{"slug":"afghanistan","name":"Afghanistan","short_name":"Afghanistan","iso_code":"AF","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"South Asia","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/afghanistan","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/afghanistan.md","official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"african-union","name":"African Union","short_name":"African Union","iso_code":null,"jurisdiction_type":"supranational","region":"Africa","subregion":"Continental","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: Continental Artificial Intelligence Strategy (2024, strategy, adopted). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Continental Artificial Intelligence Strategy.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Continental Artificial Intelligence Strategy","publisher":"African Union","url":"https://au.int/en/documents/20240809/continental-artificial-intelligence-strategy","document_date":"2024-07-18","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/african-union","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/african-union.md","official_source_url":"https://au.int/en/documents/20240809/continental-artificial-intelligence-strategy","source_publisher":"African Union","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"albania","name":"Albania","short_name":"Albania","iso_code":"AL","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","regulatory_status_summary":"Albania has announced an AI strategy process and uses AI in public services (including an EU-accession document-screening tool); no adopted AI-specific law or published national strategy has been recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"National Agency for Information Society (AKSHI)","url":"https://www.akshi.gov.al/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"National Agency for Information Society (AKSHI)","publisher":"Government of Albania","url":"https://www.akshi.gov.al/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/albania","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/albania.md","official_source_url":"https://www.akshi.gov.al/","source_publisher":"Government of Albania","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"algeria","name":"Algeria","short_name":"Algeria","iso_code":"DZ","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Northern Africa","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI strategy (2025) as policy; National AI Council; no AI-specific law.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI strategy (2025).","regulators":[{"name":"Ministère de l'Économie de la Connaissance, des Start-up et des Micro-entreprises","url":"https://www.mecsme.gov.dz/","role":"AI strategy co-lead"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministère de l'Économie de la Connaissance, des Start-up et des Micro-entreprises","publisher":"Government of Algeria","url":"https://www.mecsme.gov.dz/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/algeria","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/algeria.md","official_source_url":"https://www.mecsme.gov.dz/","source_publisher":"Government of Algeria","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"andorra","name":"Andorra","short_name":"Andorra","iso_code":"AD","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","regulatory_status_summary":"Andorra signed the Council of Europe Framework Convention on AI (2024); no domestic AI-specific instrument recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Govern d'Andorra","url":"https://www.govern.ad/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Govern d'Andorra","publisher":"Government of Andorra","url":"https://www.govern.ad/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/andorra","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/andorra.md","official_source_url":"https://www.govern.ad/","source_publisher":"Government of Andorra","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"angola","name":"Angola","short_name":"Angola","iso_code":"AO","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Middle Africa","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Governo de Angola","url":"https://governo.gov.ao/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Governo de Angola","publisher":"Government of Angola","url":"https://governo.gov.ao/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/angola","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/angola.md","official_source_url":"https://governo.gov.ao/","source_publisher":"Government of Angola","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"antigua-and-barbuda","name":"Antigua and Barbuda","short_name":"Antigua and Barbuda","iso_code":"AG","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Caribbean","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Government of Antigua and Barbuda","url":"https://ab.gov.ag/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Antigua and Barbuda","publisher":"Government of Antigua and Barbuda","url":"https://ab.gov.ag/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/antigua-and-barbuda","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/antigua-and-barbuda.md","official_source_url":"https://ab.gov.ag/","source_publisher":"Government of Antigua and Barbuda","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"argentina","name":"Argentina","short_name":"Argentina","iso_code":"AR","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"South America","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: Disposición 2/2023 (2023, regulation, in force); Decisión Administrativa 899/2024 (2024, regulation, in force). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Disposición 2/2023, Decisión Administrativa 899/2024. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Disposición 2/2023 – Recomendaciones para una Inteligencia Artificial Fiable (Disposition 2/2023 – Recommendations for Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence)","publisher":"Argentina.gob.ar (Jefatura de Gabinete de Ministros)","url":"https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativa/nacional/disposici%C3%B3n-2-2023-384656/texto","document_date":"2023-06-02","document_type":"legislation","tier":1},{"title":"Decisión Administrativa 899/2024 – Mesa Interministerial sobre Inteligencia Artificial (Administrative Decision 899/2024 – Interministerial Board on Artificial Intelligence)","publisher":"Boletín Oficial de la República Argentina","url":"https://www.boletinoficial.gob.ar/detalleAviso/primera/314465/20240924","document_date":"2024-09-24","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/argentina","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/argentina.md","official_source_url":"https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativa/nacional/disposici%C3%B3n-2-2023-384656/texto","source_publisher":"Argentina.gob.ar (Jefatura de Gabinete de Ministros)","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"armenia","name":"Armenia","short_name":"Armenia","iso_code":"AM","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Western Asia","regulatory_status_summary":"Armenia adopted an AI strategy framework in 2025 and hosts the \"Armenia AI Factory\" initiative; the strategy text was not verified from an official source at the time of checking. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Government of Armenia","url":"https://www.gov.am/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Armenia","publisher":"Government of Armenia","url":"https://www.gov.am/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/armenia","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/armenia.md","official_source_url":"https://www.gov.am/","source_publisher":"Government of Armenia","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"asean","name":"ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations)","short_name":"ASEAN","iso_code":null,"jurisdiction_type":"supranational","region":"Asia","subregion":"South-East Asia","regulatory_status_summary":"Voluntary regional guides (2024, 2025); no binding ASEAN AI regulation.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: ASEAN Guide on AI Governance and Ethics (2024); Expanded ASEAN Guide on AI Governance and Ethics – Generative AI (2025).","regulators":[{"name":"ASEAN Digital Ministers' Meeting (ADGMIN)","url":"https://asean.org/","role":"Endorses regional digital and AI guidance"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"ASEAN Guide on AI Governance and Ethics","publisher":"ASEAN Secretariat","url":"https://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/ASEAN-Guide-on-AI-Governance-and-Ethics_beautified_201223_v2.pdf","document_date":"2024-02-02","document_type":"guidance","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/asean","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/asean.md","official_source_url":"https://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/ASEAN-Guide-on-AI-Governance-and-Ethics_beautified_201223_v2.pdf","source_publisher":"ASEAN Secretariat","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"australia","name":"Australia","short_name":"Australia","iso_code":"AU","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Oceania","subregion":null,"regulatory_status_summary":"No binding cross-sector AI law; mandatory guardrails were consulted on in 2024 but the December 2025 National AI Plan signalled an existing-law approach. Voluntary AI Safety Standard available. Government agencies follow a binding whole-of-government AI policy. A reviewer must confirm the current status of the mandatory-guardrails proposal.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Privacy Act 1988 and Privacy and Other Legislation Amendment Act 2024 (automated decision transparency provisions with delayed commencement), Australian Consumer Law, anti-discrimination Acts, sector rules (APRA, ASIC, TGA); the DTA AI policy for federal agencies. Guidance / voluntary: Voluntary AI Safety Standard, AI Ethics Principles, OAIC guidance on AI and privacy.","regulators":[{"name":"Department of Industry, Science and Resources","url":"https://www.industry.gov.au/","role":"AI policy lead, Voluntary AI Safety Standard"},{"name":"Digital Transformation Agency","url":"https://www.digital.gov.au/","role":"Government AI policy and assurance"},{"name":"Office of the Australian Information Commissioner","url":"https://www.oaic.gov.au/","role":"Privacy Act and AI privacy guidance"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Voluntary AI Safety Standard","publisher":"Department of Industry, Science and Resources","url":"https://www.industry.gov.au/publications/voluntary-ai-safety-standard","document_date":"2024-09-05","document_type":"guidance","tier":1},{"title":"Safe and responsible AI in Australia — proposals paper for introducing mandatory guardrails for AI in high-risk settings","publisher":"Department of Industry, Science and Resources","url":"https://consult.industry.gov.au/ai-mandatory-guardrails","document_date":"2024-09-05","document_type":"consultation","tier":1},{"title":"Policy for the responsible use of AI in government","publisher":"Digital Transformation Agency","url":"https://www.digital.gov.au/policy/ai/policy","document_date":"2024-09-01","document_type":"guidance","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/australia","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/australia.md","official_source_url":"https://www.industry.gov.au/publications/voluntary-ai-safety-standard","source_publisher":"Australian Government, Department of Industry, Science and Resources","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"austria","name":"Austria","short_name":"Austria","iso_code":"AT","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Western Europe","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; RTR AI service desk operating; AIM AT 2030 strategy as policy; authority designation in progress.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: AIM AT 2030 (AI strategy).","regulators":[{"name":"RTR – KI-Servicestelle (AI Service Desk)","url":"https://www.rtr.at/rtr/service/ki-servicestelle/ki-servicestelle.en.html","role":"Information point for the AI Act; proposed market-surveillance authority"},{"name":"Datenschutzbehörde","url":"https://www.dsb.gv.at/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"KI-Servicestelle","publisher":"Rundfunk und Telekom Regulierungs-GmbH (RTR)","url":"https://www.rtr.at/rtr/service/ki-servicestelle/ki-servicestelle.en.html","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/austria","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/austria.md","official_source_url":"https://www.rtr.at/rtr/service/ki-servicestelle/ki-servicestelle.en.html","source_publisher":"Rundfunk und Telekom Regulierungs-GmbH (RTR)","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"azerbaijan","name":"Azerbaijan","short_name":"Azerbaijan","iso_code":"AZ","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Western Asia","regulatory_status_summary":"Azerbaijan approved the Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2025–2028 by presidential decree in March 2025. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: AI Strategy 2025–2028.","regulators":[{"name":"President of the Republic of Azerbaijan","url":"https://president.az/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"President of the Republic of Azerbaijan","publisher":"Government of Azerbaijan","url":"https://president.az/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/azerbaijan","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/azerbaijan.md","official_source_url":"https://president.az/","source_publisher":"Government of Azerbaijan","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"bahamas","name":"Bahamas","short_name":"Bahamas","iso_code":"BS","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Caribbean","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Government of The Bahamas","url":"https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of The Bahamas","publisher":"Government of Bahamas","url":"https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/bahamas","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/bahamas.md","official_source_url":"https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/","source_publisher":"Government of Bahamas","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"bahrain","name":"Bahrain","short_name":"Bahrain","iso_code":"BH","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Gulf Cooperation Council","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: General Policy for the Use of Artificial Intelligence (2025, policy, adopted). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: General Policy for the Use of Artificial Intelligence.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"General Policy for the Use of Artificial Intelligence","publisher":"Information & eGovernment Authority, Kingdom of Bahrain","url":"https://www.iga.gov.bh/Media/Publications/National%20Digital%20Policies/General%20Policy%20for%20the%20Use%20of%20AI%20-%20%20Final%2030%20Jul%202025.pdf","document_date":"2025-07-27","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/bahrain","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/bahrain.md","official_source_url":"https://www.iga.gov.bh/Media/Publications/National%20Digital%20Policies/General%20Policy%20for%20the%20Use%20of%20AI%20-%20%20Final%2030%20Jul%202025.pdf","source_publisher":"Information & eGovernment Authority, Kingdom of Bahrain","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"bangladesh","name":"Bangladesh","short_name":"Bangladesh","iso_code":"BD","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"South Asia","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: National Artificial Intelligence Policy 2026-2030 (2026, consultation, under consultation). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National Artificial Intelligence Policy 2026-2030.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"National Artificial Intelligence Policy 2026-2030 (Draft V2.0)","publisher":"ICT Division, Government of Bangladesh","url":"https://aipolicy.gov.bd/docs/national-ai-policy-bangladesh-2026-2030-draft-v2.0.pdf","document_date":"2026-02-09","document_type":"consultation","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/bangladesh","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/bangladesh.md","official_source_url":"https://aipolicy.gov.bd/docs/national-ai-policy-bangladesh-2026-2030-draft-v2.0.pdf","source_publisher":"ICT Division, Government of Bangladesh","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"barbados","name":"Barbados","short_name":"Barbados","iso_code":"BB","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Caribbean","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Government of Barbados","url":"https://www.gov.bb/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Barbados","publisher":"Government of Barbados","url":"https://www.gov.bb/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/barbados","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/barbados.md","official_source_url":"https://www.gov.bb/","source_publisher":"Government of Barbados","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"belarus","name":"Belarus","short_name":"Belarus","iso_code":"BY","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Eastern Europe","regulatory_status_summary":"Belarus has an AI development programme within its digital development strategy; no AI-specific law recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Council of Ministers portal","url":"https://www.government.by/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Council of Ministers portal","publisher":"Government of Belarus","url":"https://www.government.by/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/belarus","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/belarus.md","official_source_url":"https://www.government.by/","source_publisher":"Government of Belarus","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"belgium","name":"Belgium","short_name":"Belgium","iso_code":"BE","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Western Europe","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; national convergence plan (2022) and regional strategies as policy; authority designation in progress.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National Convergence Plan for AI (2022).","regulators":[{"name":"FPS Economy, SMEs, Self-employed and Energy","url":"https://economie.fgov.be/en","role":"Proposed market-surveillance authority for the AI Act"},{"name":"Data Protection Authority (APD/GBA)","url":"https://www.dataprotectionauthority.be/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"AI4Belgium","publisher":"AI4Belgium (FPS BOSA)","url":"https://ai4belgium.be/","document_type":"official","tier":2}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/belgium","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/belgium.md","official_source_url":"https://ai4belgium.be/","source_publisher":"AI4Belgium (FPS BOSA)","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"belize","name":"Belize","short_name":"Belize","iso_code":"BZ","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Central America","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Government of Belize","url":"https://www.gov.bz/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Belize","publisher":"Government of Belize","url":"https://www.gov.bz/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/belize","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/belize.md","official_source_url":"https://www.gov.bz/","source_publisher":"Government of Belize","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"benin","name":"Benin","short_name":"Benin","iso_code":"BJ","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI and big-data strategy 2023–2027 as policy; Digital Code applies.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI and Big Data Strategy 2023–2027.","regulators":[{"name":"Ministère du Numérique et de la Digitalisation","url":"https://numerique.gouv.bj/","role":"AI strategy lead"},{"name":"Autorité de Protection des Données Personnelles (APDP)","url":"https://apdp.bj/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Stratégie nationale d'intelligence artificielle et des mégadonnées 2023–2027","publisher":"Ministère du Numérique et de la Digitalisation","url":"https://numerique.gouv.bj/","document_date":"2023-01-25","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/benin","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/benin.md","official_source_url":"https://numerique.gouv.bj/","source_publisher":"Ministère du Numérique et de la Digitalisation","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"bhutan","name":"Bhutan","short_name":"Bhutan","iso_code":"BT","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"South Asia","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: Bhutan National AI Strategy 2025 (2025, strategy, adopted). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Bhutan National AI Strategy 2025.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Bhutan National AI Strategy 2025 (NAIS 2025)","publisher":"GovTech Agency, Royal Government of Bhutan","url":"https://tech.gov.bt/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/National-AI-Strategy-2025.pdf","document_date":"2025-10-01","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/bhutan","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/bhutan.md","official_source_url":"https://tech.gov.bt/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/National-AI-Strategy-2025.pdf","source_publisher":"GovTech Agency, Royal Government of Bhutan","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"bolivia","name":"Bolivia","short_name":"Bolivia","iso_code":"BO","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"South America","regulatory_status_summary":"Bolivia's e-government agency has published AI ethics guidance for the public sector; no AI-specific law recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"AGETIC","url":"https://www.agetic.gob.bo/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"AGETIC","publisher":"Government of Bolivia","url":"https://www.agetic.gob.bo/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/bolivia","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/bolivia.md","official_source_url":"https://www.agetic.gob.bo/","source_publisher":"Government of Bolivia","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"bosnia-and-herzegovina","name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","short_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","iso_code":"BA","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Communications and Transport","url":"https://www.mkt.gov.ba/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Communications and Transport","publisher":"Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://www.mkt.gov.ba/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/bosnia-and-herzegovina","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/bosnia-and-herzegovina.md","official_source_url":"https://www.mkt.gov.ba/","source_publisher":"Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"botswana","name":"Botswana","short_name":"Botswana","iso_code":"BW","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Southern Africa","regulatory_status_summary":"Botswana's Ministry of Communications has consulted on a national AI strategy; adoption not confirmed. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Government of Botswana","url":"https://www.gov.bw/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Botswana","publisher":"Government of Botswana","url":"https://www.gov.bw/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/botswana","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/botswana.md","official_source_url":"https://www.gov.bw/","source_publisher":"Government of Botswana","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"brazil","name":"Brazil","short_name":"Brazil","iso_code":"BR","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"South America","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: Projeto de Lei nº 2338/2023 (2023, bill, proposed); Plano Brasileiro de Inteligência Artificial 2024-2028 (2024, strategy, adopted). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Projeto de Lei nº 2338/2023, Plano Brasileiro de Inteligência Artificial 2024-2028.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Projeto de Lei nº 2338/2023 – Dispõe sobre o uso da Inteligência Artificial (Bill No. 2338/2023 – On the use of Artificial Intelligence)","publisher":"Senado Federal","url":"https://www25.senado.leg.br/web/atividade/materias/-/materia/157233","document_date":"2023-05-03","document_type":"legislation","tier":1},{"title":"Plano Brasileiro de Inteligência Artificial 2024-2028 – PBIA (Brazilian Artificial Intelligence Plan 2024-2028)","publisher":"Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação (gov.br)","url":"https://www.gov.br/mcti/pt-br/acompanhe-o-mcti/transformacaodigital/plano-brasileiro-de-inteligencia-artificial","document_date":"2024-07-30","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/ai-regulation-brazil","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/brazil.md","official_source_url":"https://www25.senado.leg.br/web/atividade/materias/-/materia/157233","source_publisher":"Senado Federal","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"brunei","name":"Brunei","short_name":"Brunei","iso_code":"BN","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"South-East Asia","regulatory_status_summary":"Brunei's Digital Economy Masterplan 2025 references AI; the ASEAN guides apply as regional reference. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Government of Brunei","url":"https://www.gov.bn/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Brunei","publisher":"Government of Brunei","url":"https://www.gov.bn/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/brunei","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/brunei.md","official_source_url":"https://www.gov.bn/","source_publisher":"Government of Brunei","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"bulgaria","name":"Bulgaria","short_name":"Bulgaria","iso_code":"BG","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Eastern Europe","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; AI concept to 2030 (2020) as policy.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Concept for the development of AI until 2030.","regulators":[{"name":"Министерство на електронното управление (Ministry of e-Government)","url":"https://egov.government.bg/","role":"Digital and AI policy"},{"name":"Комисия за защита на личните данни","url":"https://www.cpdp.bg/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Concept for the development of artificial intelligence in Bulgaria until 2030","publisher":"Council of Ministers of Bulgaria","url":"https://egov.government.bg/","document_date":"2020-12-16","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/bulgaria","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/bulgaria.md","official_source_url":"https://egov.government.bg/","source_publisher":"Council of Ministers of Bulgaria","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"burkina-faso","name":"Burkina Faso","short_name":"Burkina Faso","iso_code":"BF","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Gouvernement du Burkina Faso","url":"https://www.gouvernement.gov.bf/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Gouvernement du Burkina Faso","publisher":"Government of Burkina Faso","url":"https://www.gouvernement.gov.bf/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/burkina-faso","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/burkina-faso.md","official_source_url":"https://www.gouvernement.gov.bf/","source_publisher":"Government of Burkina Faso","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"burundi","name":"Burundi","short_name":"Burundi","iso_code":"BI","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Présidence du Burundi","url":"https://www.presidence.gov.bi/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Présidence du Burundi","publisher":"Government of Burundi","url":"https://www.presidence.gov.bi/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/burundi","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/burundi.md","official_source_url":"https://www.presidence.gov.bi/","source_publisher":"Government of Burundi","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"ca-ontario","name":"Ontario (Canada)","short_name":"Ontario","iso_code":"CA-ON","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Americas","subregion":"Northern America","regulatory_status_summary":"Public-sector AI framework act (2024) with regulations to follow; job-posting AI disclosure in force from January 2026.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Ontario Enhancing Digital Security and Trust Act, 2024 (Bill 194); Ontario Working for Workers Four Act (AI disclosure in job postings). Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Ontario Ministry of Public and Business Service Delivery and Procurement","url":"https://www.ontario.ca/page/ministry-public-and-business-service-delivery-and-procurement","role":"Public-sector AI rules under Bill 194"},{"name":"Ontario Ministry of Labour, Immigration, Training and Skills Development","url":"https://www.ontario.ca/page/ministry-labour-immigration-training-skills-development","role":"Employment Standards Act, including AI disclosure in job postings"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Bill 194, Strengthening Cyber Security and Building Trust in the Public Sector Act, 2024","publisher":"Legislative Assembly of Ontario","url":"https://www.ola.org/en/legislative-business/bills/parliament-43/session-1/bill-194","document_date":"2024-11-25","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/ca-ontario","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/ca-ontario.md","official_source_url":"https://www.ola.org/en/legislative-business/bills/parliament-43/session-1/bill-194","source_publisher":"Legislative Assembly of Ontario","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"ca-quebec","name":"Quebec (Canada)","short_name":"Quebec","iso_code":"CA-QC","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Americas","subregion":"Northern America","regulatory_status_summary":"Law 25 automated-decision and biometric provisions in force since September 2023.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Quebec Law 25 (automated decisions and biometrics). Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Commission d'accès à l'information du Québec (CAI)","url":"https://www.cai.gouv.qc.ca/","role":"Enforces Law 25 and the private-sector privacy act"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Act to modernize legislative provisions as regards the protection of personal information (S.Q. 2021, c. 25)","publisher":"Publications Québec / Assemblée nationale du Québec","url":"https://www.