Toxicity and Bias Tendencies

Classification

Domain

1. Discrimination & Toxicity

Subdomain

1.1 Unfair discrimination and misrepresentation

Causal entity

Human

Intent

Unintentional

Timing

Pre-deployment

Subdomain definition: Unequal treatment of individuals or groups by AI, often based on race, gender, or other sensitive characteristics, resulting in unfair outcomes and representation of those groups.

Real-world incidents in this subdomain

• 2 Apr 2025DOGE Reportedly Relied on Unvetted ChatGPT Outputs in Canceling National Endowment for the Humanities Grants
• 23 Mar 2025Sora Video Generator Has Reportedly Been Creating Biased Human Representations Across Race, Gender, and Disability
• 3 Jan 2025Meta AI Characters Allegedly Exhibited Racism, Fabricated Identities, and Exploited User Trust
• 15 Oct 2024Alleged AI-Generated Photo Alteration Leads to Inappropriate Modifications in Speaker's Conference Picture
• 15 Oct 2024Algorithmic Bias in French Welfare System Allegedly Discriminates Against Marginalized Groups
• 10 Jul 2024Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) AI Systems Allegedly Discriminate Against Single Mothers

How other frameworks describe this risk

• Discrimination

  A Collaborative, Human-Centred Taxonomy of AI, Algorithmic, and Automation Harms (Abercrombie2024)

• Harms of Representation and Other Biases

  Foundational Challenges in Assuring Alignment and Safety of Large Language Models (Anwar2024)

• Risks from bias and underrepresentation

  International Scientific Report on the Safety of Advanced AI (Bengio2024)

• Bias

  International AI Safety Report 2025 (Bengio2025)

• Broken systems

  Navigating the Landscape of AI Ethics and Responsibility (Cunha2023)

• Unfairness and Discrimination

  Towards Safer Generative Language Models: A Survey on Safety Risks, Evaluations, and Improvements (Deng2023)

• Bias, Fairness and Representational Harms

  Capabilities and Risks from Frontier AI (DSIT2023)

• Algorithm and data

  What Ethics Can Say on Artificial Intelligence: Insights from a Systematic Literature Review (Giarmoleo2024)

Other entries from Cui2024

• Harmful Content Risk Category · 1.2
• Bias Risk Sub-Category · 1.1
• Toxicity Risk Sub-Category · 1.2
• Privacy Leakage Risk Sub-Category · 2.1
• Untruthful Content Risk Category · 3.1
• Factuality Errors Risk Sub-Category · 3.1
• Faithfulness Errors Risk Sub-Category · 3.1
• Unhelpful Uses Risk Category · 4.3
• Academic Misconduct Risk Sub-Category · 4.3
• Copyright Violation Risk Sub-Category · 6.3
• Cyber Attacks Risk Sub-Category · 4.2
• Software Vulnerabilities Risk Sub-Category · 2.2