MIT AI Risk Repository · domain 6: Socioeconomic & Environmental

6.6 Environmental harm

The development and operation of AI systems causing environmental harm, such as through energy consumption of data centers, or material and carbon footprints associated with AI hardware.

Risk entries
57
Frameworks citing it
12
Recorded incidents
1
Incidents since 2020
1
Causal entity (risk entries)
Causal entity (risk entries) 24 0 AI: 24 AI 24 Human: 15 Human 15 Other: 13 Other 13 Not coded: 4 Not coded 4
Causal entity (risk entries)
LabelValue
AI24
Human15
Other13
Not coded4
Intent (risk entries)
Intent (risk entries) 35 0 Unintentional: 35 Unintentional 35 Other: 12 Other 12 Intentional: 5 Intentional 5 Not coded: 4 Not coded 4
Intent (risk entries)
LabelValue
Unintentional35
Other12
Intentional5
Not coded4
Timing (risk entries)
Timing (risk entries) 24 0 Other: 24 Other 24 Post-deployment: 20 Post-deployment 20 Pre-deployment: 8 Pre-deployment 8 Not coded: 4 Not coded 4
Timing (risk entries)
LabelValue
Other24
Post-deployment20
Pre-deployment8
Not coded4
Recorded incidents per yearIncident date; current year partial
Recorded incidents per year 1 0 2024: 1 2024 1
Recorded incidents per year
LabelValue
20241
Entries by levelRisk categories, subcategories and additional evidence coded to this subdomain
Entries by level 38 0 Risk Category: 19 Risk Category 19 Risk Sub-Category: 38 Risk Sub-Category 38
Entries by level
LabelValue
Risk Category19
Risk Sub-Category38
  • Foregone benefits

    "AI is disused (not developed or deployed) in directions that would benefit animals (and instead developments that harm or do no benefit to animals are invested in)"

    Harm to Nonhuman Animals from AI: a Systematic Account and Framework (Coghlan2023 ) · Human · Other · Other

  • Environmental and socioeconomic harms

    "At a time of increasing climate urgency, energy consumption and the carbon footprint of AI applications are also matters of ethics and responsibility [68]. As with other energy-intensive technologies...

    Navigating the Landscape of AI Ethics and Responsibility (Cunha2023) · AI · Unintentional · Post-deployment

  • Exacerbating Climate Change

    "the growing field of generative AI, which brings with it direct and severe impacts on our climate: generative AI comes with a high carbon footprint and similarly high resource price tag, which largel...

    Generating Harms - Generative AI's impact and paths forwards (EPIC2023) · AI · Unintentional · Other

  • Negative Externality Domains (Manufacturing of AI Hardware)

    Risk Sources and Risk Management Measures in Support of Standards for General-Purpose AI Systems (Gipiškis2024) · Not coded · Not coded · Not coded

  • Environmental harms from exploitation of natural resources

    Risk Sources and Risk Management Measures in Support of Standards for General-Purpose AI Systems (Gipiškis2024) · Not coded · Not coded · Not coded

  • Negative Externality Domains (Running AI Hardware)

    Risk Sources and Risk Management Measures in Support of Standards for General-Purpose AI Systems (Gipiškis2024) · Not coded · Not coded · Not coded

  • Environmental harms from energy usage

    Risk Sources and Risk Management Measures in Support of Standards for General-Purpose AI Systems (Gipiškis2024) · Not coded · Not coded · Not coded

  • Impacts of AI (Environment)

    -

    Risk Sources and Risk Management Measures in Support of Standards for General-Purpose AI Systems (Gipiškis2024) · — · — · —

  • High energy consumption of large models

    "Training and deploying large models require substantial energy expenditure. The trend toward developing larger models exacerbates this issue. This can lead to excessive energy usage and have a negati...

    Risk Sources and Risk Management Measures in Support of Standards for General-Purpose AI Systems (Gipiškis2024) · Other · Other · Other

  • Environmental impacts

    "Increasing use of AI systems, and their growing energy needs, could also have environmental impacts. All of these could become more acute as AI becomes more capable."