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/fileadmin/Fichiers_client/lois_et_reglements/LoisAnnuelles/en/2021/2021C25A.PDF","document_date":"2021-09-22","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/ca-quebec","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/ca-quebec.md","official_source_url":"https://www.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/fileadmin/Fichiers_client/lois_et_reglements/LoisAnnuelles/en/2021/2021C25A.PDF","source_publisher":"Publications Québec / Assemblée nationale du Québec","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"cabo-verde","name":"Cabo Verde","short_name":"Cabo Verde","iso_code":"CV","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","regulatory_status_summary":"Cabo Verde launched a national AI strategy process in 2024; adoption not confirmed. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Governo de Cabo Verde","url":"https://www.governo.cv/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Governo de Cabo Verde","publisher":"Government of Cabo Verde","url":"https://www.governo.cv/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/cabo-verde","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/cabo-verde.md","official_source_url":"https://www.governo.cv/","source_publisher":"Government of Cabo Verde","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"cambodia","name":"Cambodia","short_name":"Cambodia","iso_code":"KH","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"South-East Asia","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI strategy in preparation; ASEAN guides as reference; no AI-specific law.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI strategy (in preparation).","regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Post and Telecommunications","url":"https://www.mptc.gov.kh/","role":"Digital policy lead"},{"name":"Ministry of Industry, Science, Technology and Innovation (MISTI)","url":"https://www.misti.gov.kh/","role":"Science and technology policy"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Post and Telecommunications","publisher":"Government of Cambodia","url":"https://www.mptc.gov.kh/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/cambodia","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/cambodia.md","official_source_url":"https://www.mptc.gov.kh/","source_publisher":"Government of Cambodia","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"cameroon","name":"Cameroon","short_name":"Cameroon","iso_code":"CM","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Middle Africa","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Services du Premier Ministre","url":"https://www.spm.gov.cm/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Services du Premier Ministre","publisher":"Government of Cameroon","url":"https://www.spm.gov.cm/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/cameroon","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/cameroon.md","official_source_url":"https://www.spm.gov.cm/","source_publisher":"Government of Cameroon","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"canada","name":"Canada","short_name":"Canada","iso_code":"CA","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Northern America","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: Pan-Canadian Artificial Intelligence Strategy (2017, strategy, adopted); Artificial Intelligence and Data Act (2022, bill, archived); Voluntary Code of Conduct on the Responsible Development and Management of Advanced Generative AI Systems (2023, guidance). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Pan-Canadian Artificial Intelligence Strategy, Artificial Intelligence and Data Act, Voluntary Code of Conduct on the Responsible Development and Management of Advanced Generative AI Systems.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Pan-Canadian Artificial Intelligence Strategy","publisher":"Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada","url":"https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/ai-strategy/en","document_date":"2017-03-22","document_type":"strategy","tier":1},{"title":"Artificial Intelligence and Data Act (Part 3 of Bill C-27, Digital Charter Implementation Act, 2022)","publisher":"Parliament of Canada (LEGISinfo)","url":"https://www.parl.ca/legisinfo/en/bill/44-1/c-27","document_date":"2022-06-16","document_type":"legislation","tier":1},{"title":"Voluntary Code of Conduct on the Responsible Development and Management of Advanced Generative AI Systems","publisher":"Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada","url":"https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/ised/en/voluntary-code-conduct-responsible-development-and-management-advanced-generative-ai-systems","document_date":"2023-09-27","document_type":"guidance","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/ai-regulation-canada","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/canada.md","official_source_url":"https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/ai-strategy/en","source_publisher":"Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"central-african-republic","name":"Central African Republic","short_name":"Central African Republic","iso_code":"CF","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Middle Africa","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/central-african-republic","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/central-african-republic.md","official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"chad","name":"Chad","short_name":"Chad","iso_code":"TD","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Middle Africa","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/chad","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/chad.md","official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"chile","name":"Chile","short_name":"Chile","iso_code":"CL","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"South America","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: Política Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial (2024, strategy, adopted); Proyecto de ley que regula los sistemas de inteligencia artificial, Boletín 16821-19 (2024, bill, proposed). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Política Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial, Proyecto de ley que regula los sistemas de inteligencia artificial, Boletín 16821-19.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Política Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial – Actualización 2024 y Plan de Acción (National Artificial Intelligence Policy – 2024 Update and Action Plan)","publisher":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología, Conocimiento e Innovación","url":"https://www.minciencia.gob.cl/areas/inteligencia-artificial/Inteligencia-Artificial/","document_date":"2024-05-02","document_type":"strategy","tier":1},{"title":"Proyecto de ley que regula los sistemas de inteligencia artificial, Boletín 16821-19 (Bill regulating artificial intelligence systems, Bulletin 16821-19)","publisher":"Senado de la República de Chile","url":"https://www.senado.cl/comunicaciones/noticias/proyecto-que-regula-sistemas-de-inteligencia-artificial-sera-estudiado-por","document_date":"2024-05-07","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/chile","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/chile.md","official_source_url":"https://www.minciencia.gob.cl/areas/inteligencia-artificial/Inteligencia-Artificial/","source_publisher":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología, Conocimiento e Innovación","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"china","name":"China","short_name":"China","iso_code":"CN","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Eastern Asia","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: Interim Measures for the Management of Generative Artificial Intelligence Services (2023, regulation, in force); Measures for Labeling Artificial Intelligence-Generated and Synthetic Content (2025, regulation, in force); Opinions of the State Council on Deepening the Implementation of the 'AI Plus' Action (2025, strategy, adopted). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Interim Measures for the Management of Generative Artificial Intelligence Services, Measures for Labeling Artificial Intelligence-Generated and Synthetic Content. Strategy or guidance: Opinions of the State Council on Deepening the Implementation of the 'AI Plus' Action.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Interim Measures for the Management of Generative Artificial Intelligence Services","publisher":"Cyberspace Administration of China","url":"https://www.cac.gov.cn/2023-07/13/c_1690898327029107.htm","document_date":"2023-07-13","document_type":"legislation","tier":1},{"title":"Measures for Labeling Artificial Intelligence-Generated and Synthetic Content","publisher":"Cyberspace Administration of China","url":"https://www.cac.gov.cn/2025-03/14/c_1743654684782215.htm","document_date":"2025-03-14","document_type":"legislation","tier":1},{"title":"Opinions of the State Council on Deepening the Implementation of the 'AI Plus' Action","publisher":"Central People's Government of the PRC (gov.cn)","url":"https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/202508/content_7037861.htm","document_date":"2025-08-26","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/china","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/china.md","official_source_url":"https://www.cac.gov.cn/2023-07/13/c_1690898327029107.htm","source_publisher":"Cyberspace Administration of China","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"colombia","name":"Colombia","short_name":"Colombia","iso_code":"CO","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"South America","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: Documento CONPES 4144 (2025, strategy, adopted). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Documento CONPES 4144.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Documento CONPES 4144 – Política Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial (CONPES Document 4144 – National Artificial Intelligence Policy)","publisher":"Ministerio de Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones (normograma) – DNP document","url":"https://normograma.mintic.gov.co/mintic/compilacion/docs/CONPES_DNP_4144_2025.htm","document_date":"2025-02-14","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/colombia","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/colombia.md","official_source_url":"https://normograma.mintic.gov.co/mintic/compilacion/docs/CONPES_DNP_4144_2025.htm","source_publisher":"Ministerio de Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones (normograma) – DNP document","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"comoros","name":"Comoros","short_name":"Comoros","iso_code":"KM","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/comoros","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/comoros.md","official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"congo-democratic-republic","name":"Congo (Democratic Republic)","short_name":"Congo (Democratic Republic)","iso_code":"CD","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Middle Africa","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Primature de la RDC","url":"https://www.primature.gouv.cd/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Primature de la RDC","publisher":"Government of Congo (Democratic Republic)","url":"https://www.primature.gouv.cd/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/congo-democratic-republic","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/congo-democratic-republic.md","official_source_url":"https://www.primature.gouv.cd/","source_publisher":"Government of Congo (Democratic Republic)","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"congo-republic","name":"Congo (Republic)","short_name":"Congo (Republic)","iso_code":"CG","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Middle Africa","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/congo-republic","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/congo-republic.md","official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"costa-rica","name":"Costa Rica","short_name":"Costa Rica","iso_code":"CR","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Central America","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI strategy 2024–2027 adopted; AI bill under consideration in the Legislative Assembly.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI Strategy 2024–2027.","regulators":[{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación, Tecnología y Telecomunicaciones (MICITT)","url":"https://www.micitt.go.cr/","role":"AI strategy lead"},{"name":"Agencia de Protección de Datos de los Habitantes (PRODHAB)","url":"https://www.prodhab.go.cr/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Estrategia Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial 2024–2027","publisher":"MICITT","url":"https://www.micitt.go.cr/","document_date":"2024-10-01","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/costa-rica","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/costa-rica.md","official_source_url":"https://www.micitt.go.cr/","source_publisher":"MICITT","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"cote-d-ivoire","name":"Côte d'Ivoire","short_name":"Côte d'Ivoire","iso_code":"CI","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI strategy (2025) as policy; data-protection law applies; no AI-specific law.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI Strategy (2025).","regulators":[{"name":"Ministère de la Transition Numérique et de la Digitalisation","url":"https://numerique.gouv.ci/","role":"AI strategy lead"},{"name":"Autorité de Régulation des Télécommunications/TIC de Côte d'Ivoire (ARTCI)","url":"https://www.artci.ci/","role":"Telecoms and data-protection regulator"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministère de la Transition Numérique et de la Digitalisation","publisher":"Government of Côte d'Ivoire","url":"https://numerique.gouv.ci/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/cote-d-ivoire","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/cote-d-ivoire.md","official_source_url":"https://numerique.gouv.ci/","source_publisher":"Government of Côte d'Ivoire","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"council-of-europe","name":"Council of Europe","short_name":"CoE","iso_code":null,"jurisdiction_type":"supranational","region":"Europe","subregion":"Continental","regulatory_status_summary":"Framework Convention adopted and open for signature; entry into force depends on ratifications; HUDERIA methodology adopted.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Framework Convention on AI (CETS 225). Strategy or guidance: HUDERIA risk and impact assessment methodology.","regulators":[{"name":"Council of Europe Committee on Artificial Intelligence (CAI)","url":"https://www.coe.int/en/web/artificial-intelligence/cai","role":"Negotiated the Convention and follow-up instruments"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law (CETS No. 225)","publisher":"Council of Europe","url":"https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list?module=treaty-detail&treatynum=225","document_date":"2024-05-17","document_type":"legislation","tier":1},{"title":"The Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence","publisher":"Council of Europe","url":"https://www.coe.int/en/web/artificial-intelligence/the-framework-convention-on-artificial-intelligence","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/council-of-europe","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/council-of-europe.md","official_source_url":"https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list?module=treaty-detail&treatynum=225","source_publisher":"Council of Europe","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"croatia","name":"Croatia","short_name":"Croatia","iso_code":"HR","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; national AI plan in preparation/adopted; authority designation in progress.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National Plan for the Development of AI.","regulators":[{"name":"Središnji državni ured za razvoj digitalnog društva","url":"https://rdd.gov.hr/","role":"Digital society and AI policy"},{"name":"Agencija za zaštitu osobnih podataka (AZOP)","url":"https://azop.hr/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Central State Office for the Development of the Digital Society","publisher":"Government of Croatia","url":"https://rdd.gov.hr/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/croatia","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/croatia.md","official_source_url":"https://rdd.gov.hr/","source_publisher":"Government of Croatia","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"cuba","name":"Cuba","short_name":"Cuba","iso_code":"CU","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Caribbean","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI strategy and ministerial resolution (2024) as policy.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI strategy (2024).","regulators":[{"name":"Ministerio de Comunicaciones","url":"https://www.mincom.gob.cu/","role":"AI strategy and regulation lead"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministerio de Comunicaciones de Cuba","publisher":"Government of Cuba","url":"https://www.mincom.gob.cu/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/cuba","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/cuba.md","official_source_url":"https://www.mincom.gob.cu/","source_publisher":"Government of Cuba","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"cyprus","name":"Cyprus","short_name":"Cyprus","iso_code":"CY","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; national AI strategy (2020) and action plan (2024) as policy.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI Strategy (2020, action plan 2024).","regulators":[{"name":"Deputy Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digital Policy","url":"https://www.dmrid.gov.cy/","role":"AI strategy lead"},{"name":"Commissioner for Personal Data Protection","url":"https://www.dataprotection.gov.cy/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"National Artificial Intelligence Strategy","publisher":"Deputy Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digital Policy","url":"https://www.dmrid.gov.cy/","document_date":"2020-01-01","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/cyprus","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/cyprus.md","official_source_url":"https://www.dmrid.gov.cy/","source_publisher":"Deputy Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digital Policy","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"czechia","name":"Czechia","short_name":"Czechia","iso_code":"CZ","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Eastern Europe","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; National AI Strategy 2030 (2024); authority designation in progress.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI Strategy 2030.","regulators":[{"name":"Ministerstvo průmyslu a obchodu (Ministry of Industry and Trade)","url":"https://www.mpo.gov.cz/","role":"Lead ministry for the national AI strategy and AI Act implementation"},{"name":"Český telekomunikační úřad (ČTÚ)","url":"https://www.ctu.cz/","role":"Proposed market-surveillance authority for the AI Act"},{"name":"Úřad pro ochranu osobních údajů (ÚOOÚ)","url":"https://uoou.gov.cz/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Národní strategie umělé inteligence České republiky 2030","publisher":"Ministry of Industry and Trade","url":"https://www.mpo.gov.cz/","document_date":"2024-07-24","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/czechia","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/czechia.md","official_source_url":"https://www.mpo.gov.cz/","source_publisher":"Ministry of Industry and Trade","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"denmark","name":"Denmark","short_name":"Denmark","iso_code":"DK","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Northern Europe","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; coordinating authority designated; national AI strategy (2019) and digital strategy as policy.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (2019).","regulators":[{"name":"Digitaliseringsstyrelsen (Agency for Digital Government)","url":"https://en.digst.dk/","role":"Coordinating national authority for the AI Act; runs public-sector AI programmes"},{"name":"Datatilsynet","url":"https://www.datatilsynet.dk/english","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Agency for Digital Government","publisher":"Digitaliseringsstyrelsen","url":"https://en.digst.dk/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/denmark","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/denmark.md","official_source_url":"https://en.digst.dk/","source_publisher":"Digitaliseringsstyrelsen","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"djibouti","name":"Djibouti","short_name":"Djibouti","iso_code":"DJ","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Présidence de Djibouti","url":"https://www.presidence.dj/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Présidence de Djibouti","publisher":"Government of Djibouti","url":"https://www.presidence.dj/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/djibouti","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/djibouti.md","official_source_url":"https://www.presidence.dj/","source_publisher":"Government of Djibouti","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"dominica","name":"Dominica","short_name":"Dominica","iso_code":"DM","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Caribbean","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Government of Dominica","url":"https://dominica.gov.dm/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Dominica","publisher":"Government of Dominica","url":"https://dominica.gov.dm/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/dominica","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/dominica.md","official_source_url":"https://dominica.gov.dm/","source_publisher":"Government of Dominica","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"dominican-republic","name":"Dominican Republic","short_name":"Dominican Republic","iso_code":"DO","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Caribbean","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI strategy (2023) as policy; no AI-specific law.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI Strategy (ENIA).","regulators":[{"name":"Oficina Gubernamental de Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación (OGTIC)","url":"https://ogtic.gob.do/","role":"AI strategy lead"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Estrategia Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial de la República Dominicana","publisher":"OGTIC","url":"https://ogtic.gob.do/","document_date":"2023-10-01","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/dominican-republic","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/dominican-republic.md","official_source_url":"https://ogtic.gob.do/","source_publisher":"OGTIC","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"ecuador","name":"Ecuador","short_name":"Ecuador","iso_code":"EC","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"South America","regulatory_status_summary":"AI bill under consideration; data-protection law applies; national AI policy in development.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Draft Organic Law on AI. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Ministerio de Telecomunicaciones y de la Sociedad de la Información (MINTEL)","url":"https://www.telecomunicaciones.gob.ec/","role":"Digital and AI policy lead"},{"name":"Superintendencia de Protección de Datos Personales","url":"https://www.spdp.gob.ec/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Asamblea Nacional del Ecuador","publisher":"Asamblea Nacional","url":"https://www.asambleanacional.gob.ec/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/ecuador","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/ecuador.md","official_source_url":"https://www.asambleanacional.gob.ec/","source_publisher":"Asamblea Nacional","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"egypt","name":"Egypt","short_name":"Egypt","iso_code":"EG","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Northern Africa","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: Egypt National Artificial Intelligence Strategy (2021, strategy, adopted); National AI Strategy (2025, strategy, adopted). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Egypt National Artificial Intelligence Strategy, National AI Strategy.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Egypt National Artificial Intelligence Strategy","publisher":"Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, Egypt","url":"https://mcit.gov.eg/en/Publication/Publication_Summary/9283","document_date":"2021-07-01","document_type":"strategy","tier":1},{"title":"National AI Strategy - Second Edition 2025-2030","publisher":"Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, Egypt","url":"https://mcit.gov.eg/en/Publication/Publication_Summary/10550","document_date":"2025-01-01","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/ai-regulation-egypt","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/egypt.md","official_source_url":"https://mcit.gov.eg/en/Publication/Publication_Summary/9283","source_publisher":"Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, Egypt","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"el-salvador","name":"El Salvador","short_name":"El Salvador","iso_code":"SV","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Central America","regulatory_status_summary":"El Salvador enacted a Law for the Promotion of Artificial Intelligence and Emerging Technologies in February 2025, one of the first AI-specific laws in Latin America, creating an Agency for AI (ANIA) and liability safe harbours for developers acting in good faith. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Law for the Promotion of AI and Emerging Technologies. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Asamblea Legislativa","url":"https://www.asamblea.gob.sv/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Asamblea Legislativa","publisher":"Government of El Salvador","url":"https://www.asamblea.gob.sv/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/el-salvador","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/el-salvador.md","official_source_url":"https://www.asamblea.gob.sv/","source_publisher":"Government of El Salvador","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"equatorial-guinea","name":"Equatorial Guinea","short_name":"Equatorial Guinea","iso_code":"GQ","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Middle Africa","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/equatorial-guinea","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/equatorial-guinea.md","official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"eritrea","name":"Eritrea","short_name":"Eritrea","iso_code":"ER","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/eritrea","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/eritrea.md","official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"estonia","name":"Estonia","short_name":"Estonia","iso_code":"EE","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Northern Europe","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; national AI strategy 2024–2026 as policy; authority designation in progress.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI strategy 2024–2026.","regulators":[{"name":"Majandus- ja Kommunikatsiooniministeerium (Ministry of Economic Affairs and Communications)","url":"https://www.mkm.ee/en","role":"AI strategy lead"},{"name":"Tarbijakaitse ja Tehnilise Järelevalve Amet (TTJA)","url":"https://www.ttja.ee/en","role":"Proposed market-surveillance authority for the AI Act"},{"name":"Andmekaitse Inspektsioon","url":"https://www.aki.ee/en","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Estonia's national AI strategy (kratid)","publisher":"Ministry of Economic Affairs and Communications","url":"https://www.kratid.ee/en","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/estonia","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/estonia.md","official_source_url":"https://www.kratid.ee/en","source_publisher":"Ministry of Economic Affairs and Communications","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"eswatini","name":"Eswatini","short_name":"Eswatini","iso_code":"SZ","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Southern Africa","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Government of Eswatini","url":"https://www.gov.sz/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Eswatini","publisher":"Government of Eswatini","url":"https://www.gov.sz/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/eswatini","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/eswatini.md","official_source_url":"https://www.gov.sz/","source_publisher":"Government of Eswatini","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"ethiopia","name":"Ethiopia","short_name":"Ethiopia","iso_code":"ET","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI policy (2024) as policy; AI Institute leads; data-protection law applies.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI Policy (2024).","regulators":[{"name":"Ethiopian Artificial Intelligence Institute","url":"https://www.aii.et/","role":"National AI research and policy implementation body"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ethiopian Artificial Intelligence Institute","publisher":"Government of Ethiopia","url":"https://www.aii.et/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/ethiopia","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/ethiopia.md","official_source_url":"https://www.aii.et/","source_publisher":"Government of Ethiopia","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"eu","name":"European Union","short_name":"EU","iso_code":"EU","jurisdiction_type":"supranational","region":"Europe","subregion":null,"regulatory_status_summary":"Binding regulation in force and partially applicable. Prohibited practices and AI-literacy duties apply since 2 February 2025; general-purpose AI model obligations and the governance and penalties chapters since 2 August 2025; most remaining obligations, including Annex III high-risk requirements, are scheduled from 2 August 2026, with high-risk AI embedded in Annex I regulated products from 2 August 2027. A Commission \"Digital Omnibus\" proposal published in November 2025 would adjust some high-risk application dates; its adoption status must be checked against the official sources linked below.