MIT AI Risk Repository · domain 4: Malicious actors
4.1 Disinformation, surveillance, and influence at scale
Using AI systems to conduct large-scale disinformation campaigns, malicious surveillance, or targeted and sophisticated automated censorship and propaganda, with the aim to manipulate political processes, public opinion and behavior.
Risk entries
84
Frameworks citing it
12
Recorded incidents
138
Incidents since 2020
132
Causal entity (risk entries)
Causal entity (risk entries)
Label
Value
Human
59
Other
14
AI
9
Not coded
2
Intent (risk entries)
Intent (risk entries)
Label
Value
Intentional
73
Other
9
Not coded
2
Timing (risk entries)
Timing (risk entries)
Label
Value
Post-deployment
74
Other
8
Not coded
2
Recorded incidents per yearIncident date; current year partial
Recorded incidents per year
Label
Value
2015
2
2016
1
2017
1
2019
2
2020
6
2021
3
2022
6
2023
21
2024
50
2025
38
2026
8
Entries by levelRisk categories, subcategories and additional evidence coded to this subdomain
"Informational and communicational AI risks refer particularly to informational manipulation through AI systems that influence the provision of information (Rahwan, 2018; Wirtz & Müller, 2019), AIbase...
Governance of artificial intelligence: A risk and guideline-based integrative framework (Wirtz2022) · Other · Intentional · Post-deployment
