MIT AI Risk Repository · domain 3: Misinformation

3.2 Pollution of information ecosystem and loss of consensus reality

Highly personalized AI-generated misinformation creating “filter bubbles” where individuals only see what matches their existing beliefs, undermining shared reality, weakening social cohesion and political processes.

Risk entries
22
Frameworks citing it
12
Recorded incidents
4
Incidents since 2020
3
Causal entity (risk entries)
Causal entity (risk entries) 9 0 Other: 9 Other 9 AI: 8 AI 8 Human: 5 Human 5
Causal entity (risk entries)
LabelValue
Other9
AI8
Human5
Intent (risk entries)
Intent (risk entries) 13 0 Other: 13 Other 13 Unintentional: 8 Unintentional 8 Intentional: 1 Intentional 1
Intent (risk entries)
LabelValue
Other13
Unintentional8
Intentional1
Timing (risk entries)
Timing (risk entries) 17 0 Post-deployment: 17 Post-deployment 17 Other: 5 Other 5
Timing (risk entries)
LabelValue
Post-deployment17
Other5
Recorded incidents per yearIncident date; current year partial
Recorded incidents per year 1 0 2019: 1 2019 1 2021: 1 2021 1 2022: 1 2022 1 2024: 1 2024 1
Recorded incidents per year
LabelValue
20191
20211
20221
20241
Entries by levelRisk categories, subcategories and additional evidence coded to this subdomain
Entries by level 19 0 Risk Category: 3 Risk Category 3 Risk Sub-Category: 19 Risk Sub-Category 19
Entries by level
LabelValue
Risk Category3
Risk Sub-Category19
  • Radicalisation

    "Radicalisation - Adoption of extreme political, social, or religious ideals and aspirations due to the nature or misuse of an algorithmic system, potentially resulting in abuse, violence, or terroris...

    A Collaborative, Human-Centred Taxonomy of AI, Algorithmic, and Automation Harms (Abercrombie2024) · Other · Other · Post-deployment

  • Information degradation

    "Information degradation - Creation or spread of false, hallucinatory, low-quality, misleading, or inaccurate information that degrades the information ecosystem and causes people to develop false or...

    A Collaborative, Human-Centred Taxonomy of AI, Algorithmic, and Automation Harms (Abercrombie2024) · AI · Other · Post-deployment

  • Institutional trust loss

    "Institutional trust loss - Erosion of trust in public institutions and weakened checks and balances due to mis/disinformation, influence operations, over-dependence on technology, etc."

    A Collaborative, Human-Centred Taxonomy of AI, Algorithmic, and Automation Harms (Abercrombie2024) · Other · Other · Post-deployment

  • Worsened epistemic processes for society

    "Epistemic processes and problem solving: we currently see more reasons to be concerned about AI worsening society's epistemic processes than reasons to be optimistic about AI helping us better solve...

    A Survey of the Potential Long-term Impacts of AI: How AI Could Lead to Long-term Changes in Science, Cooperation, Power, Epistemics and Values (Clarke2023) · Human · Unintentional · Post-deployment

  • AI contributes to increased online polarisation

    "One of the most significant commercial uses of current AI systems is in the content recommendation algorithms of social media companies, and there are already concerns that this is contributing to wo...

    A Survey of the Potential Long-term Impacts of AI: How AI Could Lead to Long-term Changes in Science, Cooperation, Power, Epistemics and Values (Clarke2023) · Human · Unintentional · Post-deployment

  • Widespread use of persuasive tools contributes to splintered epistemic communities

    "Even without deliberate misuse, widespread use of powerful persuasion tools could have negative impacts. If such tools were used by many different groups to advance many different ideas, we could see...

    A Survey of the Potential Long-term Impacts of AI: How AI Could Lead to Long-term Changes in Science, Cooperation, Power, Epistemics and Values (Clarke2023) · Human · Unintentional · Other

  • Reduced decision-making capacity as a result of decreased trust in information

    "In addition, the increased awareness of these trends in information production and distribution could make it harder for anyone to evaluate the trustworthiness of any information source, reducing ove...