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: the AI Act, the GDPR, the Product Liability Directive (as revised in 2024), and sector legislation. Non-binding but official: Commission guidelines on prohibited practices and on general-purpose AI, the General-Purpose AI Code of Practice, and harmonised standards being drafted by CEN-CENELEC JTC 21.","regulators":[{"name":"European Commission AI Office","url":"https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/ai-office","role":"Supervises general-purpose AI models and coordinates implementation"},{"name":"European Artificial Intelligence Board","url":"https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai","role":"Coordination body of Member State authorities"},{"name":"European Data Protection Board","url":"https://www.edpb.europa.eu/","role":"GDPR coordination; AI and data-protection guidance"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (Artificial Intelligence Act) — Official Journal","publisher":"Publications Office of the European Union","url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","document_date":"2024-07-12","document_type":"legislation","tier":1},{"title":"AI Act — European Commission policy page","publisher":"European Commission","url":"https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"European AI Office","publisher":"European Commission","url":"https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/ai-office","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/eu","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/eu.md","official_source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj","source_publisher":"Official Journal of the European Union","source_reference":"OJ L, 2024/1689, 12.7.2024","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"high","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"fiji","name":"Fiji","short_name":"Fiji","iso_code":"FJ","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Oceania","subregion":null,"regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Fijian Government","url":"https://www.fiji.gov.fj/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Fijian Government","publisher":"Government of Fiji","url":"https://www.fiji.gov.fj/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/fiji","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/fiji.md","official_source_url":"https://www.fiji.gov.fj/","source_publisher":"Government of Fiji","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"finland","name":"Finland","short_name":"Finland","iso_code":"FI","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Northern Europe","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; national implementing act proposed; AI programmes since 2017 as policy.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Finland's Age of Artificial Intelligence (2017).","regulators":[{"name":"Liikenne- ja viestintävirasto Traficom","url":"https://www.traficom.fi/en","role":"Proposed coordinating market-surveillance authority for the AI Act"},{"name":"Tietosuojavaltuutetun toimisto (Data Protection Ombudsman)","url":"https://tietosuoja.fi/en/home","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Finland's Age of Artificial Intelligence: turning Finland into a leading country in the application of AI","publisher":"Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment","url":"https://julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi/handle/10024/160391","document_date":"2017-10-23","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/finland","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/finland.md","official_source_url":"https://julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi/handle/10024/160391","source_publisher":"Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"france","name":"France","short_name":"France","iso_code":"FR","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Western Europe","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; national AI strategy (phases since 2018) as policy; CNIL AI guidance; competent-authority designation in progress.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI strategy; CNIL AI how-to sheets.","regulators":[{"name":"Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés (CNIL)","url":"https://www.cnil.fr/en/ai-how-sheets","role":"Data-protection authority; publishes AI and GDPR guidance"},{"name":"Direction générale des Entreprises","url":"https://www.entreprises.gouv.fr/","role":"Ministry of the Economy directorate leading the national AI strategy"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"CNIL: AI how-to sheets","publisher":"CNIL","url":"https://www.cnil.fr/en/ai-how-sheets","document_type":"guidance","tier":1},{"title":"Stratégie nationale pour l'intelligence artificielle","publisher":"Ministère de l'Économie","url":"https://www.economie.gouv.fr/strategie-nationale-intelligence-artificielle","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/france","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/france.md","official_source_url":"https://www.cnil.fr/en/ai-how-sheets","source_publisher":"CNIL","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"gabon","name":"Gabon","short_name":"Gabon","iso_code":"GA","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Middle Africa","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Gouvernement du Gabon","url":"https://www.gouvernement.ga/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Gouvernement du Gabon","publisher":"Government of Gabon","url":"https://www.gouvernement.ga/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/gabon","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/gabon.md","official_source_url":"https://www.gouvernement.ga/","source_publisher":"Government of Gabon","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"gambia","name":"Gambia","short_name":"Gambia","iso_code":"GM","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Government of The Gambia","url":"https://www.gov.gm/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of The Gambia","publisher":"Government of Gambia","url":"https://www.gov.gm/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/gambia","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/gambia.md","official_source_url":"https://www.gov.gm/","source_publisher":"Government of Gambia","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"georgia","name":"Georgia","short_name":"Georgia","iso_code":"GE","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Western Asia","regulatory_status_summary":"Georgia signed the Council of Europe Framework Convention on AI (2024) and has drafted a national AI strategy; adoption not confirmed from an official source. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Government of Georgia","url":"https://www.gov.ge/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Georgia","publisher":"Government of Georgia","url":"https://www.gov.ge/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/georgia","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/georgia.md","official_source_url":"https://www.gov.ge/","source_publisher":"Government of Georgia","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"germany","name":"Germany","short_name":"Germany","iso_code":"DE","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Western Europe","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; national implementing act (KI-Marktüberwachungs- und Innovationsförderungsgesetz) proposed; national AI strategy in force as policy.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: AI Act implementation act (KI-MIG, draft). Strategy or guidance: AI Strategy of the Federal Government.","regulators":[{"name":"Bundesnetzagentur (Federal Network Agency)","url":"https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/EN/Areas/Digital-Services/AI/start.html","role":"Designated coordinating market-surveillance authority for the AI Act; runs the KI-Service-Desk"},{"name":"Der Bundesbeauftragte für den Datenschutz und die Informationsfreiheit (BfDI)","url":"https://www.bfdi.bund.de/EN/Home/home_node.html","role":"Federal data-protection supervision"},{"name":"Bundesministerium für Digitales und Staatsmodernisierung","url":"https://www.bmds.bund.de/","role":"Lead ministry for AI Act implementation and digital policy"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Bundesnetzagentur: Artificial Intelligence","publisher":"Bundesnetzagentur","url":"https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/EN/Areas/Digital-Services/AI/start.html","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Strategie Künstliche Intelligenz der Bundesregierung","publisher":"Die Bundesregierung","url":"https://www.ki-strategie-deutschland.de/","document_date":"2020-12-01","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/germany","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/germany.md","official_source_url":"https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/EN/Areas/Digital-Services/AI/start.html","source_publisher":"Bundesnetzagentur","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"ghana","name":"Ghana","short_name":"Ghana","iso_code":"GH","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: Ghana National Artificial Intelligence Strategy (2026, strategy, adopted). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Ghana National Artificial Intelligence Strategy.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Ghana National Artificial Intelligence Strategy (2025-2035)","publisher":"Ministry of Communication, Digital Technology and Innovations, Ghana","url":"https://moc.gov.gh/2026/04/24/ghana-launches-national-ai-strategy-to-drive-digital-transformation-and-economic-growth/","document_date":"2026-04-24","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/ai-regulation-ghana","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/ghana.md","official_source_url":"https://moc.gov.gh/2026/04/24/ghana-launches-national-ai-strategy-to-drive-digital-transformation-and-economic-growth/","source_publisher":"Ministry of Communication, Digital Technology and Innovations, Ghana","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"greece","name":"Greece","short_name":"Greece","iso_code":"GR","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; Law 4961/2022 provisions on AI in the public sector and employment in force; AI blueprint (2024) as policy.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Law 4961/2022 (emerging technologies, AI chapter). Strategy or guidance: Blueprint for Greece's AI transformation (2024).","regulators":[{"name":"Hellenic Data Protection Authority","url":"https://www.dpa.gr/en","role":"Data-protection authority"},{"name":"Ministry of Digital Governance","url":"https://mindigital.gr/","role":"Lead ministry for digital and AI policy"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Law 4961/2022 on emerging information and communication technologies","publisher":"Hellenic Parliament / Government Gazette","url":"https://mindigital.gr/","document_date":"2022-07-27","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/greece","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/greece.md","official_source_url":"https://mindigital.gr/","source_publisher":"Hellenic Parliament / Government Gazette","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"grenada","name":"Grenada","short_name":"Grenada","iso_code":"GD","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Caribbean","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Government of Grenada","url":"https://www.gov.gd/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Grenada","publisher":"Government of Grenada","url":"https://www.gov.gd/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/grenada","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/grenada.md","official_source_url":"https://www.gov.gd/","source_publisher":"Government of Grenada","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"guatemala","name":"Guatemala","short_name":"Guatemala","iso_code":"GT","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Central America","regulatory_status_summary":"An AI regulation bill has been introduced in Congress; no adopted AI-specific instrument recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Gobierno de Guatemala","url":"https://www.guatemala.gob.gt/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Gobierno de Guatemala","publisher":"Government of Guatemala","url":"https://www.guatemala.gob.gt/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/guatemala","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/guatemala.md","official_source_url":"https://www.guatemala.gob.gt/","source_publisher":"Government of Guatemala","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"guinea-bissau","name":"Guinea-Bissau","short_name":"Guinea-Bissau","iso_code":"GW","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/guinea-bissau","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/guinea-bissau.md","official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"guinea","name":"Guinea","short_name":"Guinea","iso_code":"GN","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/guinea","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/guinea.md","official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"guyana","name":"Guyana","short_name":"Guyana","iso_code":"GY","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"South America","regulatory_status_summary":"Guyana announced a national AI strategy process with UNESCO in 2025; adoption not confirmed. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Government of Guyana","url":"https://www.gov.gy/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Guyana","publisher":"Government of Guyana","url":"https://www.gov.gy/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/guyana","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/guyana.md","official_source_url":"https://www.gov.gy/","source_publisher":"Government of Guyana","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"haiti","name":"Haiti","short_name":"Haiti","iso_code":"HT","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Caribbean","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/haiti","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/haiti.md","official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"holy-see","name":"Holy See (Vatican)","short_name":"Holy See (Vatican)","iso_code":"VA","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","regulatory_status_summary":"The Holy See is the home of the Rome Call for AI Ethics (2020) promoted by the Pontifical Academy for Life, and issued the doctrinal note \"Antiqua et Nova\" on AI and human intelligence (January 2025); Vatican City State adopted guidelines on AI use in 2024. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Rome Call for AI Ethics.","regulators":[{"name":"The Holy See","url":"https://www.vatican.va/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"The Holy See","publisher":"Government of Holy See (Vatican)","url":"https://www.vatican.va/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/holy-see","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/holy-see.md","official_source_url":"https://www.vatican.va/","source_publisher":"Government of Holy See (Vatican)","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"honduras","name":"Honduras","short_name":"Honduras","iso_code":"HN","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Central America","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Gobierno de Honduras","url":"https://www.gob.hn/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Gobierno de Honduras","publisher":"Government of Honduras","url":"https://www.gob.hn/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/honduras","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/honduras.md","official_source_url":"https://www.gob.hn/","source_publisher":"Government of Honduras","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"hong-kong","name":"Hong Kong SAR","short_name":"Hong Kong","iso_code":"HK","jurisdiction_type":"territory","region":"Asia","subregion":"Eastern Asia","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law; PCPD AI frameworks and Digital Policy Office guidance; financial-regulator circulars.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: PCPD Model Personal Data Protection Framework for AI (2024); Generative AI Technical and Application Guideline (2025).","regulators":[{"name":"Office of the Privacy Commissioner for Personal Data (PCPD)","url":"https://www.pcpd.org.hk/","role":"Data-protection authority; AI guidance"},{"name":"Digital Policy Office","url":"https://www.digitalpolicy.gov.hk/","role":"Government AI ethics framework and generative-AI guideline"},{"name":"Hong Kong Monetary Authority","url":"https://www.hkma.gov.hk/","role":"Banking supervision; generative-AI guidance for banks"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Artificial Intelligence: Model Personal Data Protection Framework","publisher":"PCPD","url":"https://www.pcpd.org.hk/english/resources_centre/publications/files/ai_protection_framework.pdf","document_date":"2024-06-11","document_type":"guidance","tier":1},{"title":"Ethical Artificial Intelligence Framework","publisher":"Digital Policy Office","url":"https://www.digitalpolicy.gov.hk/en/our_work/data_governance/policies_standards/ethical_ai_framework/","document_type":"guidance","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/hong-kong","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/hong-kong.md","official_source_url":"https://www.pcpd.org.hk/english/resources_centre/publications/files/ai_protection_framework.pdf","source_publisher":"PCPD","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"hungary","name":"Hungary","short_name":"Hungary","iso_code":"HU","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Eastern Europe","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; national AI strategy (2020) as policy.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: AI Strategy 2020–2030.","regulators":[{"name":"Nemzeti Adatvédelmi és Információszabadság Hatóság (NAIH)","url":"https://www.naih.hu/","role":"Data-protection authority"},{"name":"Mesterséges Intelligencia Koalíció","url":"https://ai-hungary.com/","role":"AI Coalition coordinating the national strategy"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Hungary's Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2020–2030","publisher":"Ministry for Innovation and Technology / AI Coalition","url":"https://ai-hungary.com/","document_date":"2020-09-08","document_type":"strategy","tier":2}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/hungary","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/hungary.md","official_source_url":"https://ai-hungary.com/","source_publisher":"Ministry for Innovation and Technology / AI Coalition","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"iceland","name":"Iceland","short_name":"Iceland","iso_code":"IS","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Northern Europe","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act to be incorporated via the EEA; AI policy (2021) and action plan 2024–2026 as policy.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: AI action plan 2024–2026.","regulators":[{"name":"Háskóla-, iðnaðar- og nýsköpunarráðuneytið (Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Innovation)","url":"https://www.stjornarradid.is/en/ministries/ministry-of-higher-education-science-and-innovation/","role":"AI policy lead"},{"name":"Persónuvernd","url":"https://www.personuvernd.is/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Iceland: artificial intelligence policy and action plan","publisher":"Government of Iceland","url":"https://www.stjornarradid.is/en/ministries/ministry-of-higher-education-science-and-innovation/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/iceland","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/iceland.md","official_source_url":"https://www.stjornarradid.is/en/ministries/ministry-of-higher-education-science-and-innovation/","source_publisher":"Government of Iceland","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"india","name":"India","short_name":"India","iso_code":"IN","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"South Asia","regulatory_status_summary":"No binding cross-sector AI law. Binding obligations arise from the DPDP Act 2023 (phased commencement under the November 2025 Rules), the IT Act and intermediary rules, and sector regulation. The India AI Governance Guidelines (November 2025) are non-binding. A reviewer must confirm the commencement schedule of the DPDP Rules.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: DPDP Act 2023 and DPDP Rules 2025 (phased), IT Act 2000 and IT Rules 2021, Consumer Protection Act 2019, sector rules (RBI, SEBI, IRDAI). Guidance: India AI Governance Guidelines 2025, NITI Aayog Responsible AI papers, MeitY advisories to intermediaries on AI models and deepfakes.","regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY)","url":"https://www.meity.gov.in/","role":"IT Act, DPDP Act, IndiaAI Mission, AI governance"},{"name":"IndiaAI (Independent Business Division under Digital India Corporation)","url":"https://indiaai.gov.in/","role":"IndiaAI Mission implementation"},{"name":"NITI Aayog","url":"https://www.niti.gov.in/","role":"National AI strategy and Responsible AI papers"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023","publisher":"Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology","url":"https://www.meity.gov.in/data-protection-framework","document_date":"2023-08-11","document_type":"legislation","tier":1},{"title":"IndiaAI Mission","publisher":"IndiaAI / MeitY","url":"https://indiaai.gov.in/","document_date":"2024-03-07","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/india","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/india.md","official_source_url":"https://www.meity.gov.in/","source_publisher":"Government of India","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"indonesia","name":"Indonesia","short_name":"Indonesia","iso_code":"ID","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"South-East Asia","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: Strategi Nasional Kecerdasan Artifisial Indonesia 2020-2045 (2020, strategy, adopted); Surat Edaran Menteri Komunikasi dan Informatika Nomor 9 Tahun 2023 tentang Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial (2023, regulation, in force); Rancangan Peraturan Presiden tentang Peta Jalan Kecerdasan Artifisial Nasional 2026-2029 (2026, strategy, proposed). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Surat Edaran Menteri Komunikasi dan Informatika Nomor 9 Tahun 2023 tentang Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial. Strategy or guidance: Strategi Nasional Kecerdasan Artifisial Indonesia 2020-2045, Rancangan Peraturan Presiden tentang Peta Jalan Kecerdasan Artifisial Nasional 2026-2029.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Strategi Nasional Kecerdasan Artifisial Indonesia 2020-2045 (National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence)","publisher":"National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) repository / BPPT Press","url":"https://karya.brin.go.id/id/eprint/13918/","document_date":"2020-08-10","document_type":"strategy","tier":1},{"title":"Surat Edaran Menteri Komunikasi dan Informatika Nomor 9 Tahun 2023 tentang Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial (Circular Letter No. 9 of 2023 on AI Ethics)","publisher":"JDIH Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital","url":"https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/produk_hukum/view/id/883/t/surat+edaran+menteri+komunikasi+dan+informatika+nomor+9+tahun+2023","document_date":"2023-12-19","document_type":"legislation","tier":1},{"title":"Rancangan Peraturan Presiden tentang Peta Jalan Kecerdasan Artifisial Nasional 2026-2029 (Draft Presidential Regulation on the National AI Roadmap)","publisher":"JDIH Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital","url":"https://jdih.komdigi.go.id/berita/view/113","document_date":"2026-02-11","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/ai-regulation-indonesia","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/indonesia.md","official_source_url":"https://karya.brin.go.id/id/eprint/13918/","source_publisher":"National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) repository / BPPT Press","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"international","name":"International organisations (OECD, UNESCO, UN, G7, ISO)","short_name":"International","iso_code":null,"jurisdiction_type":"supranational","region":"International","subregion":null,"regulatory_status_summary":"Non-binding recommendations, declarations and a voluntary standard; binding effect arises only through national implementation or contractual adoption.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: OECD AI Principles (Recommendation on AI); UNESCO Recommendation on the Ethics of AI; UN General Assembly resolution 78/265 on safe, secure and trustworthy AI; G7 Hiroshima AI Process code of conduct; Bletchley Declaration (AI Safety Summit 2023); ISO/IEC 42001:2023 AI management system.","regulators":[{"name":"OECD.AI Policy Observatory","url":"https://oecd.ai/","role":"Tracks national AI policies and OECD instruments"},{"name":"UNESCO – Ethics of Artificial Intelligence","url":"https://www.unesco.org/en/artificial-intelligence/recommendation-ethics","role":"Implements the 2021 Recommendation"},{"name":"UN Office for Digital and Emerging Technologies","url":"https://www.un.org/digital-emerging-technologies/","role":"Secretariat for the Global Dialogue on AI Governance"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"OECD Recommendation of the Council on Artificial Intelligence (OECD/LEGAL/0449)","publisher":"OECD","url":"https://legalinstruments.oecd.org/en/instruments/OECD-LEGAL-0449","document_date":"2024-05-03","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence","publisher":"UNESCO","url":"https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000381137","document_date":"2021-11-23","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/international","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/international.md","official_source_url":"https://legalinstruments.oecd.org/en/instruments/OECD-LEGAL-0449","source_publisher":"OECD","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"iran","name":"Iran","short_name":"Iran","iso_code":"IR","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Western Asia","regulatory_status_summary":"Iran approved a national AI document in 2024 and created a National AI Organisation; texts were not verified from an official source. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/iran","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/iran.md","official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"iraq","name":"Iraq","short_name":"Iraq","iso_code":"IQ","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Western Asia","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/iraq","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/iraq.md","official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"ireland","name":"Ireland","short_name":"Ireland","iso_code":"IE","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Northern Europe","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; competent authorities designated in phases; national AI strategy refreshed 2024.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: AI – Here for Good (National AI Strategy).","regulators":[{"name":"Department of Enterprise, Tourism and Employment","url":"https://enterprise.gov.ie/en/publications/national-ai-strategy.html","role":"Lead department for AI policy and AI Act implementation"},{"name":"Data Protection Commission","url":"https://www.dataprotection.ie/","role":"Data-protection authority; lead supervisor for many AI companies under the GDPR"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"National AI Strategy: AI – Here for Good (2021, refresh 2024)","publisher":"Department of Enterprise, Trade and Employment","url":"https://enterprise.gov.ie/en/publications/national-ai-strategy.html","document_date":"2024-11-05","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/ireland","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/ireland.md","official_source_url":"https://enterprise.gov.ie/en/publications/national-ai-strategy.html","source_publisher":"Department of Enterprise, Trade and Employment","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"israel","name":"Israel","short_name":"Israel","iso_code":"IL","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Western Asia","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI policy (2023) as policy; sector regulators act within existing law; no horizontal AI statute.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: AI regulation and ethics policy (2023).","regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Innovation, Science and Technology","url":"https://www.gov.il/en/departments/ministry_of_science_and_technology","role":"AI policy lead; AI policy coordination centre"},{"name":"Privacy Protection Authority","url":"https://www.gov.il/en/departments/the_privacy_protection_authority","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Israel's policy on artificial intelligence regulation and ethics","publisher":"Ministry of Innovation, Science and Technology","url":"https://www.gov.il/en/pages/ai_2023","document_date":"2023-12-17","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/israel","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/israel.md","official_source_url":"https://www.gov.il/en/pages/ai_2023","source_publisher":"Ministry of Innovation, Science and Technology","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"italy","name":"Italy","short_name":"Italy","iso_code":"IT","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; national AI law in force since 10 October 2025; AI strategy 2024–2026 as policy; active data-protection enforcement.