strategy","title":"Strategy document published on AU website (English PDF)","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for Continental Artificial Intelligence Strategy (African Union): Strategy document published on AU website (English PDF). Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2024-08-09-african-union-continental-artificial-intelligence-strategy","source":{"official_source_url":"https://au.int/sites/default/files/documents/44004-doc-EN-_Continental_AI_Strategy_July_2024.pdf","source_title":"Strategy document published on AU website (English PDF)","source_publisher":"African Union","source_document_date":"2024-08-09","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2024-08-01-nigeria-national-artificial-intelligence-strategy","occurred_on":"2024-08-01","jurisdiction":"nigeria","policy":"nigeria-national-artificial-intelligence-strategy","title":"Draft National AI Strategy 2024 published by NCAIR","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for National Artificial Intelligence Strategy (Nigeria): Draft National AI Strategy 2024 published by NCAIR. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2024-08-01-nigeria-national-artificial-intelligence-strategy","source":{"official_source_url":"https://ncair.nitda.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/National-AI-Strategy_01082024-copy.pdf","source_title":"Draft National AI Strategy 2024 published by NCAIR","source_publisher":"National Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (NITDA)","source_document_date":"2024-08-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2024-07-30-brazil-plano-brasileiro-de-inteligencia-artificial-2024-2028","occurred_on":"2024-07-30","jurisdiction":"brazil","policy":"brazil-plano-brasileiro-de-inteligencia-artificial-2024-2028","title":"PBIA proposal presented at the 5th National CT&I Conference","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for Plano Brasileiro de Inteligência Artificial 2024-2028 (Brazil): PBIA proposal presented at the 5th National CT&I Conference. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2024-07-30-brazil-plano-brasileiro-de-inteligencia-artificial-2024-2028","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.br/gestao/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/2024/julho/novo-plano-brasileiro-de-inteligencia-artificial-preve-o-investimento-de-r-1-76-bi-para-melhoria-de-servicos-publicos","source_title":"PBIA proposal presented at the 5th National CT&I Conference","source_publisher":"Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação (gov.br)","source_document_date":"2024-07-30","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2024-07-12-eu-ai-act-published","occurred_on":"2024-07-12","jurisdiction":"eu","policy":"eu-ai-act","title":"EU AI Act published in the Official Journal","what_changed":"Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 was published in the Official Journal, fixing its entry into force for 1 August 2024 and starting the phased application clock under Article 113.\n","practical_impact":"Every organisation supplying or using AI in the EU can now plan against fixed dates.","impact_level":"urgent","status_after":"adopted","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2024-07-12-eu-ai-act-published","source":{"official_source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","source_title":"Regulation (EU) 2024/1689","source_publisher":"Official Journal of the European Union","source_document_date":"2024-07-12","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":null,"reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2024-07-05-nepal-concept-paper-on-the-use-and-practice-of-artificial-intelligence-in-nepal","occurred_on":"2024-07-05","jurisdiction":"nepal","policy":"nepal-concept-paper-on-the-use-and-practice-of-artificial-intelligence-in-nepal","title":"Concept paper published for comments on MoCIT website (21 Asar 2081)","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for Concept Paper on the Use and Practice of Artificial Intelligence in Nepal (Nepal): Concept paper published for comments on MoCIT website (21 Asar 2081). Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2024-07-05-nepal-concept-paper-on-the-use-and-practice-of-artificial-intelligence-in-nepal","source":{"official_source_url":"https://mocit.gov.np/content/12663/12663-nepal/","source_title":"Concept paper published for comments on MoCIT website (21 Asar 2081)","source_publisher":"Ministry of Communication and Information Technology, Government of Nepal","source_document_date":"2024-07-05","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2024-07-03-philippines-national-ai-strategy-roadmap-2-0","occurred_on":"2024-07-03","jurisdiction":"philippines","policy":"philippines-national-ai-strategy-roadmap-2-0","title":"DTI launches NAISR 2.0 and the Center for AI Research","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for National AI Strategy Roadmap 2.0 (Philippines): DTI launches NAISR 2.0 and the Center for AI Research. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2024-07-03-philippines-national-ai-strategy-roadmap-2-0","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.dti.gov.ph/dti-archives/dti-news-archived/dti-dti-launches-national-ai-strategy-roadmap-2-0-center-ai-research-positioning-philippines-center-excellence-ai-rampd","source_title":"DTI launches NAISR 2.0 and the Center for AI Research","source_publisher":"Department of Trade and Industry, Philippines","source_document_date":"2024-07-03","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2024-07-01-tennessee-elvis-act-effective","occurred_on":"2024-07-01","jurisdiction":"us-tennessee","policy":"us-tennessee-elvis-act","title":"Tennessee ELVIS Act takes effect, protecting voice against AI cloning","what_changed":"The Act added voice to the right of publicity and created liability for tools primarily designed to produce unauthorised voice or likeness.\n","practical_impact":"Providers of voice-cloning tools and users of synthetic voices need authorisation for identifiable individuals in Tennessee.","impact_level":"routine","status_after":"in_force","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2024-07-01-tennessee-elvis-act-effective","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.capitol.tn.gov/Bills/113/Bill/HB2091.pdf","source_title":"HB 2091 (ELVIS Act)","source_publisher":"Tennessee General Assembly","source_document_date":"2024-03-21","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":null,"reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2024-06-13-african-union-continental-artificial-intelligence-strategy","occurred_on":"2024-06-13","jurisdiction":"african-union","policy":"african-union-continental-artificial-intelligence-strategy","title":"Adopted by African ICT and Communications Ministers (virtual session, 11-13 June 2024)","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for Continental Artificial Intelligence Strategy (African Union): Adopted by African ICT and Communications Ministers (virtual session, 11-13 June 2024). Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2024-06-13-african-union-continental-artificial-intelligence-strategy","source":{"official_source_url":"https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20240617/african-ministers-adopt-landmark-continental-artificial-intelligence-strategy","source_title":"Adopted by African ICT and Communications Ministers (virtual session, 11-13 June 2024)","source_publisher":"African Union","source_document_date":"2024-06-13","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2024-06-11-hong-kong-pcpd-ai-framework","occurred_on":"2024-06-11","jurisdiction":"hong-kong","policy":"hong-kong-pcpd-model-personal-data-protection-framework-for-ai","title":"Hong Kong PCPD publishes the Model Personal Data Protection Framework for AI","what_changed":"The Privacy Commissioner issued recommendations for organisations procuring and deploying AI with personal data, covering governance, risk assessment and human oversight, model customisation and stakeholder communication.\n","practical_impact":"Voluntary, but the PCPD checks against it in compliance reviews; organisations should set up an AI governance committee and risk-based oversight.","impact_level":"routine","status_after":"guidance","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2024-06-11-hong-kong-pcpd-ai-framework","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.pcpd.org.hk/english/resources_centre/publications/files/ai_protection_framework.pdf","source_title":"Artificial Intelligence: Model Personal Data Protection Framework","source_publisher":"PCPD","source_document_date":"2024-06-11","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":null,"reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2024-06-10-uae-the-uae-charter-for-the-development-and-use-of-artificial-intelligence","occurred_on":"2024-06-10","jurisdiction":"uae","policy":"uae-the-uae-charter-for-the-development-and-use-of-artificial-intelligence","title":"Charter issued (Cabinet approval) per UAE Legislation portal","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for The UAE Charter for the Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence (United Arab Emirates): Charter issued (Cabinet approval) per UAE Legislation portal. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2024-06-10-uae-the-uae-charter-for-the-development-and-use-of-artificial-intelligence","source":{"official_source_url":"https://uaelegislation.gov.ae/en/policy/details/the-uae-charter-for-the-development-and-use-of-artificial-intelligence","source_title":"Charter issued (Cabinet approval) per UAE Legislation portal","source_publisher":"Official Platform of the UAE Government (u.ae)","source_document_date":"2024-06-10","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2024-05-30-singapore-genai-framework","occurred_on":"2024-05-30","jurisdiction":"singapore","policy":"singapore-model-ai-governance-framework","title":"Singapore publishes the Model AI Governance Framework for Generative AI","what_changed":"IMDA and the AI Verify Foundation released a generative-AI companion to the Model AI Governance Framework with nine governance dimensions including accountability, incident reporting and content provenance.\n","practical_impact":"Generative-AI developers and deployers in Singapore have a reference set of expected practices.","impact_level":"routine","status_after":"voluntary_standard","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2024-05-30-singapore-genai-framework","source":{"official_source_url":"https://aiverifyfoundation.sg/resources/mgf-gen-ai/","source_title":"Model AI Governance Framework for Generative AI","source_publisher":"AI Verify Foundation and IMDA","source_document_date":"2024-05-30","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":null,"reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2024-05-17-colorado-ai-act-signed","occurred_on":"2024-05-17","jurisdiction":"us-colorado","policy":"us-colorado-ai-act","title":"Colorado signs the first US state law on algorithmic discrimination","what_changed":"Governor Polis signed SB 24-205, creating duties of reasonable care for developers and deployers of high-risk AI systems used in consequential decisions, originally effective 1 February 2026.\n","practical_impact":"Organisations making consequential decisions about Colorado residents should begin scoping risk programmes and impact assessments.","impact_level":"high","status_after":"adopted","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2024-05-17-colorado-ai-act-signed","source":{"official_source_url":"https://leg.colorado.gov/bills/sb24-205","source_title":"SB24-205 Consumer Protections for Artificial Intelligence","source_publisher":"Colorado General Assembly","source_document_date":"2024-05-17","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":null,"reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2024-05-17-council-of-europe-ai-convention-adopted","occurred_on":"2024-05-17","jurisdiction":"council-of-europe","policy":"council-of-europe-framework-convention-on-ai","title":"Council of Europe adopts the first binding international treaty on AI","what_changed":"The Committee of Ministers adopted the Framework Convention on AI and Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law (CETS 225); it opened for signature on 5 September 2024 with the EU, UK, US and others signing.\n","practical_impact":"Ratifying states must ensure AI activities respect human rights, with risk and impact assessment and remedies; companies feel it through national implementation.","impact_level":"high","status_after":"adopted","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2024-05-17-council-of-europe-ai-convention-adopted","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list?module=treaty-detail&treatynum=225","source_title":"Framework Convention on AI (CETS No. 225)","source_publisher":"Council of Europe","source_document_date":"2024-05-17","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":null,"reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2024-05-07-chile-proyecto-de-ley-que-regula-los-sistemas-de-inteligencia-artificial-boletin-16821-19","occurred_on":"2024-05-07","jurisdiction":"chile","policy":"chile-proyecto-de-ley-que-regula-los-sistemas-de-inteligencia-artificial-boletin-16821-19","title":"Bill entered the Chamber of Deputies by presidential message","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for Proyecto de ley que regula los sistemas de inteligencia artificial, Boletín 16821-19 (Chile): Bill entered the Chamber of Deputies by presidential message. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2024-05-07-chile-proyecto-de-ley-que-regula-los-sistemas-de-inteligencia-artificial-boletin-16821-19","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.camara.cl/legislacion/proyectosdeley/tramitacion.aspx?prmID=17429&prmBOLETIN=16821-19","source_title":"Bill entered the Chamber of Deputies by presidential message","source_publisher":"Senado de la República de Chile","source_document_date":"2024-05-07","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2024-05-03-oecd-ai-principles-revised","occurred_on":"2024-05-03","jurisdiction":"international","policy":"oecd-recommendation-on-artificial-intelligence","title":"OECD revises its AI Principles and the definition of an AI system","what_changed":"The OECD Council updated the Recommendation to reflect general-purpose and generative AI, misinformation and environmental sustainability, and adopted a revised definition of an AI system used by the EU AI Act and other laws.\n","practical_impact":"The revised definition is the reference for scoping AI systems across jurisdictions.","impact_level":"routine","status_after":"adopted","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2024-05-03-oecd-ai-principles-revised","source":{"official_source_url":"https://legalinstruments.oecd.org/en/instruments/OECD-LEGAL-0449","source_title":"OECD/LEGAL/0449","source_publisher":"OECD","source_document_date":"2024-05-03","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":null,"reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2024-05-02-chile-politica-nacional-de-inteligencia-artificial","occurred_on":"2024-05-02","jurisdiction":"chile","policy":"chile-politica-nacional-de-inteligencia-artificial","title":"Updated National AI Policy and Action Plan presented","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for Política Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial (Chile): Updated National AI Policy and Action Plan presented. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2024-05-02-chile-politica-nacional-de-inteligencia-artificial","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.minrel.gob.cl/sala-de-prensa/canciller-asistio-a-la-presentacion-de-la-actualizacion-de-la-politica","source_title":"Updated National AI Policy and Action Plan presented","source_publisher":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología, Conocimiento e Innovación","source_document_date":"2024-05-02","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2024-05-01-utah-ai-policy-act-effective","occurred_on":"2024-05-01","jurisdiction":"us-utah","policy":"us-utah-artificial-intelligence-policy-act","title":"Utah AI Policy Act takes effect with generative-AI disclosure duties","what_changed":"SB 149 became effective, requiring disclosure of generative-AI interaction on request in consumer transactions and proactively in regulated occupations, and creating the Office of AI Policy and a learning laboratory.\n","practical_impact":"Businesses using chatbots with Utah consumers need disclosure processes; the 2025 amendments narrowed the duty to high-risk interactions.","impact_level":"high","status_after":"in_force","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2024-05-01-utah-ai-policy-act-effective","source":{"official_source_url":"https://le.utah.gov/~2024/bills/static/SB0149.html","source_title":"SB 149 Artificial Intelligence Amendments","source_publisher":"Utah State Legislature","source_document_date":"2024-03-13","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":null,"reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2024-04-19-japan-ai-guidelines-for-business","occurred_on":"2024-04-19","jurisdiction":"japan","policy":"japan-ai-guidelines-for-business","title":"AI Guidelines for Business Ver1.0 published","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for AI Guidelines for Business (Japan): AI Guidelines for Business Ver1.0 published. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2024-04-19-japan-ai-guidelines-for-business","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.meti.go.jp/shingikai/mono_info_service/ai_shakai_jisso/20240419_report.html","source_title":"AI Guidelines for Business Ver1.0 published","source_publisher":"Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry","source_document_date":"2024-04-19","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2024-03-21-un-general-assembly-ai-resolution","occurred_on":"2024-03-21","jurisdiction":"international","policy":"un-general-assembly-resolution-78-265-on-ai","title":"UN General Assembly adopts its first resolution on safe, secure and trustworthy AI","what_changed":"Resolution A/RES/78/265, adopted by consensus with more than 120 co-sponsors, encourages states to promote trustworthy AI for sustainable development and to develop governance frameworks.\n","practical_impact":"Non-binding, but it anchors AI governance in the UN system and led to the 2025 scientific panel and global dialogue.","impact_level":"routine","status_after":"adopted","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2024-03-21-un-general-assembly-ai-resolution","source":{"official_source_url":"https://docs.un.org/en/A/RES/78/265","source_title":"A/RES/78/265","source_publisher":"United Nations General Assembly","source_document_date":"2024-03-21","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":null,"reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2024-03-07-india-national-strategy-for-artificial-intelligence","occurred_on":"2024-03-07","jurisdiction":"india","policy":"india-national-strategy-for-artificial-intelligence","title":"Union Cabinet approves the IndiaAI Mission, operationalising national AI investment","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (India): Union Cabinet approves the IndiaAI Mission, operationalising national AI investment. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2024-03-07-india-national-strategy-for-artificial-intelligence","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2012355","source_title":"Union Cabinet approves the IndiaAI Mission, operationalising national AI investment","source_publisher":"NITI Aayog","source_document_date":"2024-03-07","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2024-03-07-india-indiaai-mission","occurred_on":"2024-03-07","jurisdiction":"india","policy":"india-indiaai-mission","title":"Cabinet approves IndiaAI Mission with INR 10,371.92 crore outlay","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for IndiaAI Mission (India): Cabinet approves IndiaAI Mission with INR 10,371.92 crore outlay. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2024-03-07-india-indiaai-mission","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2012355","source_title":"Cabinet approves IndiaAI Mission with INR 10,371.92 crore outlay","source_publisher":"Press Information Bureau, Government of India (Cabinet decision)","source_document_date":"2024-03-07","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2023-12-19-indonesia-surat-edaran-menteri-komunikasi-dan-informatika-nomor-9-tahun-2023-tentang-etika-kecerdasan-artif","occurred_on":"2023-12-19","jurisdiction":"indonesia","policy":"indonesia-surat-edaran-menteri-komunikasi-dan-informatika-nomor-9-tahun-2023-tentang-etika-kecerdasan-artifisi","title":"Circular Letter No. 9/2023 on AI Ethics signed by the Minister","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for Surat Edaran Menteri Komunikasi dan Informatika Nomor 9 Tahun 2023 tentang Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial (Indonesia): Circular Letter No. 9/2023 on AI Ethics signed by the Minister. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2023-12-19-indonesia-surat-edaran-menteri-komunikasi-dan-informatika-nomor-9-tahun-2023-tentang-etika-kecerdasan-artif","source":{"official_source_url":"https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023","source_title":"Circular Letter No. 9/2023 on AI Ethics signed by the Minister","source_publisher":"JDIH Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital","source_document_date":"2023-12-19","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2023-12-18-iso-iec-42001-published","occurred_on":"2023-12-18","jurisdiction":"international","policy":"iso-iec-42001-2023-ai-management-system","title":"ISO/IEC 42001, the first AI management-system standard, is published","what_changed":"ISO and IEC published ISO/IEC 42001:2023, a certifiable management-system standard for organisations developing, providing or using AI, with lifecycle controls in Annex A.\n","practical_impact":"Organisations can certify AI governance; procurement and regulators increasingly reference it as evidence.","impact_level":"routine","status_after":"voluntary_standard","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2023-12-18-iso-iec-42001-published","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.iso.org/standard/42001","source_title":"ISO/IEC 42001:2023","source_publisher":"International Organization for Standardization","source_document_date":"2023-12-18","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":null,"reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2023-12-17-israel-ai-policy","occurred_on":"2023-12-17","jurisdiction":"israel","policy":"israel-ai-regulation-and-ethics-policy-2023","title":"Israel adopts a sector-based, risk-based national AI regulation and ethics policy","what_changed":"The Ministry of Innovation, Science and Technology and the Ministry of Justice published Israel's AI policy, preferring sector regulation and soft tools over a horizontal law, with common ethical principles and a coordination centre.\n","practical_impact":"Organisations in Israel should expect sector regulators, not a single AI law, to set requirements.","impact_level":"routine","status_after":"adopted","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2023-12-17-israel-ai-policy","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.il/en/pages/ai_2023","source_title":"Israel's Policy on Artificial Intelligence Regulation and Ethics","source_publisher":"Ministry of Innovation, Science and Technology","source_document_date":"2023-12-17","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":null,"reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2023-12-04-singapore-national-artificial-intelligence-strategy-2-0","occurred_on":"2023-12-04","jurisdiction":"singapore","policy":"singapore-national-artificial-intelligence-strategy-2-0","title":"NAIS 2.0 launched by DPM Lawrence Wong","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for National Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2.0 (Singapore): NAIS 2.0 launched by DPM Lawrence Wong. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2023-12-04-singapore-national-artificial-intelligence-strategy-2-0","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.mddi.gov.sg/newsroom/04122023/","source_title":"NAIS 2.0 launched by DPM Lawrence Wong","source_publisher":"Smart Nation Singapore","source_document_date":"2023-12-04","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2023-11-01-bletchley-declaration","occurred_on":"2023-11-01","jurisdiction":"international","policy":"bletchley-declaration-ai-safety-summit-2023","title":"28 countries and the EU sign the Bletchley Declaration on AI safety","what_changed":"At the first AI Safety Summit, signatories including the US, China and the EU agreed to cooperate on identifying and managing frontier-AI safety risks, launching the summit series and the network of AI safety institutes.\n","practical_impact":"Signals that frontier-model safety evaluation would become a shared government priority; no direct obligations.","impact_level":"routine","status_after":"adopted","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2023-11-01-bletchley-declaration","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-safety-summit-2023-the-bletchley-declaration/the-bletchley-declaration-by-countries-attending-the-ai-safety-summit-1-2-november-2023","source_title":"The Bletchley Declaration","source_publisher":"UK Government","source_document_date":"2023-11-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":null,"reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2023-10-30-g7-hiroshima-code-of-conduct","occurred_on":"2023-10-30","jurisdiction":"international","policy":"g7-hiroshima-process-code-of-conduct-for-advanced-ai","title":"G7 leaders publish the Hiroshima Process code of conduct for advanced AI developers","what_changed":"G7 leaders agreed international guiding principles and a voluntary code of conduct with eleven actions for organisations developing advanced AI systems, including risk evaluation, incident monitoring, transparency reporting and content authentication.