Malicious Use

Classification

Domain

4. Malicious actors

Subdomain

4.0

Causal entity

AI

Intent

Other

Timing

Post-deployment

How other frameworks describe this risk

• Dual-Use Capabilities Enable Malicious Use and Misuse of LLMs

  Foundational Challenges in Assuring Alignment and Safety of Large Language Models (Anwar2024)

• Malicious Use Risks

  International Scientific Report on the Safety of Advanced AI (Bengio2024)

• Risks from malicious use

  International AI Safety Report 2025 (Bengio2025)

• Enabling malicious actors and harmful actions

  Navigating the Landscape of AI Ethics and Responsibility (Cunha2023)

• Malicious Use and Unleashing AI Agents

  Towards Safer Generative Language Models: A Survey on Safety Risks, Evaluations, and Improvements (Deng2023)

• Misuse risks

  Capabilities and Risks from Frontier AI (DSIT2023)

• Malicious Uses

  The Ethics of Advanced AI Assistants (Gabriel2024)

• Fine-tuning related (Ease of reconfiguring GPAI models)

  Risk Sources and Risk Management Measures in Support of Standards for General-Purpose AI Systems (Gipiškis2024)

Other entries from Weidinger2023

• Representation & Toxicity Harms Risk Category · 1.0
• Unfair representation Risk Sub-Category · 1.1
• Unfair capability distribution Risk Sub-Category · 1.3
• Toxic content Risk Sub-Category · 1.2
• Misinformation Harms Risk Category · 3.0
• Propagating misconceptions/ false beliefs Risk Sub-Category · 3.1
• Erosion of trust in public information Risk Sub-Category · 1.1
• Pollution of information ecosystem Risk Sub-Category · 3.2
• Information & Safety Harms Risk Category · 2.1
• Privacy infringement Risk Sub-Category · 2.1
• Dissemination of dangerous information Risk Sub-Category · 2.1
• Influence operations Risk Sub-Category · 4.1