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Law No. 132/2025 on artificial intelligence. Strategy or guidance: Italian AI Strategy 2024–2026.","regulators":[{"name":"Agenzia per l'Italia Digitale (AgID)","url":"https://www.agid.gov.it/","role":"National AI authority for notification, promotion and sandboxes under Law 132/2025"},{"name":"Agenzia per la Cybersicurezza Nazionale (ACN)","url":"https://www.acn.gov.it/","role":"National AI authority for supervision, inspection and sanctions"},{"name":"Garante per la protezione dei dati personali","url":"https://www.garanteprivacy.it/","role":"Data-protection authority; generative-AI enforcement"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Legge 23 settembre 2025, n. 132","publisher":"Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana","url":"https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/eli/id/2025/09/25/25G00146/sg","document_date":"2025-09-25","document_type":"legislation","tier":1},{"title":"Strategia Italiana per l'Intelligenza Artificiale 2024-2026","publisher":"Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri / AgID","url":"https://www.agid.gov.it/sites/agid/files/2024-07/Strategia_italiana_per_l_Intelligenza_artificiale_2024-2026.pdf","document_date":"2024-07-22","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/italy","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/italy.md","official_source_url":"https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/eli/id/2025/09/25/25G00146/sg","source_publisher":"Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"jamaica","name":"Jamaica","short_name":"Jamaica","iso_code":"JM","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Caribbean","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI policy framework (2024) as policy; data-protection law applies.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI policy framework (2024).","regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Science, Energy, Telecommunications and Transport","url":"https://www.mset.gov.jm/","role":"AI policy lead"},{"name":"Office of the Information Commissioner","url":"https://oic.gov.jm/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Science, Energy, Telecommunications and Transport","publisher":"Government of Jamaica","url":"https://www.mset.gov.jm/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/jamaica","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/jamaica.md","official_source_url":"https://www.mset.gov.jm/","source_publisher":"Government of Jamaica","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"japan","name":"Japan","short_name":"Japan","iso_code":"JP","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Eastern Asia","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: AI Guidelines for Business (2024, guidance); Act on Promotion of Research and Development, and Utilization of Artificial Intelligence-related Technology (2025, act, in force); Artificial Intelligence Basic Plan (2025, strategy, adopted). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Act on Promotion of Research and Development, and Utilization of Artificial Intelligence-related Technology. Strategy or guidance: AI Guidelines for Business, Artificial Intelligence Basic Plan.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"AI Guidelines for Business","publisher":"Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry","url":"https://www.meti.go.jp/shingikai/mono_info_service/ai_shakai_jisso/index.html","document_date":"2024-04-19","document_type":"guidance","tier":1},{"title":"Act on Promotion of Research and Development, and Utilization of Artificial Intelligence-related Technology (Act No. 53 of 2025)","publisher":"Japanese Law Translation Database (Ministry of Justice)","url":"https://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/en/laws/view/5066/en","document_date":"2025-06-04","document_type":"legislation","tier":1},{"title":"Artificial Intelligence Basic Plan","publisher":"Cabinet Office, Government of Japan","url":"https://www8.cao.go.jp/cstp/ai/ai_plan/ai_plan.html","document_date":"2025-12-23","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/ai-regulation-japan","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/japan.md","official_source_url":"https://www.meti.go.jp/shingikai/mono_info_service/ai_shakai_jisso/index.html","source_publisher":"Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"jordan","name":"Jordan","short_name":"Jordan","iso_code":"JO","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Western Asia","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI strategy 2023–2027 and AI ethics charter as policy; data-protection law applies.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: AI Strategy and Implementation Roadmap 2023–2027; Charter of AI Ethics (2022).","regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Digital Economy and Entrepreneurship (MoDEE)","url":"https://www.modee.gov.jo/","role":"AI strategy and ethics charter lead"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Digital Economy and Entrepreneurship","publisher":"Government of Jordan","url":"https://www.modee.gov.jo/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/jordan","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/jordan.md","official_source_url":"https://www.modee.gov.jo/","source_publisher":"Government of Jordan","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"kazakhstan","name":"Kazakhstan","short_name":"Kazakhstan","iso_code":"KZ","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Central Asia","regulatory_status_summary":"Law on AI adopted (2025); AI development concept 2024–2029 as policy.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Law on Artificial Intelligence (2025). Strategy or guidance: Concept for AI development 2024–2029.","regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Development","url":"https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/mdai","role":"AI policy and regulation lead"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Development of the Republic of Kazakhstan","publisher":"Government of Kazakhstan","url":"https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/mdai","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/kazakhstan","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/kazakhstan.md","official_source_url":"https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/mdai","source_publisher":"Government of Kazakhstan","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"kenya","name":"Kenya","short_name":"Kenya","iso_code":"KE","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: Kenya Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2025-2030 (2025, strategy, adopted). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Kenya Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2025-2030.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Kenya Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2025-2030","publisher":"Ministry of Information, Communications and the Digital Economy","url":"https://www.ict.go.ke/kenyas-artificial-intelligence-ai-strategy-2025-2030-launched-kicc-nairobi","document_date":"2025-03-27","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/ai-regulation-kenya","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/kenya.md","official_source_url":"https://www.ict.go.ke/kenyas-artificial-intelligence-ai-strategy-2025-2030-launched-kicc-nairobi","source_publisher":"Ministry of Information, Communications and the Digital Economy","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"kiribati","name":"Kiribati","short_name":"Kiribati","iso_code":"KI","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Oceania","subregion":null,"regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/kiribati","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/kiribati.md","official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"kosovo","name":"Kosovo","short_name":"Kosovo","iso_code":"XK","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Office of the Prime Minister","url":"https://kryeministri.rks-gov.net/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Office of the Prime Minister","publisher":"Government of Kosovo","url":"https://kryeministri.rks-gov.net/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/kosovo","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/kosovo.md","official_source_url":"https://kryeministri.rks-gov.net/","source_publisher":"Government of Kosovo","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"kuwait","name":"Kuwait","short_name":"Kuwait","iso_code":"KW","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Gulf Cooperation Council","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI strategy 2025–2028 as policy; CITRA guidelines; no AI-specific law.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI Strategy 2025–2028.","regulators":[{"name":"Central Agency for Information Technology (CAIT)","url":"https://www.cait.gov.kw/","role":"National AI strategy"},{"name":"Communication and Information Technology Regulatory Authority (CITRA)","url":"https://www.citra.gov.kw/","role":"ICT regulation and data-privacy regulation"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Central Agency for Information Technology","publisher":"Government of Kuwait","url":"https://www.cait.gov.kw/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/kuwait","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/kuwait.md","official_source_url":"https://www.cait.gov.kw/","source_publisher":"Government of Kuwait","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"kyrgyzstan","name":"Kyrgyzstan","short_name":"Kyrgyzstan","iso_code":"KG","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Central Asia","regulatory_status_summary":"Kyrgyzstan adopted a Digital Code in 2025 and has announced AI regulation work; no adopted AI-specific instrument recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Cabinet of Ministers of the Kyrgyz Republic","url":"https://www.gov.kg/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Cabinet of Ministers of the Kyrgyz Republic","publisher":"Government of Kyrgyzstan","url":"https://www.gov.kg/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/kyrgyzstan","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/kyrgyzstan.md","official_source_url":"https://www.gov.kg/","source_publisher":"Government of Kyrgyzstan","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"laos","name":"Laos","short_name":"Laos","iso_code":"LA","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"South-East Asia","regulatory_status_summary":"The ASEAN guides apply as regional reference; no national AI instrument recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/laos","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/laos.md","official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"latvia","name":"Latvia","short_name":"Latvia","iso_code":"LV","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Northern Europe","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; AI development report (2020) and digital transformation guidelines as policy.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Informational report on AI development (2020).","regulators":[{"name":"Vides aizsardzības un reģionālās attīstības ministrija (VARAM)","url":"https://www.varam.gov.lv/en","role":"Digital and AI policy coordination"},{"name":"Datu valsts inspekcija","url":"https://www.dvi.gov.lv/en","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Environmental Protection and Regional Development","publisher":"Government of Latvia","url":"https://www.varam.gov.lv/en","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/latvia","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/latvia.md","official_source_url":"https://www.varam.gov.lv/en","source_publisher":"Government of Latvia","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"lebanon","name":"Lebanon","short_name":"Lebanon","iso_code":"LB","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Western Asia","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI strategy 2024–2030 as policy; no AI-specific law.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI Strategy 2024–2030.","regulators":[{"name":"Office of the Minister of State for Administrative Reform (OMSAR)","url":"https://www.omsar.gov.lb/","role":"AI strategy lead"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"OMSAR","publisher":"Government of Lebanon","url":"https://www.omsar.gov.lb/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/lebanon","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/lebanon.md","official_source_url":"https://www.omsar.gov.lb/","source_publisher":"Government of Lebanon","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"lesotho","name":"Lesotho","short_name":"Lesotho","iso_code":"LS","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Southern Africa","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Government of Lesotho","url":"https://www.gov.ls/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Lesotho","publisher":"Government of Lesotho","url":"https://www.gov.ls/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/lesotho","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/lesotho.md","official_source_url":"https://www.gov.ls/","source_publisher":"Government of Lesotho","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"liberia","name":"Liberia","short_name":"Liberia","iso_code":"LR","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Executive Mansion","url":"https://www.emansion.gov.lr/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Executive Mansion","publisher":"Government of Liberia","url":"https://www.emansion.gov.lr/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/liberia","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/liberia.md","official_source_url":"https://www.emansion.gov.lr/","source_publisher":"Government of Liberia","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"libya","name":"Libya","short_name":"Libya","iso_code":"LY","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Northern Africa","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/libya","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/libya.md","official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"liechtenstein","name":"Liechtenstein","short_name":"Liechtenstein","iso_code":"LI","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Western Europe","regulatory_status_summary":"As an EEA member, Liechtenstein will incorporate the EU AI Act through the EEA Agreement; no domestic AI instrument recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Liechtenstein National Administration","url":"https://www.llv.li/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Liechtenstein National Administration","publisher":"Government of Liechtenstein","url":"https://www.llv.li/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/liechtenstein","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/liechtenstein.md","official_source_url":"https://www.llv.li/","source_publisher":"Government of Liechtenstein","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"lithuania","name":"Lithuania","short_name":"Lithuania","iso_code":"LT","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Northern Europe","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; AI strategy (2019) as policy; authority designation in progress.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Lithuanian Artificial Intelligence Strategy (2019).","regulators":[{"name":"Ekonomikos ir inovacijų ministerija (Ministry of the Economy and Innovation)","url":"https://eimin.lrv.lt/en/","role":"AI strategy lead"},{"name":"Ryšių reguliavimo tarnyba (RRT)","url":"https://www.rrt.lt/en/","role":"Proposed market-surveillance authority for the AI Act"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministry of the Economy and Innovation","publisher":"Government of Lithuania","url":"https://eimin.lrv.lt/en/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/lithuania","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/lithuania.md","official_source_url":"https://eimin.lrv.lt/en/","source_publisher":"Government of Lithuania","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"luxembourg","name":"Luxembourg","short_name":"Luxembourg","iso_code":"LU","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Western Europe","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; AI strategic vision (2019) as policy; authority designation in progress.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: AI: a strategic vision for Luxembourg (2019).","regulators":[{"name":"Commission nationale pour la protection des données (CNPD)","url":"https://cnpd.public.lu/en.html","role":"Data-protection authority; proposed AI Act authority"},{"name":"Ministry of Digitalisation","url":"https://digital.gouvernement.lu/en.html","role":"Public-sector digital and AI programmes"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Artificial Intelligence: a strategic vision for Luxembourg","publisher":"Government of Luxembourg","url":"https://digital.gouvernement.lu/en.html","document_date":"2019-05-01","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/luxembourg","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/luxembourg.md","official_source_url":"https://digital.gouvernement.lu/en.html","source_publisher":"Government of Luxembourg","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"madagascar","name":"Madagascar","short_name":"Madagascar","iso_code":"MG","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Présidence de Madagascar","url":"https://www.presidence.gov.mg/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Présidence de Madagascar","publisher":"Government of Madagascar","url":"https://www.presidence.gov.mg/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/madagascar","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/madagascar.md","official_source_url":"https://www.presidence.gov.mg/","source_publisher":"Government of Madagascar","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"malawi","name":"Malawi","short_name":"Malawi","iso_code":"MW","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","regulatory_status_summary":"Malawi has drafted a national AI strategy with UNESCO support; adoption not confirmed. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Government of Malawi","url":"https://www.malawi.gov.mw/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Malawi","publisher":"Government of Malawi","url":"https://www.malawi.gov.mw/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/malawi","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/malawi.md","official_source_url":"https://www.malawi.gov.mw/","source_publisher":"Government of Malawi","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"malaysia","name":"Malaysia","short_name":"Malaysia","iso_code":"MY","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"South-East Asia","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: National Artificial Intelligence Roadmap 2021-2025 (2021, strategy, adopted); The National Guidelines on AI Governance & Ethics (2024, guidance); Artificial Intelligence (2026, bill, proposed). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National Artificial Intelligence Roadmap 2021-2025, The National Guidelines on AI Governance & Ethics, Artificial Intelligence.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"National Artificial Intelligence Roadmap 2021-2025 (AI-Rmap)","publisher":"Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia","url":"https://www.mosti.gov.my/en/berita/malaysias-national-artificial-intelligence-ai-roadmap-2021-2025/","document_date":"2021-12-01","document_type":"strategy","tier":1},{"title":"The National Guidelines on AI Governance & Ethics (AIGE)","publisher":"Malaysian Science, Technology Information Centre (MASTIC), MOSTI","url":"https://mastic.mosti.gov.my/publication/the-national-guidelines-on-ai-governance-ethics/","document_date":"2024-09-01","document_type":"guidance","tier":1},{"title":"Artificial Intelligence (AI) Governance Bill (proposed)","publisher":"Ministry of Digital, Malaysia","url":"https://www.digital.gov.my/en-GB/siaran/Kementerian-Digital-Mulakan-Libat-Urus-Cadangan-Rang-Undang-Undang-Tadbir-Urus-Kecerdasan-Buatan-(AI)","document_date":"2026-07-10","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/ai-regulation-malaysia","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/malaysia.md","official_source_url":"https://www.mosti.gov.my/en/berita/malaysias-national-artificial-intelligence-ai-roadmap-2021-2025/","source_publisher":"Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"maldives","name":"Maldives","short_name":"Maldives","iso_code":"MV","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"South Asia","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"The President's Office","url":"https://presidency.gov.mv/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"The President's Office","publisher":"Government of Maldives","url":"https://presidency.gov.mv/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/maldives","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/maldives.md","official_source_url":"https://presidency.gov.mv/","source_publisher":"Government of Maldives","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"mali","name":"Mali","short_name":"Mali","iso_code":"ML","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Primature du Mali","url":"https://www.primature.ml/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Primature du Mali","publisher":"Government of Mali","url":"https://www.primature.ml/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/mali","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/mali.md","official_source_url":"https://www.primature.ml/","source_publisher":"Government of Mali","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"malta","name":"Malta","short_name":"Malta","iso_code":"MT","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; AI strategy 2030 (2019) as policy; MDIA certification voluntary.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Malta AI Strategy and Vision 2030.","regulators":[{"name":"Malta Digital Innovation Authority (MDIA)","url":"https://www.mdia.gov.mt/","role":"Technology assurance and proposed AI Act authority"},{"name":"Information and Data Protection Commissioner","url":"https://idpc.org.mt/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Malta: The Ultimate AI Launchpad – A Strategy and Vision for Artificial Intelligence in Malta 2030","publisher":"Office of the Prime Minister / MDIA","url":"https://malta.ai/","document_date":"2019-10-01","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/malta","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/malta.md","official_source_url":"https://malta.ai/","source_publisher":"Office of the Prime Minister / MDIA","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"marshall-islands","name":"Marshall Islands","short_name":"Marshall Islands","iso_code":"MH","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Oceania","subregion":null,"regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/marshall-islands","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/marshall-islands.md","official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"mauritania","name":"Mauritania","short_name":"Mauritania","iso_code":"MR","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","regulatory_status_summary":"Mauritania adopted a national AI strategy in 2024 according to government announcements; the text was not verified from an official source. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Gouvernement de Mauritanie","url":"https://www.mauritania.mr/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Gouvernement de Mauritanie","publisher":"Government of Mauritania","url":"https://www.mauritania.mr/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/mauritania","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/mauritania.md","official_source_url":"https://www.mauritania.mr/","source_publisher":"Government of Mauritania","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"mauritius","name":"Mauritius","short_name":"Mauritius","iso_code":"MU","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI strategy (2018) as policy; data-protection law applies; no AI-specific law.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Mauritius AI Strategy (2018).","regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Information Technology, Communication and Innovation","url":"https://mitci.govmu.org/","role":"Digital and AI policy lead"},{"name":"Data Protection Office","url":"https://dataprotection.govmu.org/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Mauritius Artificial Intelligence Strategy","publisher":"Ministry of Technology, Communication and Innovation","url":"https://ncb.govmu.org/","document_date":"2018-11-01","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/mauritius","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/mauritius.md","official_source_url":"https://ncb.govmu.org/","source_publisher":"Ministry of Technology, Communication and Innovation","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"mexico","name":"Mexico","short_name":"Mexico","iso_code":"MX","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Central America","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: Iniciativa con proyecto de decreto por el que se expide la Ley Federal para el Desarrollo Ético, Soberano e Inclusivo de (2025, bill, proposed); Plan Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial (2026, strategy, adopted). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Iniciativa con proyecto de decreto por el que se expide la Ley Federal para el Desarrollo Ético, Soberano e Inclusivo de, Plan Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Iniciativa con proyecto de decreto por el que se expide la Ley Federal para el Desarrollo Ético, Soberano e Inclusivo de la Inteligencia Artificial (Initiative to enact the Federal Law for the Ethical, Sovereign and Inclusive Development of Artificial…","publisher":"Sistema de Información Legislativa, Secretaría de Gobernación","url":"https://sil.gobernacion.gob.mx/Archivos/Documentos/2025/04/asun_4896460_20250430_1747757009.pdf","document_date":"2025-04-30","document_type":"legislation","tier":1},{"title":"Plan Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial (National Artificial Intelligence Plan)","publisher":"Agencia de Transformación Digital y Telecomunicaciones (gob.mx)","url":"https://www.gob.mx/atdt/agendas/2030/inteligencia-artificial","document_date":"2026-04-01","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/ai-regulation-mexico","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/mexico.md","official_source_url":"https://sil.gobernacion.gob.mx/Archivos/Documentos/2025/04/asun_4896460_20250430_1747757009.pdf","source_publisher":"Sistema de Información Legislativa, Secretaría de Gobernación","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"micronesia","name":"Micronesia","short_name":"Micronesia","iso_code":"FM","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Oceania","subregion":null,"regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/micronesia","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/micronesia.md","official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"moldova","name":"Moldova","short_name":"Moldova","iso_code":"MD","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Eastern Europe","regulatory_status_summary":"Moldova signed the Council of Europe Framework Convention on AI (2024) and is aligning with the EU acquis as a candidate; no adopted AI-specific instrument recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Government of Moldova","url":"https://gov.md/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Moldova","publisher":"Government of Moldova","url":"https://gov.md/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/moldova","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/moldova.md","official_source_url":"https://gov.md/","source_publisher":"Government of Moldova","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"monaco","name":"Monaco","short_name":"Monaco","iso_code":"MC","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Western Europe","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Gouvernement Princier","url":"https://www.gouv.mc/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Gouvernement Princier","publisher":"Government of Monaco","url":"https://www.gouv.mc/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/monaco","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/monaco.md","official_source_url":"https://www.gouv.mc/","source_publisher":"Government of Monaco","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"mongolia","name":"Mongolia","short_name":"Mongolia","iso_code":"MN","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Eastern Asia","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI strategy (2024) as policy; no AI-specific law.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI strategy (2024).","regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Digital Development, Innovation and Communications","url":"https://mddc.gov.mn/","role":"AI strategy lead"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Digital Development, Innovation and Communications","publisher":"Government of Mongolia","url":"https://mddc.gov.mn/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/mongolia","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/mongolia.md","official_source_url":"https://mddc.gov.mn/","source_publisher":"Government of Mongolia","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"montenegro","name":"Montenegro","short_name":"Montenegro","iso_code":"ME","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","regulatory_status_summary":"Montenegro, an EU candidate, has prepared an AI strategy within its digital transformation strategy; adoption not confirmed from an official source. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Government of Montenegro","url":"https://www.gov.me/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Montenegro","publisher":"Government of Montenegro","url":"https://www.gov.me/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/montenegro","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/montenegro.md","official_source_url":"https://www.gov.me/","source_publisher":"Government of Montenegro","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"morocco","name":"Morocco","short_name":"Morocco","iso_code":"MA","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Northern Africa","regulatory_status_summary":"Digital Morocco 2030 with AI pillar as policy; national AI strategy and AI bill in preparation; data-protection law applies.