\n","practical_impact":"Frontier and foundation-model developers gained a common voluntary baseline that later fed into the OECD reporting framework and the EU GPAI code of practice.","impact_level":"routine","status_after":"voluntary_standard","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2023-10-30-g7-hiroshima-code-of-conduct","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.mofa.go.jp/files/100573473.pdf","source_title":"Hiroshima Process International Code of Conduct for Organizations Developing Advanced AI Systems","source_publisher":"Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan","source_document_date":"2023-10-30","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":null,"reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2023-09-27-canada-voluntary-code-of-conduct-on-the-responsible-development-and-management-of-advanced-generative-ai-sy","occurred_on":"2023-09-27","jurisdiction":"canada","policy":"canada-voluntary-code-of-conduct-on-the-responsible-development-and-management-of-advanced-generative-ai-syste","title":"Code published with initial signatories","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for Voluntary Code of Conduct on the Responsible Development and Management of Advanced Generative AI Systems (Canada): Code published with initial signatories. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2023-09-27-canada-voluntary-code-of-conduct-on-the-responsible-development-and-management-of-advanced-generative-ai-sy","source":{"official_source_url":"https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/ised/en/voluntary-code-conduct-responsible-development-and-management-advanced-generative-ai-systems","source_title":"Code published with initial signatories","source_publisher":"Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada","source_document_date":"2023-09-27","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2023-09-22-quebec-law-25-automated-decisions","occurred_on":"2023-09-22","jurisdiction":"ca-quebec","policy":"ca-quebec-law-25-automated-decision-provisions","title":"Quebec Law 25 automated-decision and biometric provisions take effect","what_changed":"The second tranche of Law 25 came into force, requiring enterprises to inform individuals of decisions based exclusively on automated processing, explain factors on request, allow observations, declare biometric databases and run privacy impact assessments.\n","practical_impact":"Any organisation making fully automated decisions about Quebec residents must add notices, explanation and human-review channels.","impact_level":"high","status_after":"in_force","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2023-09-22-quebec-law-25-automated-decisions","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/fileadmin/Fichiers_client/lois_et_reglements/LoisAnnuelles/en/2021/2021C25A.PDF","source_title":"S.Q. 2021, c. 25","source_publisher":"Publications Québec","source_document_date":"2021-09-22","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":null,"reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2023-09-01-saudi-arabia-ai-ethics-principles","occurred_on":"2023-09-01","jurisdiction":"saudi-arabia","policy":"saudi-arabia-ai-ethics-principles","title":"AI Ethics Principles version 1.0 issued (September 2023)","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for AI Ethics Principles (Saudi Arabia): AI Ethics Principles version 1.0 issued (September 2023). Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2023-09-01-saudi-arabia-ai-ethics-principles","source":{"official_source_url":"https://sdaia.gov.sa/en/SDAIA/about/Pages/AboutAI.aspx","source_title":"AI Ethics Principles version 1.0 issued (September 2023)","source_publisher":"Saudi Data and Artificial Intelligence Authority","source_document_date":"2023-09-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2023-08-28-nigeria-national-artificial-intelligence-strategy","occurred_on":"2023-08-28","jurisdiction":"nigeria","policy":"nigeria-national-artificial-intelligence-strategy","title":"FMCIDE announces initiative to co-create a National AI Strategy","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for National Artificial Intelligence Strategy (Nigeria): FMCIDE announces initiative to co-create a National AI Strategy. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2023-08-28-nigeria-national-artificial-intelligence-strategy","source":{"official_source_url":"https://fmcide.gov.ng/initiative/nais/","source_title":"FMCIDE announces initiative to co-create a National AI Strategy","source_publisher":"National Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (NITDA)","source_document_date":"2023-08-28","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2023-08-15-china-interim-measures-for-the-management-of-generative-artificial-intelligence-services","occurred_on":"2023-08-15","jurisdiction":"china","policy":"china-interim-measures-for-the-management-of-generative-artificial-intelligence-services","title":"Measures enter into force","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for Interim Measures for the Management of Generative Artificial Intelligence Services (China): Measures enter into force. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2023-08-15-china-interim-measures-for-the-management-of-generative-artificial-intelligence-services","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.cac.gov.cn/2023-07/13/c_1690898327029107.htm","source_title":"Measures enter into force","source_publisher":"Cyberspace Administration of China","source_document_date":"2023-08-15","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2023-07-13-china-interim-measures-for-the-management-of-generative-artificial-intelligence-services","occurred_on":"2023-07-13","jurisdiction":"china","policy":"china-interim-measures-for-the-management-of-generative-artificial-intelligence-services","title":"Measures published (Order No. 15, dated 10 July 2023)","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for Interim Measures for the Management of Generative Artificial Intelligence Services (China): Measures published (Order No. 15, dated 10 July 2023). Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2023-07-13-china-interim-measures-for-the-management-of-generative-artificial-intelligence-services","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.cac.gov.cn/2023-07/13/c_1690898327029107.htm","source_title":"Measures published (Order No. 15, dated 10 July 2023)","source_publisher":"Cyberspace Administration of China","source_document_date":"2023-07-13","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2023-07-05-nyc-local-law-144-enforcement","occurred_on":"2023-07-05","jurisdiction":"us-new-york","policy":"us-new-york-city-local-law-144-automated-employment-decision-tools","title":"New York City begins enforcing Local Law 144 on automated employment decision tools","what_changed":"The Department of Consumer and Worker Protection started enforcing bias-audit, published-summary and candidate-notice requirements for automated employment decision tools used for hiring or promotion in the city.