    A Survey of the Potential Long-term Impacts of AI: How AI Could Lead to Long-term Changes in Science, Cooperation, Power, Epistemics and Values (Clarke2023) · Other · Other · Post-deployment

  • Degradation of the information environment

    "Frontier AI can cheaply generate realistic content which can falsely portray people and events. There is potential risk of compromised decision-making by individuals and institutions who rely on inac...

    Capabilities and Risks from Frontier AI (DSIT2023) · Other · Other · Other

  • Clickbait and feeding the surveillance advertising ecosystem

    "Beyond misinformation and disinformation, generative AI can be used to create clickbait headlines and articles, which manipulate how users navigate the internet and applications. For example, generat...

    Generating Harms - Generative AI's impact and paths forwards (EPIC2023) · Other · Other · Other

  • Entrenched viewpoints and reduced political efficacy

    "Design choices such as greater personalisation of AI assistants and efforts to align them with human preferences could also reinforce people’s pre-existing biases and entrench specific ideologies. In...

    The Ethics of Advanced AI Assistants (Gabriel2024) · AI · Unintentional · Post-deployment

  • Degraded and homogenised information environments

    "Beyond this, the widespread adoption of advanced AI assistants for content generation could have a number of negative consequences for our shared information ecosystem. One concern is that it could r...

    The Ethics of Advanced AI Assistants (Gabriel2024) · Human · Intentional · Post-deployment

  • Entrenching specific ideologies

    "AI assistants may provide ideologically biased or otherwise partial information in attempting to align to user expectations. In doing so, AI assistants may reinforce people’s pre-existing biases and...

    The Ethics of Advanced AI Assistants (Gabriel2024) · AI · Unintentional · Post-deployment

  • Eroding trust and undermining shared knowledge

    "AI assistants may contribute to the spread of large quantities of factually inaccurate and misleading content, with negative consequences for societal trust in information sources and institutions, a...

    The Ethics of Advanced AI Assistants (Gabriel2024) · AI · Other · Post-deployment

  • Eroded epistemics

    Strong AI may... enable personally customized disinformation campaigns at scale... AI itself could generate highly persuasive arguments that invoke primal human responses and inflame crowds... d under...

    X-Risk Analysis for AI Research (Hendrycks2022) · AI · Other · Post-deployment

  • Erosion of Society

    "With online news feeds, both on websites and social media platforms, the news is now highly personalized for us. We risk losing a shared sense of reality, a basic solidarity."

    A framework for ethical Ai at the United Nations (Hogenhout2021) · AI · Unintentional · Post-deployment

  • Pollution of information ecosystems

    "Contaminating publicly available information with false or inaccurate information (i.e., the generative tool's output is disseminated beyond the end user)"

    A Closer Look at the Existing Risks of Generative AI: Mapping the Who, What, and How of Real-World Incidents (Li2025) · Other · Other · Post-deployment

  • Erosion of trust in public information

    "Eroding trust in public information and knowledge"

    A Closer Look at the Existing Risks of Generative AI: Mapping the Who, What, and How of Real-World Incidents (Li2025) · Other · Other · Other

  • Overburdening ecosystems

    "Pollution of a space/ecosystem that is expected to be free of AI involvement/influence (e.g., creative material submission portals, job applications)"

    A Closer Look at the Existing Risks of Generative AI: Mapping the Who, What, and How of Real-World Incidents (Li2025) · Other · Other · Other

  • Impacts on “epistemic security” and the information environment

    -

    Advancing AI Governance: A Literature Review of Problems, Options, and Proposals (Maas2023) · AI · Unintentional · Post-deployment

  • Cognitive risks (Risks of amplifying the effects of "information cocoons")

    "AI can be extensively utilized for customized information services, collecting user information, and analyzing types of users, their needs, intentions, preferences, habits, and even mainstream public...

    AI Safety Governance Framework (TC2602024) · Human · Unintentional · Post-deployment

  • Detection challenges in content

    "The difficulty in distinguishing synthetic content from authentic material adds to information risks."

    A Taxonomy of Systemic Risks from General-Purpose AI (Uuk2025) · Other · Other · Post-deployment

  • Pollution of information ecosystem

    "Contaminating publicly available information with false or inaccurate information"

    Sociotechnical Safety Evaluation of Generative AI Systems (Weidinger2023) · AI · Other · Post-deployment