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Digital Morocco 2030 (AI pillar).","regulators":[{"name":"Ministère de la Transition Numérique et de la Réforme de l'Administration","url":"https://www.mmps.gov.ma/","role":"Digital and AI strategy lead"},{"name":"Commission Nationale de contrôle de la protection des Données à caractère Personnel (CNDP)","url":"https://www.cndp.ma/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Digital Morocco 2030","publisher":"Ministry of Digital Transition and Administrative Reform","url":"https://www.mmps.gov.ma/","document_date":"2024-09-25","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/morocco","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/morocco.md","official_source_url":"https://www.mmps.gov.ma/","source_publisher":"Ministry of Digital Transition and Administrative Reform","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"mozambique","name":"Mozambique","short_name":"Mozambique","iso_code":"MZ","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Portal do Governo","url":"https://www.portaldogoverno.gov.mz/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Portal do Governo","publisher":"Government of Mozambique","url":"https://www.portaldogoverno.gov.mz/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/mozambique","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/mozambique.md","official_source_url":"https://www.portaldogoverno.gov.mz/","source_publisher":"Government of Mozambique","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"myanmar","name":"Myanmar","short_name":"Myanmar","iso_code":"MM","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"South-East Asia","regulatory_status_summary":"The ASEAN guides apply as regional reference; no national AI instrument recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/myanmar","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/myanmar.md","official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"namibia","name":"Namibia","short_name":"Namibia","iso_code":"NA","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Southern Africa","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI policy in development; data-protection bill pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI policy (in development).","regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Information and Communication Technology","url":"https://mict.gov.na/","role":"AI policy lead"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Information and Communication Technology","publisher":"Government of Namibia","url":"https://mict.gov.na/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/namibia","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/namibia.md","official_source_url":"https://mict.gov.na/","source_publisher":"Government of Namibia","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"nauru","name":"Nauru","short_name":"Nauru","iso_code":"NR","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Oceania","subregion":null,"regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/nauru","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/nauru.md","official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"nepal","name":"Nepal","short_name":"Nepal","iso_code":"NP","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"South Asia","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI policy adopted (2025); no binding AI-specific law; privacy and electronic-transaction laws apply. Source certainty for policy documents is medium because official English-language texts and stable document URLs are limited; every record here must be verified against MoCIT publications.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Electronic Transactions Act 2063, Individual Privacy Act 2075 and the Individual Privacy Regulation 2077, sector rules from Nepal Rastra Bank and the Nepal Telecommunications Authority. Guidance / policy: National AI Policy 2082 (2025), the 2024 AI concept paper, Digital Nepal Framework 2019, National Cyber Security Policy 2080.","regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Communication and Information Technology (MoCIT)","url":"https://mocit.gov.np/","role":"ICT and AI policy lead"},{"name":"Nepal Law Commission","url":"https://lawcommission.gov.np/","role":"Official repository of Acts and regulations"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Communication and Information Technology — publications","publisher":"Government of Nepal, MoCIT","url":"https://mocit.gov.np/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Nepal Law Commission — Acts and Regulations","publisher":"Government of Nepal","url":"https://lawcommission.gov.np/","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/ai-regulation-nepal","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/nepal.md","official_source_url":"https://mocit.gov.np/","source_publisher":"Government of Nepal","source_reference":"Policy document URLs to be confirmed by reviewer","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"netherlands","name":"Netherlands","short_name":"Netherlands","iso_code":"NL","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Western Europe","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; Dutch DPA coordinates algorithm supervision; public-sector algorithm register and generative-AI vision as policy.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Government Algorithm Register; Government-wide vision on generative AI.","regulators":[{"name":"Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens (Dutch Data Protection Authority)","url":"https://www.autoriteitpersoonsgegevens.nl/en/themes/algorithms-ai","role":"Data-protection authority; Directorate for the Coordination of Algorithms; proposed AI Act coordinator"},{"name":"Rijksinspectie Digitale Infrastructuur (RDI)","url":"https://www.rdi.nl/","role":"Proposed market-surveillance authority for product-related AI"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Algorithms and AI","publisher":"Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens","url":"https://www.autoriteitpersoonsgegevens.nl/en/themes/algorithms-ai","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"The Algorithm Register of the Dutch government","publisher":"Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations","url":"https://algoritmes.overheid.nl/en","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/netherlands","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/netherlands.md","official_source_url":"https://www.autoriteitpersoonsgegevens.nl/en/themes/algorithms-ai","source_publisher":"Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"new-zealand","name":"New Zealand","short_name":"New Zealand","iso_code":"NZ","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Oceania","subregion":null,"regulatory_status_summary":"National AI Strategy (2025) and responsible-AI guidance as policy; Algorithm Charter for government agencies; no AI-specific law.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: New Zealand AI Strategy (2025); Algorithm Charter for Aotearoa New Zealand.","regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (MBIE)","url":"https://www.mbie.govt.nz/","role":"AI strategy lead"},{"name":"Office of the Privacy Commissioner","url":"https://www.privacy.org.nz/","role":"Privacy Act 2020; AI and privacy guidance"},{"name":"Stats NZ (Government Chief Data Steward)","url":"https://www.data.govt.nz/","role":"Algorithm Charter stewardship"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"New Zealand's Strategy for Artificial Intelligence","publisher":"Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment","url":"https://www.mbie.govt.nz/business-and-employment/business/support-for-business/artificial-intelligence-strategy","document_date":"2025-07-08","document_type":"strategy","tier":1},{"title":"Algorithm Charter for Aotearoa New Zealand","publisher":"Stats NZ","url":"https://www.data.govt.nz/toolkit/data-ethics/government-algorithm-transparency-and-accountability/algorithm-charter/","document_date":"2020-07-28","document_type":"guidance","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/ai-regulation-new-zealand","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/new-zealand.md","official_source_url":"https://www.mbie.govt.nz/business-and-employment/business/support-for-business/artificial-intelligence-strategy","source_publisher":"Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"nicaragua","name":"Nicaragua","short_name":"Nicaragua","iso_code":"NI","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Central America","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/nicaragua","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/nicaragua.md","official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"niger","name":"Niger","short_name":"Niger","iso_code":"NE","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/niger","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/niger.md","official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"nigeria","name":"Nigeria","short_name":"Nigeria","iso_code":"NG","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: National Artificial Intelligence Strategy (2024, strategy, proposed). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National Artificial Intelligence Strategy.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"National Artificial Intelligence Strategy","publisher":"National Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (NITDA)","url":"https://ncair.nitda.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/National-AI-Strategy_01082024-copy.pdf","document_date":"2024-08-01","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/ai-regulation-nigeria","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/nigeria.md","official_source_url":"https://ncair.nitda.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/National-AI-Strategy_01082024-copy.pdf","source_publisher":"National Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (NITDA)","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"north-korea","name":"North Korea","short_name":"North Korea","iso_code":"KP","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Eastern Asia","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/north-korea","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/north-korea.md","official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"north-macedonia","name":"North Macedonia","short_name":"North Macedonia","iso_code":"MK","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","regulatory_status_summary":"North Macedonia announced a national AI strategy process in 2025; adoption not confirmed from an official source. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Digital Transformation","url":"https://www.mioa.gov.mk/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Digital Transformation","publisher":"Government of North Macedonia","url":"https://www.mioa.gov.mk/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/north-macedonia","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/north-macedonia.md","official_source_url":"https://www.mioa.gov.mk/","source_publisher":"Government of North Macedonia","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"norway","name":"Norway","short_name":"Norway","iso_code":"NO","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Northern Europe","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act being incorporated via the EEA; national AI strategy (2020) as policy; DPA sandbox operating.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National Strategy for AI (2020).","regulators":[{"name":"Nasjonal kommunikasjonsmyndighet (Nkom)","url":"https://www.nkom.no/","role":"Proposed coordinating market-surveillance authority for the AI Act"},{"name":"Datatilsynet","url":"https://www.datatilsynet.no/en/","role":"Data-protection authority; regulatory sandbox for responsible AI"},{"name":"Digitaliseringsdirektoratet (Digdir)","url":"https://www.digdir.no/","role":"Public-sector digitalisation and AI guidance"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence","publisher":"Norwegian Ministry of Local Government and Modernisation","url":"https://www.regjeringen.no/en/dokumenter/nasjonal-strategi-for-kunstig-intelligens/id2685594/","document_date":"2020-01-14","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/norway","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/norway.md","official_source_url":"https://www.regjeringen.no/en/dokumenter/nasjonal-strategi-for-kunstig-intelligens/id2685594/","source_publisher":"Norwegian Ministry of Local Government and Modernisation","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"oman","name":"Oman","short_name":"Oman","iso_code":"OM","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Gulf Cooperation Council","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI programme and government AI policy (2024) as policy; data-protection law applies.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI programme and government AI policy (2024).","regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Transport, Communications and Information Technology (MTCIT)","url":"https://www.mtcit.gov.om/","role":"AI programme lead"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Transport, Communications and Information Technology","publisher":"Government of Oman","url":"https://www.mtcit.gov.om/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/oman","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/oman.md","official_source_url":"https://www.mtcit.gov.om/","source_publisher":"Government of Oman","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"pakistan","name":"Pakistan","short_name":"Pakistan","iso_code":"PK","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"South Asia","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: National Artificial Intelligence Policy 2025 (2025, policy, adopted). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National Artificial Intelligence Policy 2025.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"National Artificial Intelligence Policy 2025","publisher":"Ministry of Information Technology and Telecommunication, Government of Pakistan","url":"https://www.moitt.gov.pk/SiteImage/Policies/National%20AI%20Policy.pdf","document_date":"2025-07-30","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/ai-regulation-pakistan","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/pakistan.md","official_source_url":"https://www.moitt.gov.pk/SiteImage/Policies/National%20AI%20Policy.pdf","source_publisher":"Ministry of Information Technology and Telecommunication, Government of Pakistan","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"palau","name":"Palau","short_name":"Palau","iso_code":"PW","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Oceania","subregion":null,"regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/palau","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/palau.md","official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"palestine","name":"Palestine","short_name":"Palestine","iso_code":"PS","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Western Asia","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/palestine","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/palestine.md","official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"panama","name":"Panama","short_name":"Panama","iso_code":"PA","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Central America","regulatory_status_summary":"AI bill under consideration; national AI strategy in development; data-protection law applies.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI strategy (in development).","regulators":[{"name":"Autoridad Nacional para la Innovación Gubernamental (AIG)","url":"https://aig.gob.pa/","role":"Government innovation and AI policy lead"},{"name":"Autoridad Nacional de Transparencia y Acceso a la Información (ANTAI)","url":"https://www.antai.gob.pa/","role":"Data-protection supervision"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Autoridad Nacional para la Innovación Gubernamental","publisher":"Government of Panama","url":"https://aig.gob.pa/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/panama","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/panama.md","official_source_url":"https://aig.gob.pa/","source_publisher":"Government of Panama","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"papua-new-guinea","name":"Papua New Guinea","short_name":"Papua New Guinea","iso_code":"PG","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Oceania","subregion":null,"regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Department of ICT","url":"https://www.ict.gov.pg/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Department of ICT","publisher":"Government of Papua New Guinea","url":"https://www.ict.gov.pg/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/papua-new-guinea","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/papua-new-guinea.md","official_source_url":"https://www.ict.gov.pg/","source_publisher":"Government of Papua New Guinea","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"paraguay","name":"Paraguay","short_name":"Paraguay","iso_code":"PY","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"South America","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI policy (2024) as policy; AI bills under consideration.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI Policy (2024).","regulators":[{"name":"Ministerio de Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación (MITIC)","url":"https://www.mitic.gov.py/","role":"Digital and AI policy lead"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"MITIC","publisher":"Government of Paraguay","url":"https://www.mitic.gov.py/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/paraguay","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/paraguay.md","official_source_url":"https://www.mitic.gov.py/","source_publisher":"Government of Paraguay","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"peru","name":"Peru","short_name":"Peru","iso_code":"PE","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"South America","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: Ley N° 31814 (2023, act, in force); Decreto Supremo N° 115-2025-PCM (2025, act, in force). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Ley N° 31814, Decreto Supremo N° 115-2025-PCM. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Ley N° 31814 – Ley que promueve el uso de la inteligencia artificial en favor del desarrollo económico y social del país (Law No. 31814 – Law promoting the use of artificial intelligence for the country's economic and social development)","publisher":"Diario Oficial El Peruano","url":"https://busquedas.elperuano.pe/dispositivo/NL/2192926-1","document_date":"2023-07-05","document_type":"legislation","tier":1},{"title":"Decreto Supremo N° 115-2025-PCM – Reglamento de la Ley N° 31814 (Supreme Decree No. 115-2025-PCM – Regulation of Law No. 31814)","publisher":"Diario Oficial El Peruano","url":"https://busquedas.elperuano.pe/dispositivo/NL/2436426-1","document_date":"2025-09-09","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/ai-regulation-peru","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/peru.md","official_source_url":"https://busquedas.elperuano.pe/dispositivo/NL/2192926-1","source_publisher":"Diario Oficial El Peruano","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"philippines","name":"Philippines","short_name":"Philippines","iso_code":"PH","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"South-East Asia","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: National AI Strategy Roadmap 2.0 (2024, strategy, adopted); National AI Strategy for the Philippines (2025, strategy, proposed). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI Strategy Roadmap 2.0, National AI Strategy for the Philippines.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"National AI Strategy Roadmap 2.0 (NAISR 2.0)","publisher":"Department of Trade and Industry, Philippines","url":"https://www.dti.gov.ph/dti-archives/dti-news-archived/dti-dti-launches-national-ai-strategy-roadmap-2-0-center-ai-research-positioning-philippines-center-excellence-ai-rampd","document_date":"2024-07-03","document_type":"strategy","tier":1},{"title":"National AI Strategy for the Philippines (NAIS-PH)","publisher":"Department of Science and Technology, Philippines","url":"https://www.dost.gov.ph/knowledge-resources/news/86-2025-news/3989-dost-builds-on-ai-national-strategy.html","document_date":"2025-04-30","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/ai-regulation-philippines","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/philippines.md","official_source_url":"https://www.dti.gov.ph/dti-archives/dti-news-archived/dti-dti-launches-national-ai-strategy-roadmap-2-0-center-ai-research-positioning-philippines-center-excellence-ai-rampd","source_publisher":"Department of Trade and Industry, Philippines","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"poland","name":"Poland","short_name":"Poland","iso_code":"PL","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Eastern Europe","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; national implementing bill proposed (2024–2025); AI development policy (2020).","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Draft act on AI systems (AI Act implementation). Strategy or guidance: Policy for the development of AI in Poland (2020).","regulators":[{"name":"Ministerstwo Cyfryzacji (Ministry of Digital Affairs)","url":"https://www.gov.pl/web/cyfryzacja","role":"Lead ministry for AI policy and AI Act implementation"},{"name":"Urząd Ochrony Danych Osobowych (UODO)","url":"https://uodo.gov.pl/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Polityka dla rozwoju sztucznej inteligencji w Polsce od roku 2020","publisher":"Council of Ministers","url":"https://www.gov.pl/web/ai/polityka-dla-rozwoju-sztucznej-inteligencji-w-polsce-od-roku-2020","document_date":"2020-12-28","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/poland","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/poland.md","official_source_url":"https://www.gov.pl/web/ai/polityka-dla-rozwoju-sztucznej-inteligencji-w-polsce-od-roku-2020","source_publisher":"Council of Ministers","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"portugal","name":"Portugal","short_name":"Portugal","iso_code":"PT","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; AI Portugal 2030 (2019) and 2025 AI agenda as policy; authority designation in progress.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: AI Portugal 2030.","regulators":[{"name":"Comissão Nacional de Proteção de Dados (CNPD)","url":"https://www.cnpd.pt/","role":"Data-protection authority"},{"name":"Agência para a Modernização Administrativa (AMA)","url":"https://www.ama.gov.pt/","role":"Public-sector digital transformation and AI in administration"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"AI Portugal 2030","publisher":"INCoDe.2030 / Government of Portugal","url":"https://www.incode2030.gov.pt/","document_date":"2019-06-01","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/portugal","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/portugal.md","official_source_url":"https://www.incode2030.gov.pt/","source_publisher":"INCoDe.2030 / Government of Portugal","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"qatar","name":"Qatar","short_name":"Qatar","iso_code":"QA","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Gulf Cooperation Council","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: National Artificial Intelligence Strategy for Qatar 2019 (2019, strategy, adopted). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National Artificial Intelligence Strategy for Qatar 2019.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"National Artificial Intelligence Strategy for Qatar 2019","publisher":"Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, Qatar","url":"https://www.mcit.gov.qa/-/media/mcit/documents/strategies/national_artificial_intelligence_strategy_for_qatar_2019_en.pdf","document_date":"2019-10-29","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/qatar","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/qatar.md","official_source_url":"https://www.mcit.gov.qa/-/media/mcit/documents/strategies/national_artificial_intelligence_strategy_for_qatar_2019_en.pdf","source_publisher":"Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, Qatar","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"romania","name":"Romania","short_name":"Romania","iso_code":"RO","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Eastern Europe","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; National AI Strategy 2024–2027 adopted; authority designation in progress.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI Strategy 2024–2027.","regulators":[{"name":"Ministerul Cercetării, Inovării și Digitalizării","url":"https://www.mcid.gov.ro/","role":"Lead ministry for the AI strategy"},{"name":"Autoritatea pentru Digitalizarea României (ADR)","url":"https://www.adr.gov.ro/","role":"Digital transformation and AI programmes"},{"name":"ANSPDCP","url":"https://www.dataprotection.ro/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Strategia Națională în domeniul Inteligenței Artificiale 2024–2027","publisher":"Government of Romania (Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitalisation)","url":"https://www.mcid.gov.ro/","document_date":"2024-07-11","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/romania","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/romania.md","official_source_url":"https://www.mcid.gov.ro/","source_publisher":"Government of Romania (Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitalisation)","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"russia","name":"Russia","short_name":"Russia","iso_code":"RU","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Eastern Europe","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI strategy (2019, updated 2024) as policy; experimental legal regimes in force; AI ethics code voluntary.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Federal Law 123-FZ (Moscow AI experimental regime). Strategy or guidance: National AI Strategy to 2030 (Decree 490, updated 2024).","regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Digital Development, Communications and Mass Media","url":"https://digital.gov.ru/","role":"AI strategy implementation"},{"name":"Roskomnadzor","url":"https://rkn.gov.ru/","role":"Personal-data and communications supervision"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 490 of 10 October 2019 on the development of artificial intelligence","publisher":"President of Russia","url":"http://kremlin.ru/acts/bank/44731","document_date":"2019-10-10","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/russia","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/russia.md","official_source_url":"http://kremlin.ru/acts/bank/44731","source_publisher":"President of Russia","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"rwanda","name":"Rwanda","short_name":"Rwanda","iso_code":"RW","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: The National AI Policy (2023, policy, adopted). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: The National AI Policy.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"The National AI Policy","publisher":"Ministry of ICT and Innovation, Republic of Rwanda","url":"https://www.minict.gov.rw/ai-policy","document_date":"2023-04-20","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/rwanda","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/rwanda.md","official_source_url":"https://www.minict.gov.rw/ai-policy","source_publisher":"Ministry of ICT and Innovation, Republic of Rwanda","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"saint-kitts-and-nevis","name":"Saint Kitts and Nevis","short_name":"Saint Kitts and Nevis","iso_code":"KN","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Caribbean","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Government of Saint Kitts and Nevis","url":"https://www.gov.kn/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Saint Kitts and Nevis","publisher":"Government of Saint Kitts and Nevis","url":"https://www.gov.kn/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/saint-kitts-and-nevis","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/saint-kitts-and-nevis.md","official_source_url":"https://www.gov.kn/","source_publisher":"Government of Saint Kitts and Nevis","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"saint-lucia","name":"Saint Lucia","short_name":"Saint Lucia","iso_code":"LC","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Caribbean","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Government of Saint Lucia","url":"https://www.govt.lc/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Saint Lucia","publisher":"Government of Saint Lucia","url":"https://www.govt.lc/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/saint-lucia","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/saint-lucia.md","official_source_url":"https://www.govt.lc/","source_publisher":"Government of Saint Lucia","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"saint-vincent-and-the-grenadines","name":"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","short_name":"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","iso_code":"VC","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Caribbean","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Government of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","url":"https://www.gov.vc/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","publisher":"Government of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","url":"https://www.gov.vc/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/saint-vincent-and-the-grenadines","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/saint-vincent-and-the-grenadines.md","official_source_url":"https://www.gov.vc/","source_publisher":"Government of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"samoa","name":"Samoa","short_name":"Samoa","iso_code":"WS","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Oceania","subregion":null,"regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Government of Samoa","url":"https://www.samoagovt.ws/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Samoa","publisher":"Government of Samoa","url":"https://www.samoagovt.ws/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/samoa","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/samoa.md","official_source_url":"https://www.samoagovt.ws/","source_publisher":"Government of Samoa","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"san-marino","name":"San Marino","short_name":"San Marino","iso_code":"SM","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","regulatory_status_summary":"San Marino signed the Council of Europe Framework Convention on AI (2024); no domestic AI instrument recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Government of San Marino","url":"https://www.gov.sm/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of San Marino","publisher":"Government of San Marino","url":"https://www.gov.sm/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/san-marino","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/san-marino.md","official_source_url":"https://www.gov.sm/","source_publisher":"Government of San Marino","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"sao-tome-and-principe","name":"Sao Tome and Principe","short_name":"Sao Tome and Principe","iso_code":"ST","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Middle Africa","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/sao-tome-and-principe","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/sao-tome-and-principe.md","official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"saudi-arabia","name":"Saudi Arabia","short_name":"Saudi Arabia","iso_code":"SA","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Gulf Cooperation Council","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: National Strategy for Data & AI (2020, strategy, adopted); AI Ethics Principles (2025, guidance). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National Strategy for Data & AI, AI Ethics Principles.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"National Strategy for Data & AI","publisher":"Saudi Data and Artificial Intelligence Authority","url":"https://sdaia.gov.sa/en/SDAIA/SdaiaStrategies/Pages/NationalStrategyForDataAndAI.aspx","document_date":"2020-07-17","document_type":"strategy","tier":1},{"title":"AI Ethics Principles","publisher":"Saudi Data and Artificial Intelligence Authority","url":"https://sdaia.gov.sa/en/SDAIA/about/Documents/ai-principles.pdf","document_date":"2025-05-01","document_type":"guidance","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/ai-regulation-saudi-arabia","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/saudi-arabia.md","official_source_url":"https://sdaia.gov.sa/en/SDAIA/SdaiaStrategies/Pages/NationalStrategyForDataAndAI.aspx","source_publisher":"Saudi Data and Artificial Intelligence Authority","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"senegal","name":"Senegal","short_name":"Senegal","iso_code":"SN","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI strategy (2025) as policy; data-protection law applies; no AI-specific law.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI Strategy (2025).","regulators":[{"name":"Ministère de la Communication, des Télécommunications et du Numérique","url":"https://numerique.gouv.sn/","role":"AI strategy lead"},{"name":"Commission de protection des Données Personnelles (CDP)","url":"https://www.cdp.sn/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministère de la Communication, des Télécommunications et du Numérique","publisher":"Government of Senegal","url":"https://numerique.gouv.sn/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/senegal","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/senegal.md","official_source_url":"https://numerique.gouv.sn/","source_publisher":"Government of Senegal","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"serbia","name":"Serbia","short_name":"Serbia","iso_code":"RS","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","regulatory_status_summary":"AI strategy 2025–2030 adopted; ethical guidelines (2023); AI law in preparation; EU AI Act alignment as a candidate country.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: AI Development Strategy 2025–2030; Ethical guidelines for trustworthy AI (2023).","regulators":[{"name":"Kancelarija za informacione tehnologije i elektronsku upravu","url":"https://www.ite.gov.rs/","role":"Office for IT and eGovernment; AI strategy implementation"},{"name":"Poverenik za informacije od javnog značaja i zaštitu podataka o ličnosti","url":"https://www.poverenik.rs/en/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"AI Serbia – national AI portal","publisher":"Government of the Republic of Serbia","url":"https://www.ai.gov.rs/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/serbia","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/serbia.md","official_source_url":"https://www.ai.gov.rs/","source_publisher":"Government of the Republic of Serbia","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"seychelles","name":"Seychelles","short_name":"Seychelles","iso_code":"SC","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Government of Seychelles","url":"https://www.gov.sc/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Seychelles","publisher":"Government of Seychelles","url":"https://www.gov.sc/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/seychelles","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/seychelles.md","official_source_url":"https://www.gov.sc/","source_publisher":"Government of Seychelles","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"sierra-leone","name":"Sierra Leone","short_name":"Sierra Leone","iso_code":"SL","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI strategy (2024) as policy; no AI-specific law.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI Strategy (2024).","regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Communication, Technology and Innovation","url":"https://mocti.gov.sl/","role":"AI strategy lead"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Communication, Technology and Innovation","publisher":"Government of Sierra Leone","url":"https://mocti.gov.sl/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/sierra-leone","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/sierra-leone.md","official_source_url":"https://mocti.gov.sl/","source_publisher":"Government of Sierra Leone","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"singapore","name":"Singapore","short_name":"Singapore","iso_code":"SG","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"South-East Asia","regulatory_status_summary":"No binding cross-sector AI law. Binding obligations come from the Personal Data Protection Act 2012, the Online Safety framework, sector regulation and consumer law. AI governance frameworks are voluntary but widely referenced.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Personal Data Protection Act 2012 (PDPA), Cybersecurity Act, sector rules (for example MAS requirements for financial institutions). Guidance / voluntary: Model AI Governance Framework, Generative AI framework, AI Verify, PDPC advisory guidelines on AI, MAS FEAT principles and Veritas.","regulators":[{"name":"Infocomm Media Development Authority (IMDA)","url":"https://www.imda.gov.sg/","role":"AI governance frameworks and AI Verify"},{"name":"Personal Data Protection Commission (PDPC)","url":"https://www.pdpc.gov.sg/","role":"PDPA and AI advisory guidelines"},{"name":"AI Verify Foundation","url":"https://aiverifyfoundation.sg/","role":"AI Verify testing framework and toolkit"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Model Artificial Intelligence Governance Framework (Second Edition)","publisher":"PDPC and IMDA","url":"https://www.pdpc.gov.sg/help-and-resources/2020/01/model-ai-governance-framework","document_date":"2020-01-21","document_type":"guidance","tier":1},{"title":"Model AI Governance Framework for Generative AI","publisher":"AI Verify Foundation and IMDA","url":"https://aiverifyfoundation.sg/resources/mgf-gen-ai/","document_date":"2024-05-30","document_type":"guidance","tier":1},{"title":"National AI Strategy 2.0","publisher":"Smart Nation Singapore","url":"https://www.smartnation.gov.sg/nais/","document_date":"2023-12-04","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/singapore","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/singapore.md","official_source_url":"https://www.pdpc.gov.sg/help-and-resources/2020/01/model-ai-governance-framework","source_publisher":"Personal Data Protection Commission Singapore and IMDA","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"high","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"slovakia","name":"Slovakia","short_name":"Slovakia","iso_code":"SK","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Eastern Europe","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; national AI strategy 2030 (2024) as policy.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI Strategy 2030.","regulators":[{"name":"Ministerstvo investícií, regionálneho rozvoja a informatizácie SR (MIRRI)","url":"https://www.mirri.gov.sk/en/","role":"Digital and AI policy lead"},{"name":"Úrad na ochranu osobných údajov","url":"https://dataprotection.gov.sk/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Investments, Regional Development and Informatisation","publisher":"Government of Slovakia","url":"https://www.mirri.gov.sk/en/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/slovakia","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/slovakia.md","official_source_url":"https://www.mirri.gov.sk/en/","source_publisher":"Government of Slovakia","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"slovenia","name":"Slovenia","short_name":"Slovenia","iso_code":"SI","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; national AI programme (2021) as policy; IRCAI hosted.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI Programme to 2025 (NpUI).","regulators":[{"name":"Ministrstvo za digitalno preobrazbo (Ministry of Digital Transformation)","url":"https://www.gov.si/en/state-authorities/ministries/ministry-of-digital-transformation/","role":"Digital and AI policy lead"},{"name":"Informacijski pooblaščenec","url":"https://www.ip-rs.si/en/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Nacionalni program spodbujanja razvoja in uporabe umetne inteligence v Republiki Sloveniji do leta 2025 (NpUI)","publisher":"Government of Slovenia","url":"https://www.gov.si/en/state-authorities/ministries/ministry-of-digital-transformation/","document_date":"2021-05-27","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/slovenia","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/slovenia.md","official_source_url":"https://www.gov.si/en/state-authorities/ministries/ministry-of-digital-transformation/","source_publisher":"Government of Slovenia","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"solomon-islands","name":"Solomon Islands","short_name":"Solomon Islands","iso_code":"SB","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Oceania","subregion":null,"regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Solomon Islands Government","url":"https://solomons.gov.sb/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Solomon Islands Government","publisher":"Government of Solomon Islands","url":"https://solomons.gov.sb/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/solomon-islands","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/solomon-islands.md","official_source_url":"https://solomons.gov.sb/","source_publisher":"Government of Solomon Islands","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"somalia","name":"Somalia","short_name":"Somalia","iso_code":"SO","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/somalia","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/somalia.md","official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"south-africa","name":"South Africa","short_name":"South Africa","iso_code":"ZA","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Southern Africa","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: Draft South Africa National Artificial Intelligence (2026, policy, archived). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Draft South Africa National Artificial Intelligence.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Draft South Africa National Artificial Intelligence (AI) Policy","publisher":"Government Gazette No. 54477, Notice 3880 of 2026 (DCDT)","url":"https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/202604/54477gen3880.pdf","document_date":"2026-04-10","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/south-africa","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/south-africa.md","official_source_url":"https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/202604/54477gen3880.pdf","source_publisher":"Government Gazette No. 54477, Notice 3880 of 2026 (DCDT)","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"south-korea","name":"South Korea","short_name":"South Korea","iso_code":"KR","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Eastern Asia","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: Framework Act on the Development of Artificial Intelligence and Establishment of a Foundation for Trust (2025, act, in force). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Framework Act on the Development of Artificial Intelligence and Establishment of a Foundation for Trust. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Framework Act on the Development of Artificial Intelligence and Establishment of a Foundation for Trust (AI Basic Act, Act No. 20676)","publisher":"Korea Ministry of Government Legislation, National Law Information Center","url":"https://www.law.go.kr/lsInfoP.do?lsiSeq=268543","document_date":"2025-01-21","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/ai-regulation-south-korea","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/south-korea.md","official_source_url":"https://www.law.go.kr/lsInfoP.do?lsiSeq=268543","source_publisher":"Korea Ministry of Government Legislation, National Law Information Center","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"south-sudan","name":"South Sudan","short_name":"South Sudan","iso_code":"SS","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/south-sudan","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/south-sudan.md","official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"spain","name":"Spain","short_name":"Spain","iso_code":"ES","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; AESIA operational; national implementation bill proposed (2025); AI Strategy 2024 as policy.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Royal Decree 729/2023 (AESIA statute); Royal Decree 817/2023 (AI regulatory sandbox); Draft law on good use and governance of AI. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Agencia Española de Supervisión de la Inteligencia Artificial (AESIA)","url":"https://aesia.digital.gob.es/","role":"National AI supervisory agency and market-surveillance authority"},{"name":"Agencia Española de Protección de Datos (AEPD)","url":"https://www.aepd.es/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Real Decreto 729/2023, Estatuto de la AESIA","publisher":"Boletín Oficial del Estado","url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-18911","document_date":"2023-09-07","document_type":"legislation","tier":1},{"title":"AESIA","publisher":"Ministerio para la Transformación Digital y de la Función Pública","url":"https://aesia.digital.gob.es/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/spain","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/spain.md","official_source_url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-18911","source_publisher":"Boletín Oficial del Estado","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"sri-lanka","name":"Sri Lanka","short_name":"Sri Lanka","iso_code":"LK","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"South Asia","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI strategy (2024) as policy; data-protection law applies; no AI-specific law.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI Strategy (2024).","regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Digital Economy","url":"https://www.digitaleconomy.gov.lk/","role":"AI strategy lead"},{"name":"Data Protection Authority of Sri Lanka","url":"https://www.dpa.gov.lk/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Digital Economy","publisher":"Government of Sri Lanka","url":"https://www.digitaleconomy.gov.lk/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/ai-regulation-sri-lanka","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/sri-lanka.md","official_source_url":"https://www.digitaleconomy.gov.lk/","source_publisher":"Government of Sri Lanka","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"sudan","name":"Sudan","short_name":"Sudan","iso_code":"SD","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Northern Africa","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/sudan","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/sudan.md","official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"suriname","name":"Suriname","short_name":"Suriname","iso_code":"SR","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"South America","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Government of Suriname","url":"https://www.gov.sr/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Suriname","publisher":"Government of Suriname","url":"https://www.gov.sr/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/suriname","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/suriname.md","official_source_url":"https://www.gov.sr/","source_publisher":"Government of Suriname","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"sweden","name":"Sweden","short_name":"Sweden","iso_code":"SE","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Northern Europe","regulatory_status_summary":"EU AI Act applies; AI Commission roadmap (2024) under implementation as policy; national approach (2018).","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: AI Commission roadmap for Sweden (SOU 2024:94).","regulators":[{"name":"Integritetsskyddsmyndigheten (IMY)","url":"https://www.imy.se/en/","role":"Data-protection authority; AI regulatory sandbox"},{"name":"Regeringskansliet (Government Offices of Sweden)","url":"https://www.regeringen.se/","role":"Government policy and AI Act implementation"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Färdplan för Sverige (SOU 2024:94)","publisher":"Regeringskansliet, AI-kommissionen","url":"https://www.regeringen.se/rattsliga-dokument/statens-offentliga-utredningar/2024/11/sou-202494/","document_date":"2024-11-26","document_type":"strategy","tier":1},{"title":"IMY: artificial intelligence","publisher":"Integritetsskyddsmyndigheten","url":"https://www.imy.se/en/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/sweden","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/sweden.md","official_source_url":"https://www.regeringen.se/rattsliga-dokument/statens-offentliga-utredningar/2024/11/sou-202494/","source_publisher":"Regeringskansliet, AI-kommissionen","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"switzerland","name":"Switzerland","short_name":"Switzerland","iso_code":"CH","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Western Europe","regulatory_status_summary":"No horizontal AI law; Federal Council approach (2025): Council of Europe convention plus sector rules; federal AI guidelines (2020).","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Federal Council AI regulatory approach (2025); Guidelines on AI for the Federal Administration (2020).","regulators":[{"name":"Federal Office of Communications (OFCOM)","url":"https://www.bakom.admin.ch/","role":"Lead office for the AI regulatory approach"},{"name":"Federal Data Protection and Information Commissioner (FDPIC)","url":"https://www.edoeb.admin.ch/en","role":"Data-protection authority; guidance on AI and the FADP"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Federal Council wants to ratify the Council of Europe Convention on AI (press release, 12 February 2025)","publisher":"Swiss Federal Council","url":"https://www.admin.ch/gov/en/start/documentation/media-releases.msg-id-104110.html","document_date":"2025-02-12","document_type":"press_release","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/switzerland","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/switzerland.md","official_source_url":"https://www.admin.ch/gov/en/start/documentation/media-releases.msg-id-104110.html","source_publisher":"Swiss Federal Council","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"syria","name":"Syria","short_name":"Syria","iso_code":"SY","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Western Asia","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/syria","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/syria.md","official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"taiwan","name":"Taiwan","short_name":"Taiwan","iso_code":"TW","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Eastern Asia","regulatory_status_summary":"AI Basic Act adopted by the Executive Yuan (2024) and under legislative process; sector guidance from financial regulators.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Artificial Intelligence Basic Act (draft). Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Council (NSTC)","url":"https://www.nstc.gov.tw/","role":"Lead agency for the AI Basic Act"},{"name":"Ministry of Digital Affairs (moda)","url":"https://moda.gov.tw/en/","role":"AI evaluation centre and digital policy"},{"name":"Personal Data Protection Commission (preparatory office)","url":"https://www.pdpc.gov.tw/","role":"Data-protection supervision"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"National Science and Technology Council: AI Basic Act","publisher":"NSTC","url":"https://www.nstc.gov.tw/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/taiwan","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/taiwan.md","official_source_url":"https://www.nstc.gov.tw/","source_publisher":"NSTC","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"tajikistan","name":"Tajikistan","short_name":"Tajikistan","iso_code":"TJ","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Central Asia","regulatory_status_summary":"Tajikistan approved a Strategy for the Development of Artificial Intelligence until 2040 in 2021. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: AI Development Strategy to 2040.","regulators":[{"name":"President of Tajikistan","url":"https://www.president.tj/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"President of Tajikistan","publisher":"Government of Tajikistan","url":"https://www.president.tj/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/tajikistan","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/tajikistan.md","official_source_url":"https://www.president.tj/","source_publisher":"Government of Tajikistan","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"tanzania","name":"Tanzania","short_name":"Tanzania","iso_code":"TZ","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI strategy in development; data-protection law applies; no AI-specific law.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI strategy (in development).","regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Information, Communication and Information Technology","url":"https://www.mictit.go.tz/","role":"AI strategy lead"},{"name":"Personal Data Protection Commission","url":"https://www.pdpc.go.tz/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Information, Communication and Information Technology","publisher":"Government of Tanzania","url":"https://www.mictit.go.tz/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/tanzania","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/tanzania.md","official_source_url":"https://www.mictit.go.tz/","source_publisher":"Government of Tanzania","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"thailand","name":"Thailand","short_name":"Thailand","iso_code":"TH","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"South-East Asia","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: Thailand National AI Strategy and Action Plan (2022, strategy, adopted); (Draft) Principles of the Law on Artificial Intelligence (2025, consultation, under consultation). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Thailand National AI Strategy and Action Plan, (Draft) Principles of the Law on Artificial Intelligence.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Thailand National AI Strategy and Action Plan (2022-2027)","publisher":"National Electronics and Computer Technology Center (NECTEC), NSTDA","url":"https://www.nectec.or.th/en/about/news/cabinet-national-ai-strategy.html","document_date":"2022-07-26","document_type":"strategy","tier":1},{"title":"(Draft) Principles of the Law on Artificial Intelligence","publisher":"Electronic Transactions Development Agency (ETDA), Thailand","url":"https://www.etda.or.th/th/pr-news/law_ai.aspx","document_date":"2025-06-11","document_type":"consultation","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/ai-regulation-thailand","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/thailand.md","official_source_url":"https://www.nectec.or.th/en/about/news/cabinet-national-ai-strategy.html","source_publisher":"National Electronics and Computer Technology Center (NECTEC), NSTDA","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"timor-leste","name":"Timor-Leste","short_name":"Timor-Leste","iso_code":"TL","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"South-East Asia","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Government of Timor-Leste","url":"https://timor-leste.gov.tl/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Timor-Leste","publisher":"Government of Timor-Leste","url":"https://timor-leste.gov.tl/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/timor-leste","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/timor-leste.md","official_source_url":"https://timor-leste.gov.tl/","source_publisher":"Government of Timor-Leste","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"togo","name":"Togo","short_name":"Togo","iso_code":"TG","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Western Africa","regulatory_status_summary":"Togo has used AI in social-protection payments (Novissi) and consulted on AI governance; no adopted AI-specific instrument recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Ministère de l'Économie numérique","url":"https://www.numerique.gouv.tg/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministère de l'Économie numérique","publisher":"Government of Togo","url":"https://www.numerique.gouv.tg/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/togo","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/togo.md","official_source_url":"https://www.numerique.gouv.tg/","source_publisher":"Government of Togo","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"tonga","name":"Tonga","short_name":"Tonga","iso_code":"TO","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Oceania","subregion":null,"regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Government of Tonga","url":"https://www.gov.to/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Tonga","publisher":"Government of Tonga","url":"https://www.gov.to/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/tonga","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/tonga.md","official_source_url":"https://www.gov.to/","source_publisher":"Government of Tonga","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"trinidad-and-tobago","name":"Trinidad and Tobago","short_name":"Trinidad and Tobago","iso_code":"TT","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Caribbean","regulatory_status_summary":"Trinidad and Tobago's Ministry of Digital Transformation published a draft national AI policy for consultation in 2025. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Digital Transformation","url":"https://www.mdt.gov.tt/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Digital Transformation","publisher":"Government of Trinidad and Tobago","url":"https://www.mdt.gov.tt/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/trinidad-and-tobago","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/trinidad-and-tobago.md","official_source_url":"https://www.mdt.gov.tt/","source_publisher":"Government of Trinidad and Tobago","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"tunisia","name":"Tunisia","short_name":"Tunisia","iso_code":"TN","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Northern Africa","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI strategy (2025) as policy; data-protection law applies; no AI-specific law.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI Strategy (2025).","regulators":[{"name":"Ministère des Technologies de la Communication","url":"https://www.mtc.gov.tn/","role":"AI strategy lead"},{"name":"Instance Nationale de Protection des Données Personnelles (INPDP)","url":"https://www.inpdp.tn/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministère des Technologies de la Communication","publisher":"Government of Tunisia","url":"https://www.mtc.gov.tn/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/tunisia","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/tunisia.md","official_source_url":"https://www.mtc.gov.tn/","source_publisher":"Government of Tunisia","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"turkiye","name":"Türkiye","short_name":"Türkiye","iso_code":"TR","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Western Asia","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI strategy 2021–2025 as policy; draft AI law pending in parliament; KVKK AI guidance.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Draft Artificial Intelligence Law (2024). Strategy or guidance: National AI Strategy 2021–2025.","regulators":[{"name":"Cumhurbaşkanlığı Dijital Dönüşüm Ofisi (Digital Transformation Office)","url":"https://cbddo.gov.tr/en/","role":"National AI strategy coordination"},{"name":"Kişisel Verileri Koruma Kurumu (KVKK)","url":"https://www.kvkk.gov.tr/","role":"Data-protection authority; AI recommendations"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"National Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2021–2025","publisher":"Digital Transformation Office of the Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye","url":"https://cbddo.gov.tr/en/nais/","document_date":"2021-08-20","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/turkiye","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/turkiye.md","official_source_url":"https://cbddo.gov.tr/en/nais/","source_publisher":"Digital Transformation Office of the Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"turkmenistan","name":"Turkmenistan","short_name":"Turkmenistan","iso_code":"TM","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Central Asia","regulatory_status_summary":"Turkmenistan's digital economy programme references AI; no AI-specific instrument recorded. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/turkmenistan","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/turkmenistan.md","official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"tuvalu","name":"Tuvalu","short_name":"Tuvalu","iso_code":"TV","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Oceania","subregion":null,"regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/tuvalu","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/tuvalu.md","official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"uae","name":"United Arab Emirates","short_name":"UAE","iso_code":"AE","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Western Asia","regulatory_status_summary":"No binding federal AI law; national AI strategy and ethics guidance in place; binding personal-data rules at federal level and in the DIFC and ADGM free zones. A reviewer must confirm the current status of any AI-specific regulation announced by the UAE's regulatory intelligence office or the Regulations Lab.