\n","practical_impact":"Employers using screening tools for NYC roles need an annual independent bias audit and ten business days of notice to candidates.","impact_level":"high","status_after":"in_force","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2023-07-05-nyc-local-law-144-enforcement","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.nyc.gov/site/dca/about/automated-employment-decision-tools.page","source_title":"Automated Employment Decision Tools (AEDT)","source_publisher":"NYC Department of Consumer and Worker Protection","source_document_date":"2023-07-05","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":null,"reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2023-07-05-peru-ley-n-31814","occurred_on":"2023-07-05","jurisdiction":"peru","policy":"peru-ley-n-31814","title":"Law 31814 published in El Peruano","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for Ley N° 31814 (Peru): Law 31814 published in El Peruano. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2023-07-05-peru-ley-n-31814","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gob.pe/institucion/congreso-de-la-republica/normas-legales/4565760-31814","source_title":"Law 31814 published in El Peruano","source_publisher":"Diario Oficial El Peruano","source_document_date":"2023-07-05","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2023-06-02-argentina-disposicion-2-2023","occurred_on":"2023-06-02","jurisdiction":"argentina","policy":"argentina-disposicion-2-2023","title":"Published in the Boletín Oficial","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for Disposición 2/2023 (Argentina): Published in the Boletín Oficial. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2023-06-02-argentina-disposicion-2-2023","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.boletinoficial.gob.ar/detalleAviso/primera/287679/20230602","source_title":"Published in the Boletín Oficial","source_publisher":"Argentina.gob.ar (Jefatura de Gabinete de Ministros)","source_document_date":"2023-06-02","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2023-04-24-canada-artificial-intelligence-and-data-act","occurred_on":"2023-04-24","jurisdiction":"canada","policy":"canada-artificial-intelligence-and-data-act","title":"Second reading passed; referred to the Standing Committee on Industry and Technology","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for Artificial Intelligence and Data Act (Canada): Second reading passed; referred to the Standing Committee on Industry and Technology. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2023-04-24-canada-artificial-intelligence-and-data-act","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.parl.ca/legisinfo/en/bill/44-1/c-27","source_title":"Second reading passed; referred to the Standing Committee on Industry and Technology","source_publisher":"Parliament of Canada (LEGISinfo)","source_document_date":"2023-04-24","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2023-04-20-rwanda-the-national-ai-policy","occurred_on":"2023-04-20","jurisdiction":"rwanda","policy":"rwanda-the-national-ai-policy","title":"Policy approved by Cabinet (per policy partners); full text published by MINICT","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for The National AI Policy (Rwanda): Policy approved by Cabinet (per policy partners); full text published by MINICT. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2023-04-20-rwanda-the-national-ai-policy","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.minict.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/minict_user_upload/Documents/Artificial_Intelligence_Policy__1_.pdf","source_title":"Policy approved by Cabinet (per policy partners); full text published by MINICT","source_publisher":"Ministry of ICT and Innovation, Republic of Rwanda","source_document_date":"2023-04-20","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2022-12-01-thailand-thailand-national-ai-strategy-and-action-plan","occurred_on":"2022-12-01","jurisdiction":"thailand","policy":"thailand-thailand-national-ai-strategy-and-action-plan","title":"English overview of the strategy published on Thailand's official AI portal","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for Thailand National AI Strategy and Action Plan (Thailand): English overview of the strategy published on Thailand's official AI portal. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2022-12-01-thailand-thailand-national-ai-strategy-and-action-plan","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.ai.in.th/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/2022-NAIS-Presentation-eng.pdf","source_title":"English overview of the strategy published on Thailand's official AI portal","source_publisher":"National Electronics and Computer Technology Center (NECTEC), NSTDA","source_document_date":"2022-12-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2022-07-26-thailand-thailand-national-ai-strategy-and-action-plan","occurred_on":"2022-07-26","jurisdiction":"thailand","policy":"thailand-thailand-national-ai-strategy-and-action-plan","title":"Cabinet approves the National AI Strategy and Action Plan (2022-2027)","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for Thailand National AI Strategy and Action Plan (Thailand): Cabinet approves the National AI Strategy and Action Plan (2022-2027). Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2022-07-26-thailand-thailand-national-ai-strategy-and-action-plan","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.nectec.or.th/en/about/news/cabinet-national-ai-strategy.html","source_title":"Cabinet approves the National AI Strategy and Action Plan (2022-2027)","source_publisher":"National Electronics and Computer Technology Center (NECTEC), NSTDA","source_document_date":"2022-07-26","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2022-06-16-canada-artificial-intelligence-and-data-act","occurred_on":"2022-06-16","jurisdiction":"canada","policy":"canada-artificial-intelligence-and-data-act","title":"Bill C-27 introduced at first reading in the House of Commons","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for Artificial Intelligence and Data Act (Canada): Bill C-27 introduced at first reading in the House of Commons. