Dual-use nature

Classification

Domain

4. Malicious actors

Subdomain

4.0

Causal entity

Other

Intent

Unintentional

Timing

Post-deployment

How other frameworks describe this risk

• Dual-Use Capabilities Enable Malicious Use and Misuse of LLMs

  Foundational Challenges in Assuring Alignment and Safety of Large Language Models (Anwar2024)

• Malicious Use Risks

  International Scientific Report on the Safety of Advanced AI (Bengio2024)

• Risks from malicious use

  International AI Safety Report 2025 (Bengio2025)

• Enabling malicious actors and harmful actions

  Navigating the Landscape of AI Ethics and Responsibility (Cunha2023)

• Malicious Use and Unleashing AI Agents

  Towards Safer Generative Language Models: A Survey on Safety Risks, Evaluations, and Improvements (Deng2023)

• Misuse risks

  Capabilities and Risks from Frontier AI (DSIT2023)

• Malicious Uses

  The Ethics of Advanced AI Assistants (Gabriel2024)

• Fine-tuning related (Ease of reconfiguring GPAI models)

  Risk Sources and Risk Management Measures in Support of Standards for General-Purpose AI Systems (Gipiškis2024)

Other entries from Uuk2025

• Types of systemic risks from general-purpose AI Risk Category
• Control Risk Sub-Category · 7.1
• Democracy Risk Sub-Category · 6.0
• Discrimination Risk Sub-Category · 1.1
• Economy Risk Sub-Category · 6.2
• Environment Risk Sub-Category · 6.6
• Fundamental Rights Risk Sub-Category
• Governance Risk Sub-Category · 6.5
• Harms to non-humans Risk Sub-Category · 7.5
• Information Risk Sub-Category · 4.1
• Irreversible change Risk Sub-Category · 5.2
• Power Risk Sub-Category · 6.1