    Future Risks of Frontier AI (GOS2023) · Human · Unintentional · Post-deployment

  • Environmental cost (energy consumption)

    "Training large AI models requires a substantial amount of computing power to handle vast datasets, which translates into high energy consumption."

    Regulating under Uncertainty: Governance Options for Generative AI (G'sell2024) · Other · Unintentional · Pre-deployment

  • Environmental cost (water consumption)

    "Data centers use water for cooling to prevent servers from overheating. The water consumption associated with AI training and inference processes can be substantial, impacting local water resources."

    Regulating under Uncertainty: Governance Options for Generative AI (G'sell2024) · Other · Unintentional · Pre-deployment

  • Sustainability

    Generative models are known for their substantial energy requirements, necessitating significant amounts of electricity, cooling water, and hardware containing rare metals. The extraction and utilizat...

    Mapping the Ethics of Generative AI: A Comprehensive Scoping Review (Hagendorff2024) · AI · Unintentional · Other

  • Impact on the environment

    "AI, and large generative models in particular, might produce increased carbon emissions and increase water usage for their training and operation."

    AI Risk Atlas (IBM2025) · AI · Other · Post-deployment

  • Environmental cost

    "Large-scale DL systems can produce signicant carbon emissions as a result of the computational demands of training runs and inference [539]"

    Ten Hard Problems in Artificial Intelligence We Must Get Right (Leech2024 ) · AI · Unintentional · Pre-deployment

  • Property damage

    "Action(s) that lead directly or indirectly to the damage or destruction of tangible property eg. buildings, possessions, vehicles, robots"

    A Closer Look at the Existing Risks of Generative AI: Mapping the Who, What, and How of Real-World Incidents (Li2025) · Other · Other · Other

  • Pollution

    "Actual or potential pollution to the air, ground, noise, or water caused by a technology system"

    A Closer Look at the Existing Risks of Generative AI: Mapping the Who, What, and How of Real-World Incidents (Li2025) · AI · Other · Other

  • Excessive energy consumption

    "Excessive energy use resulting in energy bottlenecks and shortages for communities, organisations and businesses"

    A Closer Look at the Existing Risks of Generative AI: Mapping the Who, What, and How of Real-World Incidents (Li2025) · Other · Unintentional · Other

  • Environmental Impacts

    "Impacts due to high compute resource utilization in training or operating GAI models, and related outcomes that may adversely impact ecosystems."

    Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework: Generative Artificial Intelligence Profile (NIST2024) · Other · Unintentional · Pre-deployment

  • Environmental Impacts

    "The production process of these devices requires raw materials such as nickel, cobalt, and lithium in such high quantities that the Earth may soon no longer be able to sustain them in sufficient quan...

    Social Impacts of Artificial Intelligence and Mitigation Recommendations: An Exploratory Study (Paes2023) · Human · Unintentional · Post-deployment

  • Energy Consumption

    Some learning algorithms, including deep learning, utilize iterative learning processes [23]. This approach results in high energy consumption.

    A Survey of Artificial Intelligence Challenges: Analyzing the Definitions, Relationships, and Evolutions (Saghiri2022) · AI · Unintentional · Pre-deployment

  • Environmental harms

    depletion or contamination of natural resources, and damage to built environments... that may occur throughout the lifecycle of digital technologies [170, 237] from “crale (mining) to usage (consumpti...

    Sociotechnical Harms of Algorithmic Systems: Scoping a Taxonomy for Harm Reduction (Shelby2023) · AI · Unintentional · Post-deployment

  • Environmental Costs

    "The computing power used in training, testing, and deploying generative AI systems, especially large scale systems, uses substantial energy resources and thereby contributes to the global climate cri...

    Evaluating the Social Impact of Generative AI Systems in Systems and Society (Solaiman2023) · Human · Unintentional · Other

  • Ecosystem and Environment

    "Impacts at a high-level, from the AI ecosystem to the Earth itself, are necessarily broad but can be broken down into components for evaluation."

    Evaluating the Social Impact of Generative AI Systems in Systems and Society (Solaiman2023) · Human · Intentional · Post-deployment

  • Environmental impacts

    Environmental harm, Sustainability

    The Ethics of ChatGPT – Exploring the Ethical Issues of an Emerging Technology (Stahl2024) · AI · Other · Other