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2022-06-16-canada-artificial-intelligence-and-data-act","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.parl.ca/legisinfo/en/bill/44-1/c-27","source_title":"Bill C-27 introduced at first reading in the House of Commons","source_publisher":"Parliament of Canada (LEGISinfo)","source_document_date":"2022-06-16","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2021-12-01-malaysia-national-artificial-intelligence-roadmap-2021-2025","occurred_on":"2021-12-01","jurisdiction":"malaysia","policy":"malaysia-national-artificial-intelligence-roadmap-2021-2025","title":"AI-Rmap 2021-2025 adopted by MOSTI","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for National Artificial Intelligence Roadmap 2021-2025 (Malaysia): AI-Rmap 2021-2025 adopted by MOSTI. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2021-12-01-malaysia-national-artificial-intelligence-roadmap-2021-2025","source":{"official_source_url":"https://mastic.mosti.gov.my/publication/artificial-intelligence-roadmap-2021-2025/","source_title":"AI-Rmap 2021-2025 adopted by MOSTI","source_publisher":"Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia","source_document_date":"2021-12-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2021-11-23-unesco-ethics-recommendation","occurred_on":"2021-11-23","jurisdiction":"international","policy":"unesco-recommendation-on-the-ethics-of-ai","title":"UNESCO member states adopt the Recommendation on the Ethics of AI","what_changed":"193 member states adopted the first global normative instrument on AI ethics at the 41st General Conference, with values, principles and eleven policy action areas and a readiness assessment methodology for implementation.\n","practical_impact":"Governments use the readiness assessment to shape national AI strategies; organisations can use its ethical impact assessment.","impact_level":"high","status_after":"adopted","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2021-11-23-unesco-ethics-recommendation","source":{"official_source_url":"https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000381137","source_title":"Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence","source_publisher":"UNESCO","source_document_date":"2021-11-23","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":null,"reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2021-07-01-egypt-egypt-national-artificial-intelligence-strategy","occurred_on":"2021-07-01","jurisdiction":"egypt","policy":"egypt-egypt-national-artificial-intelligence-strategy","title":"Strategy published by MCIT (July 2021)","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for Egypt National Artificial Intelligence Strategy (Egypt): Strategy published by MCIT (July 2021). Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2021-07-01-egypt-egypt-national-artificial-intelligence-strategy","source":{"official_source_url":"https://mcit.gov.eg/Upcont/Documents/Publications_672021000_Egypt-National-AI-Strategy-English.pdf","source_title":"Strategy published by MCIT (July 2021)","source_publisher":"Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, Egypt","source_document_date":"2021-07-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2021-04-19-canada-pan-canadian-artificial-intelligence-strategy","occurred_on":"2021-04-19","jurisdiction":"canada","policy":"canada-pan-canadian-artificial-intelligence-strategy","title":"Phase II announced in Budget 2021 ($443.8 million)","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for Pan-Canadian Artificial Intelligence Strategy (Canada): Phase II announced in Budget 2021 ($443.8 million). Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2021-04-19-canada-pan-canadian-artificial-intelligence-strategy","source":{"official_source_url":"https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/ai-strategy/en","source_title":"Phase II announced in Budget 2021 ($443.8 million)","source_publisher":"Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada","source_document_date":"2021-04-19","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2021-01-26-vietnam-national-strategy-on-research-development-and-application-of-artificial-intelligence-to-2030","occurred_on":"2021-01-26","jurisdiction":"vietnam","policy":"vietnam-national-strategy-on-research-development-and-application-of-artificial-intelligence-to-2030","title":"Decision 127/QD-TTg signed by Deputy PM Vu Duc Dam","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for National Strategy on Research, Development and Application of Artificial Intelligence to 2030 (Vietnam): Decision 127/QD-TTg signed by Deputy PM Vu Duc Dam. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2021-01-26-vietnam-national-strategy-on-research-development-and-application-of-artificial-intelligence-to-2030","source":{"official_source_url":"https://datafiles.chinhphu.vn/cpp/files/vbpq/2021/01/127.signed.pdf","source_title":"Decision 127/QD-TTg signed by Deputy PM Vu Duc Dam","source_publisher":"Government of Vietnam legal document portal (vanban.chinhphu.vn)","source_document_date":"2021-01-26","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2020-08-10-indonesia-strategi-nasional-kecerdasan-artifisial-indonesia-2020-2045","occurred_on":"2020-08-10","jurisdiction":"indonesia","policy":"indonesia-strategi-nasional-kecerdasan-artifisial-indonesia-2020-2045","title":"Stranas KA launched on National Technology Awakening Day (Hakteknas)","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for Strategi Nasional Kecerdasan Artifisial Indonesia 2020-2045 (Indonesia): Stranas KA launched on National Technology Awakening Day (Hakteknas). Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2020-08-10-indonesia-strategi-nasional-kecerdasan-artifisial-indonesia-2020-2045","source":{"official_source_url":"https://karya.brin.go.id/id/eprint/13918/","source_title":"Stranas KA launched on National Technology Awakening Day (Hakteknas)","source_publisher":"National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) repository / BPPT Press","source_document_date":"2020-08-10","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2020-07-17-saudi-arabia-national-strategy-for-data-ai","occurred_on":"2020-07-17","jurisdiction":"saudi-arabia","policy":"saudi-arabia-national-strategy-for-data-ai","title":"Strategy approved by the King (per SDAIA)","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for National Strategy for Data & AI (Saudi Arabia): Strategy approved by the King (per SDAIA). Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2020-07-17-saudi-arabia-national-strategy-for-data-ai","source":{"official_source_url":"https://sdaia.gov.sa/en/SDAIA/SdaiaStrategies/Pages/NationalStrategyForDataAndAI.aspx","source_title":"Strategy approved by the King (per SDAIA)","source_publisher":"Saudi Data and Artificial Intelligence Authority","source_document_date":"2020-07-17","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2019-10-29-qatar-national-artificial-intelligence-strategy-for-qatar-2019","occurred_on":"2019-10-29","jurisdiction":"qatar","policy":"qatar-national-artificial-intelligence-strategy-for-qatar-2019","title":"Strategy adopted and announced by the government at QITCOM 2019","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for National Artificial Intelligence Strategy for Qatar 2019 (Qatar): Strategy adopted and announced by the government at QITCOM 2019. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2019-10-29-qatar-national-artificial-intelligence-strategy-for-qatar-2019","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.mcit.gov.qa/-/media/mcit/documents/strategies/national_artificial_intelligence_strategy_for_qatar_2019_en.pdf","source_title":"Strategy adopted and announced by the government at QITCOM 2019","source_publisher":"Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, Qatar","source_document_date":"2019-10-29","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2019-05-22-oecd-ai-principles","occurred_on":"2019-05-22","jurisdiction":"international","policy":"oecd-recommendation-on-artificial-intelligence","title":"OECD adopts the first intergovernmental AI Principles","what_changed":"The OECD Council adopted the Recommendation on Artificial Intelligence, setting five principles for trustworthy AI and five recommendations to governments; the G20 endorsed principles drawn from it in June 2019.\n","practical_impact":"Baseline reference for national AI policies and later laws; organisations can map governance to its five principles.","impact_level":"high","status_after":"adopted","url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2019-05-22-oecd-ai-principles","source":{"official_source_url":"https://legalinstruments.oecd.org/en/instruments/OECD-LEGAL-0449","source_title":"OECD/LEGAL/0449","source_publisher":"OECD","source_document_date":"2019-05-22","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":null,"last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":null,"reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2018-06-01-india-national-strategy-for-artificial-intelligence","occurred_on":"2018-06-01","jurisdiction":"india","policy":"india-national-strategy-for-artificial-intelligence","title":"NITI Aayog publishes the National Strategy for AI discussion paper (June 2018)","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (India): NITI Aayog publishes the National Strategy for AI discussion paper (June 2018). Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2018-06-01-india-national-strategy-for-artificial-intelligence","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-03/National-Strategy-for-Artificial-Intelligence.pdf","source_title":"NITI Aayog publishes the National Strategy for AI discussion paper (June 2018)","source_publisher":"NITI Aayog","source_document_date":"2018-06-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2017-10-01-uae-uae-strategy-for-artificial-intelligence","occurred_on":"2017-10-01","jurisdiction":"uae","policy":"uae-uae-strategy-for-artificial-intelligence","title":"UAE Strategy for Artificial Intelligence launched (October 2017)","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for UAE Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (United Arab Emirates): UAE Strategy for Artificial Intelligence launched (October 2017). Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2017-10-01-uae-uae-strategy-for-artificial-intelligence","source":{"official_source_url":"https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/digital-uae/digital-technology/artificial-intelligence/artificial-intelligence-in-government-policies","source_title":"UAE Strategy for Artificial Intelligence launched (October 2017)","source_publisher":"Official Platform of the UAE Government (u.ae)","source_document_date":"2017-10-01","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2017-07-20-china-opinions-of-the-state-council-on-deepening-the-implementation-of-the-ai-plus-action","occurred_on":"2017-07-20","jurisdiction":"china","policy":"china-opinions-of-the-state-council-on-deepening-the-implementation-of-the-ai-plus-action","title":"Predecessor New Generation AI Development Plan (Guofa [2017] No. 35) issued","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for Opinions of the State Council on Deepening the Implementation of the 'AI Plus' Action (China): Predecessor New Generation AI Development Plan (Guofa [2017] No. 35) issued. Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2017-07-20-china-opinions-of-the-state-council-on-deepening-the-implementation-of-the-ai-plus-action","source":{"official_source_url":"https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2017-07/20/content_5211996.htm","source_title":"Predecessor New Generation AI Development Plan (Guofa [2017] No. 35) issued","source_publisher":"Central People's Government of the PRC (gov.cn)","source_document_date":"2017-07-20","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"high","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}},{"slug":"2017-03-22-canada-pan-canadian-artificial-intelligence-strategy","occurred_on":"2017-03-22","jurisdiction":"canada","policy":"canada-pan-canadian-artificial-intelligence-strategy","title":"Strategy funded in Budget 2017 (Phase I, $125 million)","what_changed":"Milestone recorded for Pan-Canadian Artificial Intelligence Strategy (Canada): Strategy funded in Budget 2017 (Phase I, $125 million). Recorded from the official source listed; details to be expanded by a reviewer.","practical_impact":"","impact_level":"routine","status_after":null,"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/changes#2017-03-22-canada-pan-canadian-artificial-intelligence-strategy","source":{"official_source_url":"https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/ai-strategy/en","source_title":"Strategy funded in Budget 2017 (Phase I, $125 million)","source_publisher":"Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada","source_document_date":"2017-03-22","source_reference":null,"source_tier":1,"last_checked_at":"2026-09-11","last_verified_at":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","content_version":1,"change_summary":"Imported milestone from the legacy dataset.","reviewed_by":null}}]}