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Federal Decree-Law No. 45 of 2021 (PDPL) and its executive regulations when issued, DIFC Data Protection Law and Regulation 10 (autonomous systems), ADGM Data Protection Regulations, sector rules (Central Bank, TDRA). Guidance: National AI Strategy 2031, AI Ethics Principles and Guidelines, UAE AI Charter, AI adoption guidelines.","regulators":[{"name":"Office of the Minister of State for Artificial Intelligence, Digital Economy and Remote Work Applications","url":"https://ai.gov.ae/","role":"National AI strategy and governance"},{"name":"UAE Data Office","url":"https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/digital-uae/data/data-protection","role":"Federal personal data protection"},{"name":"DIFC Commissioner of Data Protection","url":"https://www.difc.ae/","role":"DIFC data protection, including autonomous systems regulation"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"UAE National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence 2031","publisher":"UAE Government, Office of the Minister of State for AI","url":"https://ai.gov.ae/","document_date":null,"document_type":"strategy","tier":1},{"title":"Federal Decree-Law No. 45 of 2021 on Personal Data Protection","publisher":"UAE Government portal","url":"https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/digital-uae/data/data-protection","document_date":"2021-09-20","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/uae","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/uae.md","official_source_url":"https://ai.gov.ae/","source_publisher":"UAE Government","source_reference":"Document-level URLs to be confirmed by reviewer","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"uganda","name":"Uganda","short_name":"Uganda","iso_code":"UG","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Eastern Africa","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI strategy in development; data-protection law applies; no AI-specific law.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI strategy (in development).","regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of ICT and National Guidance","url":"https://ict.go.ug/","role":"AI strategy lead"},{"name":"Personal Data Protection Office","url":"https://www.pdpo.go.ug/","role":"Data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministry of ICT and National Guidance","publisher":"Government of Uganda","url":"https://ict.go.ug/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/uganda","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/uganda.md","official_source_url":"https://ict.go.ug/","source_publisher":"Government of Uganda","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"uk","name":"United Kingdom","short_name":"UK","iso_code":"GB","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":null,"regulatory_status_summary":"Principles-based, regulator-led framework; no AI-specific Act in force. The government has signalled a future bill targeting the most powerful AI models, but as of the last check no such bill had been introduced. Sector regulators (ICO, FCA, CMA, Ofcom, MHRA, EHRC) publish AI guidance and enforce existing law.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: UK GDPR and Data Protection Act 2018 (including rules on automated decision-making), Equality Act 2010, Consumer Rights Act 2015, Online Safety Act 2023, sector rules such as FCA Consumer Duty. Guidance: the AI regulation white paper principles, ICO guidance on AI and data protection, DSIT and regulator AI guidance, the Algorithmic Transparency Recording Standard for public bodies.","regulators":[{"name":"Department for Science, Innovation and Technology (DSIT)","url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-science-innovation-and-technology","role":"AI policy lead"},{"name":"Information Commissioner's Office (ICO)","url":"https://ico.org.uk/","role":"Data protection, including AI guidance"},{"name":"AI Security Institute","url":"https://www.aisi.gov.uk/","role":"Evaluation of advanced AI models"},{"name":"Competition and Markets Authority (CMA)","url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/competition-and-markets-authority","role":"Competition and consumer aspects of AI and foundation models"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"A pro-innovation approach to AI regulation (white paper)","publisher":"Department for Science, Innovation and Technology","url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-regulation-a-pro-innovation-approach","document_date":"2023-03-29","document_type":"guidance","tier":1},{"title":"AI Opportunities Action Plan","publisher":"Department for Science, Innovation and Technology","url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-opportunities-action-plan","document_date":"2025-01-13","document_type":"strategy","tier":1},{"title":"Guidance on AI and data protection","publisher":"Information Commissioner's Office","url":"https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/uk-gdpr-guidance-and-resources/artificial-intelligence/guidance-on-ai-and-data-protection/","document_type":"guidance","tier":2}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/uk","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/uk.md","official_source_url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-regulation-a-pro-innovation-approach","source_publisher":"UK Government, Department for Science, Innovation and Technology","source_reference":"Command Paper CP 815","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"high","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"ukraine","name":"Ukraine","short_name":"Ukraine","iso_code":"UA","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Europe","subregion":"Eastern Europe","regulatory_status_summary":"AI concept (2020) and regulation roadmap (2023) as policy; AI law in preparation; Council of Europe convention signed.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Roadmap for AI regulation (2023).","regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Digital Transformation of Ukraine","url":"https://thedigital.gov.ua/","role":"AI policy lead; expert committee on AI"},{"name":"Ukrainian Parliament Commissioner for Human Rights","url":"https://www.ombudsman.gov.ua/","role":"Data-protection supervision"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Digital Transformation of Ukraine","publisher":"Government of Ukraine","url":"https://thedigital.gov.ua/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/ukraine","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/ukraine.md","official_source_url":"https://thedigital.gov.ua/","source_publisher":"Government of Ukraine","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"uruguay","name":"Uruguay","short_name":"Uruguay","iso_code":"UY","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"South America","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: Estrategia Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial del Uruguay 2024-2030 (2024, strategy, adopted). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Estrategia Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial del Uruguay 2024-2030.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Estrategia Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial del Uruguay 2024-2030 (National Artificial Intelligence Strategy of Uruguay 2024-2030)","publisher":"Agesic (gub.uy)","url":"https://www.gub.uy/agencia-gobierno-electronico-sociedad-informacion-conocimiento/comunicacion/publicaciones/estrategia-nacional-inteligencia-artificial-2024-2030","document_date":"2024-11-21","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/uruguay","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/uruguay.md","official_source_url":"https://www.gub.uy/agencia-gobierno-electronico-sociedad-informacion-conocimiento/comunicacion/publicaciones/estrategia-nacional-inteligencia-artificial-2024-2030","source_publisher":"Agesic (gub.uy)","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"us-california","name":"California (United States)","short_name":"California","iso_code":"US-CA","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Americas","subregion":"Northern America","regulatory_status_summary":"Several binding statutes in force or with 2026 effective dates; SB 53 operative from 1 January 2026. The state's privacy regulator also enforces automated-decision-making rules. A reviewer must confirm current effective dates and any federal pre-emption disputes.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: SB 53 (frontier models), AB 2013 (training-data transparency), CCPA and CPPA regulations on automated decision-making technology, and sector laws. Guidance: Attorney General advisories on AI and existing law.","regulators":[{"name":"California Privacy Protection Agency","url":"https://cppa.ca.gov/","role":"CCPA and automated decision-making regulations"},{"name":"California Attorney General","url":"https://oag.ca.gov/","role":"Enforcement of SB 53 and consumer law"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"SB 53 Transparency in Frontier Artificial Intelligence Act","publisher":"California Legislative Information","url":"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260SB53","document_date":"2025-09-29","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/us-california","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/us-california.md","official_source_url":"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260SB53","source_publisher":"California Legislative Information","source_reference":"California Business and Professions Code, Chapter 25.1","review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"us-colorado","name":"Colorado (United States)","short_name":"Colorado","iso_code":"US-CO","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Americas","subregion":"Northern America","regulatory_status_summary":"SB 24-205 was repealed and replaced by SB 26-189 on 14 May 2026, before its delayed 30 June 2026 effective date. The replacement law, built around automated decision-making technology in consequential decisions, applies from 1 January 2027 and is enforced by the Colorado Attorney General. Recorded from secondary reporting on 26 September 2026, pending review against the enrolled bill.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: SB 24-205 as amended. The Attorney General may adopt rules; none were confirmed at the last check.","regulators":[{"name":"Colorado Attorney General","url":"https://coag.gov/","role":"Exclusive enforcement authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"SB24-205 Consumer Protections for Artificial Intelligence","publisher":"Colorado General Assembly","url":"https://leg.colorado.gov/bills/sb24-205","document_date":"2024-05-17","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/us-colorado","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/us-colorado.md","official_source_url":"https://leg.colorado.gov/bills/sb24-205","source_publisher":"Colorado General Assembly","source_reference":"Colorado Revised Statutes 6-1-1701 et seq.","review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":null,"reviewed_by":null}
{"slug":"us-illinois","name":"Illinois (United States)","short_name":"Illinois","iso_code":"US-IL","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Americas","subregion":"Northern America","regulatory_status_summary":"AI Video Interview Act in force (2020); HB 3773 employment-AI amendments effective 1 January 2026; BIPA applies to biometric AI.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Illinois HB 3773 (AI in employment, Human Rights Act amendment); Illinois AI Video Interview Act. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Illinois Department of Human Rights","url":"https://dhr.illinois.gov/","role":"Enforces the Human Rights Act, including HB 3773 AI provisions"},{"name":"Illinois General Assembly","url":"https://www.ilga.gov/","role":"Legislative texts"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"HB 3773, 103rd General Assembly (Public Act 103-0804)","publisher":"Illinois General Assembly","url":"https://www.ilga.gov/legislation/BillStatus.asp?DocNum=3773&GAID=17&DocTypeID=HB&SessionID=112","document_date":"2024-08-09","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/us-illinois","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/us-illinois.md","official_source_url":"https://www.ilga.gov/legislation/BillStatus.asp?DocNum=3773&GAID=17&DocTypeID=HB&SessionID=112","source_publisher":"Illinois General Assembly","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"us-new-york","name":"New York (United States)","short_name":"New York","iso_code":"US-NY","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Americas","subregion":"Northern America","regulatory_status_summary":"NYC Local Law 144 enforced since July 2023; RAISE Act enacted December 2025 (effective 2027); DFS guidance for regulated entities.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: NYC Local Law 144 (automated employment decision tools); New York RAISE Act (frontier model safety). Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"NYC Department of Consumer and Worker Protection","url":"https://www.nyc.gov/site/dca/about/automated-employment-decision-tools.page","role":"Enforces Local Law 144 on automated employment decision tools"},{"name":"New York State Department of Financial Services","url":"https://www.dfs.ny.gov/","role":"Cybersecurity and AI guidance for regulated financial entities"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Automated Employment Decision Tools (Local Law 144 of 2021)","publisher":"NYC Department of Consumer and Worker Protection","url":"https://www.nyc.gov/site/dca/about/automated-employment-decision-tools.page","document_date":"2023-07-05","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/us-new-york","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/us-new-york.md","official_source_url":"https://www.nyc.gov/site/dca/about/automated-employment-decision-tools.page","source_publisher":"NYC Department of Consumer and Worker Protection","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"us-tennessee","name":"Tennessee (United States)","short_name":"Tennessee","iso_code":"US-TN","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Americas","subregion":"Northern America","regulatory_status_summary":"ELVIS Act (voice and likeness protection against unauthorised AI cloning) in force since 1 July 2024; no general AI statute.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Tennessee ELVIS Act. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Tennessee General Assembly","url":"https://www.capitol.tn.gov/","role":"Legislative texts"},{"name":"Tennessee Attorney General","url":"https://www.tn.gov/attorneygeneral.html","role":"Consumer protection"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"ELVIS Act (Public Chapter 588, HB 2091 / SB 2096)","publisher":"Tennessee General Assembly","url":"https://www.capitol.tn.gov/Bills/113/Bill/HB2091.pdf","document_date":"2024-03-21","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/us-tennessee","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/us-tennessee.md","official_source_url":"https://www.capitol.tn.gov/Bills/113/Bill/HB2091.pdf","source_publisher":"Tennessee General Assembly","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"us-texas","name":"Texas (United States)","short_name":"Texas","iso_code":"US-TX","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Americas","subregion":"Northern America","regulatory_status_summary":"TRAIGA in force from 1 January 2026; enforcement by the Attorney General.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Texas Responsible AI Governance Act (TRAIGA). Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Office of the Attorney General of Texas","url":"https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/","role":"Exclusive enforcement of TRAIGA"},{"name":"Texas Department of Information Resources","url":"https://dir.texas.gov/","role":"Administers the AI regulatory sandbox and state AI guidance"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"HB 149, 89th Legislature (Texas Responsible Artificial Intelligence Governance Act)","publisher":"Texas Legislature Online","url":"https://capitol.texas.gov/BillLookup/History.aspx?LegSess=89R&Bill=HB149","document_date":"2025-06-22","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/us-texas","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/us-texas.md","official_source_url":"https://capitol.texas.gov/BillLookup/History.aspx?LegSess=89R&Bill=HB149","source_publisher":"Texas Legislature Online","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"us-utah","name":"Utah (United States)","short_name":"Utah","iso_code":"US-UT","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Americas","subregion":"Northern America","regulatory_status_summary":"AI Policy Act in force since May 2024 (amended 2025); mental-health chatbot law (2025); Office of AI Policy operating.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Utah Artificial Intelligence Policy Act (SB 149). Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Utah Office of Artificial Intelligence Policy","url":"https://ai.utah.gov/","role":"Administers the learning laboratory and regulatory mitigation agreements"},{"name":"Utah Division of Consumer Protection","url":"https://dcp.utah.gov/","role":"Enforces disclosure requirements"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"SB 149 Artificial Intelligence Amendments (2024 General Session)","publisher":"Utah State Legislature","url":"https://le.utah.gov/~2024/bills/static/SB0149.html","document_date":"2024-03-13","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/us-utah","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/us-utah.md","official_source_url":"https://le.utah.gov/~2024/bills/static/SB0149.html","source_publisher":"Utah State Legislature","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"us","name":"United States","short_name":"US","iso_code":"US","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"Northern America","regulatory_status_summary":"Federal: executive-branch policy (Executive Order 14179 of January 2025 and the July 2025 AI Action Plan) plus binding OMB requirements for federal agencies' use and procurement of AI; NIST AI RMF is voluntary. States: a growing number of binding statutes with 2025–2026 effective dates. A reviewer must confirm the status of federal efforts to pre-empt or discourage state AI laws announced in late 2025.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding on the private sector: state statutes (for example Colorado SB 26-189, California SB 53, Texas HB 149), sector laws (FCRA, ECOA, Title VII, HIPAA, FTC Act Section 5) as applied to AI. Binding on federal agencies: OMB memoranda M-25-21 and M-25-22. Voluntary: NIST AI RMF and its Generative AI Profile.","regulators":[{"name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)","url":"https://www.nist.gov/itl/ai-risk-management-framework","role":"Voluntary frameworks and standards"},{"name":"Office of Management and Budget (OMB)","url":"https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/","role":"Federal agency AI use and procurement policy"},{"name":"Federal Trade Commission (FTC)","url":"https://www.ftc.gov/","role":"Consumer protection and unfair or deceptive AI practices"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"NIST AI Risk Management Framework (AI RMF 1.0)","publisher":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","url":"https://www.nist.gov/itl/ai-risk-management-framework","document_date":"2023-01-26","document_type":"standard","tier":1},{"title":"Executive Order 14179: Removing Barriers to American Leadership in Artificial Intelligence","publisher":"The White House","url":"https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/01/removing-barriers-to-american-leadership-in-artificial-intelligence/","document_date":"2025-01-23","document_type":"legislation","tier":1},{"title":"America's AI Action Plan","publisher":"The White House / Office of Science and Technology Policy","url":"https://www.ai.gov/action-plan","document_date":"2025-07-23","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/us","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/us.md","official_source_url":"https://www.ai.gov/","source_publisher":"Office of Science and Technology Policy","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"uzbekistan","name":"Uzbekistan","short_name":"Uzbekistan","iso_code":"UZ","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Central Asia","regulatory_status_summary":"AI development strategy to 2030 (2024) as policy; no AI-specific law.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: AI development strategy to 2030 (2024).","regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Digital Technologies","url":"https://digital.uz/","role":"AI strategy implementation"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"National database of legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan (Lex.uz)","publisher":"Ministry of Justice","url":"https://lex.uz/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/uzbekistan","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/uzbekistan.md","official_source_url":"https://lex.uz/","source_publisher":"Ministry of Justice","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"vanuatu","name":"Vanuatu","short_name":"Vanuatu","iso_code":"VU","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Oceania","subregion":null,"regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":[{"name":"Government of Vanuatu","url":"https://www.gov.vu/","role":"Official government portal; AI policy lead not yet identified"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Government of Vanuatu","publisher":"Government of Vanuatu","url":"https://www.gov.vu/","document_type":"official","tier":1},{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/vanuatu","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/vanuatu.md","official_source_url":"https://www.gov.vu/","source_publisher":"Government of Vanuatu","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"venezuela","name":"Venezuela","short_name":"Venezuela","iso_code":"VE","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Americas","subregion":"South America","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/venezuela","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/venezuela.md","official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"vietnam","name":"Vietnam","short_name":"Vietnam","iso_code":"VN","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"South-East Asia","regulatory_status_summary":"Instruments on record: National Strategy on Research, Development and Application of Artificial Intelligence to 2030 (2021, strategy, adopted); Law on Artificial Intelligence (2025, act, in force). Each is linked to its official source; human verification pending.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Law on Artificial Intelligence. Strategy or guidance: National Strategy on Research, Development and Application of Artificial Intelligence to 2030.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"National Strategy on Research, Development and Application of Artificial Intelligence to 2030 (Decision No. 127/QD-TTg)","publisher":"Government of Vietnam legal document portal (vanban.chinhphu.vn)","url":"https://vanban.chinhphu.vn/default.aspx?pageid=27160&docid=202565","document_date":"2021-01-26","document_type":"strategy","tier":1},{"title":"Law on Artificial Intelligence (Law No. 134/2025/QH15)","publisher":"Government of Vietnam legal document portal (vanban.chinhphu.vn)","url":"https://vanban.chinhphu.vn/?pageid=27160&docid=216334&classid=1&orggroupid=1","document_date":"2025-12-10","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/ai-regulation-vietnam","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/vietnam.md","official_source_url":"https://vanban.chinhphu.vn/default.aspx?pageid=27160&docid=202565","source_publisher":"Government of Vietnam legal document portal (vanban.chinhphu.vn)","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"medium","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"yemen","name":"Yemen","short_name":"Yemen","iso_code":"YE","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Asia","subregion":"Western Asia","regulatory_status_summary":"No AI-specific law, strategy or guidance has been recorded for this jurisdiction as of September 2026. General law (data protection where enacted, consumer, telecommunications and sector rules) applies to AI systems.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: no AI-specific instrument recorded. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide (country table)","publisher":"UNCTAD","url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","document_type":"secondary","tier":3}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/yemen","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/yemen.md","official_source_url":"https://unctad.org/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide","source_publisher":"UNCTAD","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"zambia","name":"Zambia","short_name":"Zambia","iso_code":"ZM","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Southern Africa","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI strategy (2024) as policy; data-protection law applies; no AI-specific law.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI Strategy (2024).","regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Technology and Science","url":"https://www.mots.gov.zm/","role":"AI strategy lead"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministry of Technology and Science","publisher":"Government of Zambia","url":"https://www.mots.gov.zm/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/zambia","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/zambia.md","official_source_url":"https://www.mots.gov.zm/","source_publisher":"Government of Zambia","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"zimbabwe","name":"Zimbabwe","short_name":"Zimbabwe","iso_code":"ZW","jurisdiction_type":"country","region":"Africa","subregion":"Southern Africa","regulatory_status_summary":"National AI policy (2025) as policy; data-protection law applies; no AI-specific law.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: National AI Policy (2025).","regulators":[{"name":"Ministry of Information Communication Technology, Postal and Courier Services","url":"https://www.ictministry.gov.zw/","role":"AI policy lead"},{"name":"POTRAZ","url":"https://www.potraz.gov.zw/","role":"Telecoms regulator and data-protection authority"}],"official_sources":[{"title":"Ministry of ICT, Postal and Courier Services","publisher":"Government of Zimbabwe","url":"https://www.ictministry.gov.zw/","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/zimbabwe","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/zimbabwe.md","official_source_url":"https://www.ictministry.gov.zw/","source_publisher":"Government of Zimbabwe","source_reference":null,"review_status":"verified","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":"2026-09-26","reviewed_by":"Bhaskar Bhatt"}
{"slug":"ae-abu-dhabi","name":"Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates)","short_name":"Abu Dhabi","iso_code":"AE-AZ","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Asia","subregion":"Western Asia","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Abu Dhabi Government Digital Strategy 2025-2027.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Abu Dhabi Government launches Digital Strategy 2025-2027","publisher":"Abu Dhabi Media Office","url":"https://www.mediaoffice.abudhabi/en/government-affairs/abu-dhabi-government-launches-digital-strategy-2025-2027/","document_date":null,"document_type":"press_release","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/ae-abu-dhabi","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/ae-abu-dhabi.md","official_source_url":"https://www.mediaoffice.abudhabi/en/government-affairs/abu-dhabi-government-launches-digital-strategy-2025-2027/","source_publisher":"Abu Dhabi Media Office","source_reference":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":null,"reviewed_by":null}
{"slug":"ae-dubai","name":"Dubai (United Arab Emirates)","short_name":"Dubai","iso_code":"AE-DU","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Asia","subregion":"Western Asia","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: DIFC Regulation 10 (AI and personal data). Strategy or guidance: Dubai Universal Blueprint for AI.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Regulation 10","publisher":"DIFC Commissioner of Data Protection","url":"https://www.difc.com/business/registrars-and-commissioners/commissioner-of-data-protection/regulation-10","document_date":"2023-09-01","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/ae-dubai","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/ae-dubai.md","official_source_url":"https://www.difc.com/business/registrars-and-commissioners/commissioner-of-data-protection/regulation-10","source_publisher":"DIFC Commissioner of Data Protection","source_reference":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":null,"reviewed_by":null}
{"slug":"ar-buenos-aires-province","name":"Buenos Aires Province (Argentina)","short_name":"Buenos Aires Province","iso_code":"AR-B","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Americas","subregion":"South America","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Buenos Aires Province AI framework decree. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Decreto 742/2026","publisher":"Normas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires","url":"https://normas.gba.gob.ar/documentos/B11QWLI4.html","document_date":"2026-07-06","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/ar-buenos-aires-province","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/ar-buenos-aires-province.md","official_source_url":"https://normas.gba.gob.ar/documentos/B11QWLI4.html","source_publisher":"Normas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires","source_reference":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":null,"reviewed_by":null}
{"slug":"au-act","name":"Australian Capital Territory (Australia)","short_name":"ACT","iso_code":"AU-ACT","jurisdiction_type":"territory","region":"Oceania","subregion":null,"regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: ACT Government AI policy.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"ACT Government Artificial Intelligence Policy","publisher":"ACT Government","url":"https://www.act.gov.au/open/act-government-artificial-intelligence-policy","document_date":null,"document_type":"official","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/au-act","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/au-act.md","official_source_url":"https://www.act.gov.au/open/act-government-artificial-intelligence-policy","source_publisher":"ACT Government","source_reference":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":null,"reviewed_by":null}
{"slug":"au-new-south-wales","name":"New South Wales (Australia)","short_name":"New South Wales","iso_code":"AU-NSW","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Oceania","subregion":null,"regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: NSW AI Operational Policy; NSW AI Assessment Framework; NSW digital work systems act 2026. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"DCS-2026-02 Use of Artificial Intelligence by NSW Government Agencies","publisher":"NSW Government","url":"https://arp.nsw.gov.au/dcs-2026-02-use-of-artificial-intelligence-by-nsw-government-agencies","document_date":"2026-07-30","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/au-new-south-wales","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/au-new-south-wales.md","official_source_url":"https://arp.nsw.gov.au/dcs-2026-02-use-of-artificial-intelligence-by-nsw-government-agencies","source_publisher":"NSW Government","source_reference":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":null,"reviewed_by":null}
{"slug":"au-queensland","name":"Queensland (Australia)","short_name":"Queensland","iso_code":"AU-QLD","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Oceania","subregion":null,"regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Queensland AI governance policy. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Artificial intelligence governance policy","publisher":"Queensland Government","url":"https://www.forgov.qld.gov.au/information-technology/queensland-government-enterprise-architecture-qgea/qgea-directions-and-guidance/qgea-policies-standards-and-guidelines/artificial-intelligence-governance-policy","document_date":null,"document_type":"official","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/au-queensland","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/au-queensland.md","official_source_url":"https://www.forgov.qld.gov.au/information-technology/queensland-government-enterprise-architecture-qgea/qgea-directions-and-guidance/qgea-policies-standards-and-guidelines/artificial-intelligence-governance-policy","source_publisher":"Queensland Government","source_reference":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":null,"reviewed_by":null}
{"slug":"au-south-australia","name":"South Australia (Australia)","short_name":"South Australia","iso_code":"AU-SA","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Oceania","subregion":null,"regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: South Australia AI ethics policy. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Artificial Intelligence Ethics Policy","publisher":"Government of South Australia","url":"https://www.treasury.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/1194340/AI_Ethics_Policy.pdf","document_date":"2025-10-10","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/au-south-australia","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/au-south-australia.md","official_source_url":"https://www.treasury.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/1194340/AI_Ethics_Policy.pdf","source_publisher":"Government of South Australia","source_reference":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":null,"reviewed_by":null}
{"slug":"au-victoria","name":"Victoria (Australia)","short_name":"Victoria","iso_code":"AU-VIC","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Oceania","subregion":null,"regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Victoria public sector generative AI guideline. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Administrative Guideline for the safe and responsible use of Generative AI in the VPS","publisher":"Victorian Government","url":"https://www.vic.gov.au/administrative-guideline-safe-responsible-use-gen-ai-vps","document_date":"2024-11-27","document_type":"guidance","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/au-victoria","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/au-victoria.md","official_source_url":"https://www.vic.gov.au/administrative-guideline-safe-responsible-use-gen-ai-vps","source_publisher":"Victorian Government","source_reference":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":null,"reviewed_by":null}
{"slug":"au-western-australia","name":"Western Australia (Australia)","short_name":"Western Australia","iso_code":"AU-WA","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Oceania","subregion":null,"regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Western Australia AI policy and assurance framework. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"WA Government Artificial Intelligence Policy and Assurance Framework","publisher":"Government of Western Australia","url":"https://www.wa.gov.au/government/publications/wa-government-artificial-intelligence-policy-and-assurance-framework","document_date":null,"document_type":"official","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/au-western-australia","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/au-western-australia.md","official_source_url":"https://www.wa.gov.au/government/publications/wa-government-artificial-intelligence-policy-and-assurance-framework","source_publisher":"Government of Western Australia","source_reference":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":null,"reviewed_by":null}
{"slug":"be-flanders","name":"Flanders (Belgium)","short_name":"Flanders","iso_code":"BE-VLG","jurisdiction_type":"region","region":"Europe","subregion":"Western Europe","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Flanders AI policy plan.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"AI programme Flanders","publisher":"Department of Economy, Science and Innovation (Flanders)","url":"https://www.ewi-vlaanderen.be/onze-opdracht/excellerend-onderzoek/ai-voor-vlaanderen/ai-programma-vlaanderen","document_date":null,"document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/be-flanders","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/be-flanders.md","official_source_url":"https://www.ewi-vlaanderen.be/onze-opdracht/excellerend-onderzoek/ai-voor-vlaanderen/ai-programma-vlaanderen","source_publisher":"Department of Economy, Science and Innovation (Flanders)","source_reference":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":null,"reviewed_by":null}
{"slug":"br-goias","name":"Goiás (Brazil)","short_name":"Goiás","iso_code":"BR-GO","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Americas","subregion":"South America","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Goiás state AI law (LC 205/2025). Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Lei Complementar nº 205/2025","publisher":"Casa Civil do Estado de Goiás","url":"https://legisla.casacivil.go.gov.br/api/v2/pesquisa/legislacoes/110694/pdf","document_date":"2025-05-19","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/br-goias","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/br-goias.md","official_source_url":"https://legisla.casacivil.go.gov.br/api/v2/pesquisa/legislacoes/110694/pdf","source_publisher":"Casa Civil do Estado de Goiás","source_reference":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":null,"reviewed_by":null}
{"slug":"br-parana","name":"Paraná (Brazil)","short_name":"Paraná","iso_code":"BR-PR","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Americas","subregion":"South America","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Paraná AI in public administration law. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Lei nº 22.324/2025","publisher":"Casa Civil do Paraná","url":"https://www.legislacao.pr.gov.br/legislacao/exibirAto.do?action=iniciarProcesso&codAto=356786&codItemAto=2253463","document_date":"2025-04-02","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/br-parana","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/br-parana.md","official_source_url":"https://www.legislacao.pr.gov.br/legislacao/exibirAto.do?action=iniciarProcesso&codAto=356786&codItemAto=2253463","source_publisher":"Casa Civil do Paraná","source_reference":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":null,"reviewed_by":null}
{"slug":"ca-alberta","name":"Alberta (Canada)","short_name":"Alberta","iso_code":"CA-AB","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Americas","subregion":"Northern America","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Alberta government AI usage policy. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Artificial Intelligence Usage Policy","publisher":"Government of Alberta","url":"https://manuals.alberta.ca/media/i5mjqsgw/artificial-intelligence-usage-policy.pdf","document_date":"2025-05-01","document_type":"guidance","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/ca-alberta","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/ca-alberta.md","official_source_url":"https://manuals.alberta.ca/media/i5mjqsgw/artificial-intelligence-usage-policy.pdf","source_publisher":"Government of Alberta","source_reference":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":null,"reviewed_by":null}
{"slug":"ca-british-columbia","name":"British Columbia (Canada)","short_name":"British Columbia","iso_code":"CA-BC","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Americas","subregion":"Northern America","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: British Columbia public service generative AI policy. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Policy on the use of generative AI","publisher":"Government of British Columbia","url":"https://digital.gov.bc.ca/ai/gen-ai-policy/","document_date":"2025-05-09","document_type":"guidance","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/ca-british-columbia","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/ca-british-columbia.md","official_source_url":"https://digital.gov.bc.ca/ai/gen-ai-policy/","source_publisher":"Government of British Columbia","source_reference":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":null,"reviewed_by":null}
{"slug":"cn-beijing","name":"Beijing (China)","short_name":"Beijing","iso_code":"CN-BJ","jurisdiction_type":"region","region":"Asia","subregion":"Eastern Asia","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Beijing general AI measures (2023).","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"北京市促进通用人工智能创新发展的若干措施","publisher":"Beijing Municipal People's Government","url":"https://www.beijing.gov.cn/zhengce/gfxwj/202305/t20230530_3116869.html","document_date":"2023-05-30","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/cn-beijing","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/cn-beijing.md","official_source_url":"https://www.beijing.gov.cn/zhengce/gfxwj/202305/t20230530_3116869.html","source_publisher":"Beijing Municipal People's Government","source_reference":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":null,"reviewed_by":null}
{"slug":"cn-shanghai","name":"Shanghai (China)","short_name":"Shanghai","iso_code":"CN-SH","jurisdiction_type":"region","region":"Asia","subregion":"Eastern Asia","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Shanghai AI regulations (2022). Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Regulations of Shanghai Municipality on Promoting the Development of the AI Sector (official English translation)","publisher":"Shanghai Municipal People's Government","url":"https://english.shanghai.gov.cn/en-LocalRules/20240913/4395d1563dd548b39406cbe8833c9ef6.html","document_date":"2022-09-22","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/cn-shanghai","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/cn-shanghai.md","official_source_url":"https://english.shanghai.gov.cn/en-LocalRules/20240913/4395d1563dd548b39406cbe8833c9ef6.html","source_publisher":"Shanghai Municipal People's Government","source_reference":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":null,"reviewed_by":null}
{"slug":"cn-shenzhen","name":"Shenzhen (China)","short_name":"Shenzhen","iso_code":null,"jurisdiction_type":"region","region":"Asia","subregion":"Eastern Asia","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Shenzhen AI industry regulations (2022). Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"深圳经济特区人工智能产业促进条例","publisher":"Shenzhen Municipal People's Congress","url":"https://www.szrd.gov.cn/v2/zx/szfg/content/post_966197.html","document_date":"2022-09-05","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/cn-shenzhen","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/cn-shenzhen.md","official_source_url":"https://www.szrd.gov.cn/v2/zx/szfg/content/post_966197.html","source_publisher":"Shenzhen Municipal People's Congress","source_reference":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":null,"reviewed_by":null}
{"slug":"de-schleswig-holstein","name":"Schleswig-Holstein (Germany)","short_name":"Schleswig-Holstein","iso_code":"DE-SH","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Europe","subregion":"Western Europe","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Schleswig-Holstein AI in administration act (ITEG). Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Gesetz- und Verordnungsblatt Schleswig-Holstein 2022 No. 5","publisher":"Land Schleswig-Holstein","url":"https://www.schleswig-holstein.de/DE/landesregierung/ministerien-behoerden/IV/Service/GVOBl/GVOBl/2022/gvobl_5_2022.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=2","document_date":"2022-04-14","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/de-schleswig-holstein","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/de-schleswig-holstein.md","official_source_url":"https://www.schleswig-holstein.de/DE/landesregierung/ministerien-behoerden/IV/Service/GVOBl/GVOBl/2022/gvobl_5_2022.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=2","source_publisher":"Land Schleswig-Holstein","source_reference":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":null,"reviewed_by":null}
{"slug":"es-catalonia","name":"Catalonia (Spain)","short_name":"Catalonia","iso_code":"ES-CT","jurisdiction_type":"region","region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Catalonia AI Strategy 2030.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Portal Jurídic de Catalunya: Estratègia Catalunya IA 2030 (DOGC)","publisher":"Generalitat de Catalunya","url":"https://portaljuridic.gencat.cat/ca/detalls/noticia/estrategia_catalunya_ia_2030_dogc","document_date":"2025-11-13","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/es-catalonia","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/es-catalonia.md","official_source_url":"https://portaljuridic.gencat.cat/ca/detalls/noticia/estrategia_catalunya_ia_2030_dogc","source_publisher":"Generalitat de Catalunya","source_reference":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":null,"reviewed_by":null}
{"slug":"es-extremadura","name":"Extremadura (Spain)","short_name":"Extremadura","iso_code":"ES-EX","jurisdiction_type":"region","region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Extremadura AI decree-law 2/2023. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Diario Oficial de Extremadura No. 48: Decreto-ley 2/2023","publisher":"Junta de Extremadura","url":"https://doe.juntaex.es/pdfs/doe/2023/480o/23DE0002.pdf","document_date":"2023-03-10","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/es-extremadura","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/es-extremadura.md","official_source_url":"https://doe.juntaex.es/pdfs/doe/2023/480o/23DE0002.pdf","source_publisher":"Junta de Extremadura","source_reference":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":null,"reviewed_by":null}
{"slug":"es-galicia","name":"Galicia (Spain)","short_name":"Galicia","iso_code":"ES-GA","jurisdiction_type":"region","region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Galicia AI law (Law 2/2025). Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Diario Oficial de Galicia No. 66: Ley 2/2025","publisher":"Xunta de Galicia","url":"https://www.xunta.gal/dog/Publicados/2025/20250404/AnuncioC3B0-030425-0001_es.html","document_date":"2025-04-04","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/es-galicia","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/es-galicia.md","official_source_url":"https://www.xunta.gal/dog/Publicados/2025/20250404/AnuncioC3B0-030425-0001_es.html","source_publisher":"Xunta de Galicia","source_reference":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":null,"reviewed_by":null}
{"slug":"in-maharashtra","name":"Maharashtra (India)","short_name":"Maharashtra","iso_code":"IN-MH","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Asia","subregion":"South Asia","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Maharashtra AI Policy 2026.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Maharashtra government announces Artificial Intelligence Policy 2026","publisher":"All India Radio (News on AIR)","url":"https://newsonair.gov.in/maharashtra-government-announces-artificial-intelligence-policy-2026-to-boost-investment-and-jobs/","document_date":null,"document_type":"press_release","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/in-maharashtra","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/in-maharashtra.md","official_source_url":"https://newsonair.gov.in/maharashtra-government-announces-artificial-intelligence-policy-2026-to-boost-investment-and-jobs/","source_publisher":"All India Radio (News on AIR)","source_reference":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":null,"reviewed_by":null}
{"slug":"in-odisha","name":"Odisha (India)","short_name":"Odisha","iso_code":null,"jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Asia","subregion":"South Asia","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Odisha AI Policy 2025.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Policies and publications","publisher":"Government of Odisha","url":"https://odisha.gov.in/policies-publications","document_date":null,"document_type":"official","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/in-odisha","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/in-odisha.md","official_source_url":"https://odisha.gov.in/policies-publications","source_publisher":"Government of Odisha","source_reference":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":null,"reviewed_by":null}
{"slug":"in-tamil-nadu","name":"Tamil Nadu (India)","short_name":"Tamil Nadu","iso_code":"IN-TN","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Asia","subregion":"South Asia","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Tamil Nadu Safe and Ethical AI Policy 2020.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"G.O. (Ms) No. 24, IT Department, 18 September 2020","publisher":"Government of Tamil Nadu","url":"https://kygcms.tn.gov.in/cms_migrated/document/GO/it_e_24_2020.pdf","document_date":"2020-09-18","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/in-tamil-nadu","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/in-tamil-nadu.md","official_source_url":"https://kygcms.tn.gov.in/cms_migrated/document/GO/it_e_24_2020.pdf","source_publisher":"Government of Tamil Nadu","source_reference":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":null,"reviewed_by":null}
{"slug":"in-telangana","name":"Telangana (India)","short_name":"Telangana","iso_code":null,"jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Asia","subregion":"South Asia","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Telangana AI framework.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Telangana's AI Framework","publisher":"Government of Telangana","url":"https://startup.telangana.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/AI-framework.pdf","document_date":null,"document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/in-telangana","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/in-telangana.md","official_source_url":"https://startup.telangana.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/AI-framework.pdf","source_publisher":"Government of Telangana","source_reference":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":null,"reviewed_by":null}
{"slug":"it-calabria","name":"Calabria (Italy)","short_name":"Calabria","iso_code":"IT-78","jurisdiction_type":"region","region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Calabria AI law (Regional Law 4/2026). Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Consiglio regionale della Calabria: Legge regionale n. 4/2026","publisher":"Consiglio regionale della Calabria","url":"https://www.consiglioregionale.calabria.it/bdf/api/BDF?numero=4&anno=2026","document_date":"2026-02-02","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/it-calabria","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/it-calabria.md","official_source_url":"https://www.consiglioregionale.calabria.it/bdf/api/BDF?numero=4&anno=2026","source_publisher":"Consiglio regionale della Calabria","source_reference":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":null,"reviewed_by":null}
{"slug":"it-tuscany","name":"Tuscany (Italy)","short_name":"Tuscany","iso_code":"IT-52","jurisdiction_type":"region","region":"Europe","subregion":"Southern Europe","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Tuscany AI law (2026). Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Toscana Notizie: Tuscany approves its AI law","publisher":"Regione Toscana","url":"https://www.toscana-notizie.it/-/ia-etica-toscana-approva-prima-legge-organica-in-italia-giani-e-lenzi-un-modello-per-il-paese-","document_date":"2026-07-21","document_type":"press_release","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/it-tuscany","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/it-tuscany.md","official_source_url":"https://www.toscana-notizie.it/-/ia-etica-toscana-approva-prima-legge-organica-in-italia-giani-e-lenzi-un-modello-per-il-paese-","source_publisher":"Regione Toscana","source_reference":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":null,"reviewed_by":null}
{"slug":"jp-tokyo","name":"Tokyo (Japan)","short_name":"Tokyo","iso_code":"JP-13","jurisdiction_type":"region","region":"Asia","subregion":"Eastern Asia","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Tokyo government AI guideline (2026). Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"AI導入・活用ガイドライン","publisher":"Tokyo Metropolitan Government","url":"https://www.digitalservice.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/business/ai/ai-guideline","document_date":"2026-03-30","document_type":"guidance","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/jp-tokyo","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/jp-tokyo.md","official_source_url":"https://www.digitalservice.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/business/ai/ai-guideline","source_publisher":"Tokyo Metropolitan Government","source_reference":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":null,"reviewed_by":null}
{"slug":"kr-seoul","name":"Seoul (South Korea)","short_name":"Seoul","iso_code":"KR-11","jurisdiction_type":"region","region":"Asia","subregion":"Eastern Asia","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Seoul AI literacy ordinance. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Seoul Metropolitan Government approval document (15 September 2025)","publisher":"Seoul Metropolitan Government","url":"https://opengov.seoul.go.kr/sanction/34330710?from=mayor","document_date":"2025-09-15","document_type":"official","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/kr-seoul","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/kr-seoul.md","official_source_url":"https://opengov.seoul.go.kr/sanction/34330710?from=mayor","source_publisher":"Seoul Metropolitan Government","source_reference":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":null,"reviewed_by":null}
{"slug":"uk-northern-ireland","name":"Northern Ireland (United Kingdom)","short_name":"Northern Ireland","iso_code":"GB-NIR","jurisdiction_type":"region","region":"Europe","subregion":null,"regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Northern Ireland draft AI strategy.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Consultation: Northern Ireland's draft Artificial Intelligence Strategy","publisher":"The Executive Office","url":"https://www.executiveoffice-ni.gov.uk/consultations/northern-irelands-draft-artificial-intelligence-strategy","document_date":"2026-08-12","document_type":"consultation","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/uk-northern-ireland","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/uk-northern-ireland.md","official_source_url":"https://www.executiveoffice-ni.gov.uk/consultations/northern-irelands-draft-artificial-intelligence-strategy","source_publisher":"The Executive Office","source_reference":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":null,"reviewed_by":null}
{"slug":"uk-scotland","name":"Scotland (United Kingdom)","short_name":"Scotland","iso_code":"GB-SCT","jurisdiction_type":"region","region":"Europe","subregion":null,"regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: Scotland's AI Strategy 2026-2031; Scottish AI Register.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Scotland's AI Strategy 2026-2031","publisher":"Scottish Government","url":"https://www.gov.scot/publications/scotlands-ai-strategy-2026-2031/","document_date":"2026-03-20","document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/uk-scotland","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/uk-scotland.md","official_source_url":"https://www.gov.scot/publications/scotlands-ai-strategy-2026-2031/","source_publisher":"Scottish Government","source_reference":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":null,"reviewed_by":null}
{"slug":"uk-wales","name":"Wales (United Kingdom)","short_name":"Wales","iso_code":"GB-WLS","jurisdiction_type":"region","region":"Europe","subregion":null,"regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: none recorded. Strategy or guidance: AI plan for Wales.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"AI plan for Wales","publisher":"Welsh Government","url":"https://www.gov.wales/ai-plan-for-wales","document_date":null,"document_type":"strategy","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/uk-wales","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/uk-wales.md","official_source_url":"https://www.gov.wales/ai-plan-for-wales","source_publisher":"Welsh Government","source_reference":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":null,"reviewed_by":null}
{"slug":"us-connecticut","name":"Connecticut (United States)","short_name":"Connecticut","iso_code":"US-CT","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Americas","subregion":"Northern America","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Connecticut online safety and frontier AI law (SB 5). Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Public Act 26-15 (SB 5)","publisher":"Connecticut General Assembly","url":"https://www.cga.ct.gov/2026/act/Pa/pdf/2026PA-00015-R00SB-00005-PA.PDF","document_date":"2026-05-27","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/us-connecticut","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/us-connecticut.md","official_source_url":"https://www.cga.ct.gov/2026/act/Pa/pdf/2026PA-00015-R00SB-00005-PA.PDF","source_publisher":"Connecticut General Assembly","source_reference":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":null,"reviewed_by":null}
{"slug":"us-kentucky","name":"Kentucky (United States)","short_name":"Kentucky","iso_code":"US-KY","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Americas","subregion":"Northern America","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Kentucky state-government AI law (SB 4). Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Kentucky General Assembly: 25RS SB 4","publisher":"Kentucky General Assembly","url":"https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/record/25rs/sb4.html","document_date":"2025-03-24","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/us-kentucky","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/us-kentucky.md","official_source_url":"https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/record/25rs/sb4.html","source_publisher":"Kentucky General Assembly","source_reference":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":null,"reviewed_by":null}
{"slug":"us-maryland","name":"Maryland (United States)","short_name":"Maryland","iso_code":"US-MD","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Americas","subregion":"Northern America","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Maryland AI Governance Act 2024. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Maryland General Assembly: SB 818 (2024 Regular Session)","publisher":"Maryland General Assembly","url":"https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/mgawebsite/Legislation/Details/SB0818?ys=2024rs","document_date":"2024-05-09","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/us-maryland","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/us-maryland.md","official_source_url":"https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/mgawebsite/Legislation/Details/SB0818?ys=2024rs","source_publisher":"Maryland General Assembly","source_reference":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":null,"reviewed_by":null}
{"slug":"us-montana","name":"Montana (United States)","short_name":"Montana","iso_code":"US-MT","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Americas","subregion":"Northern America","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Montana Right to Compute Act. Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Montana Legislature: SB 212 session law (69th Legislature)","publisher":"Montana Legislature","url":"https://archive.legmt.gov/content/Sessions/69th/Contractor_index/CH0150.pdf","document_date":null,"document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/us-montana","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/us-montana.md","official_source_url":"https://archive.legmt.gov/content/Sessions/69th/Contractor_index/CH0150.pdf","source_publisher":"Montana Legislature","source_reference":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":null,"reviewed_by":null}
{"slug":"us-washington","name":"Washington State (United States)","short_name":"Washington State","iso_code":"US-WA","jurisdiction_type":"state","region":"Americas","subregion":"Northern America","regulatory_status_summary":"Pending review: recorded from search extracts of the official sources listed on each instrument, which a reviewer has not yet opened.","binding_vs_guidance":"Binding: Washington AI companion chatbot law (ESHB 2225). Strategy or guidance: none recorded.","regulators":null,"official_sources":[{"title":"Washington State Legislature: HB 2225 (2025-26) bill summary","publisher":"Washington State Legislature","url":"https://app.leg.wa.gov/billsummary?Year=2025&BillNumber=2225","document_date":"2026-03-24","document_type":"legislation","tier":1}],"url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/us-washington","context_url":"https://aipolicytracker.org/jurisdictions/us-washington.md","official_source_url":"https://app.leg.wa.gov/billsummary?Year=2025&BillNumber=2225","source_publisher":"Washington State Legislature","source_reference":null,"review_status":"pending_review","confidence_level":"low","last_verified_at":null,"reviewed_by":null}