MIT AI Risk Repository · domain 5: Human-Computer Interaction

5.2 Loss of human agency and autonomy

Humans delegating key decisions to AI systems, or AI systems making decisions that diminish human control and autonomy, potentially leading to humans feeling disempowered, losing the ability to shape a fulfilling life trajectory or becoming cognitively enfeebled.

Risk entries
47
Frameworks citing it
12
Recorded incidents
4
Incidents since 2020
4
Causal entity (risk entries)
Causal entity (risk entries) 24 0 Other: 24 Other 24 Human: 12 Human 12 AI: 11 AI 11
Causal entity (risk entries)
LabelValue
Other24
Human12
AI11
Intent (risk entries)
Intent (risk entries) 22 0 Other: 22 Other 22 Unintentional: 19 Unintentional 19 Intentional: 6 Intentional 6
Intent (risk entries)
LabelValue
Other22
Unintentional19
Intentional6
Timing (risk entries)
Timing (risk entries) 31 0 Post-deployment: 31 Post-deployment 31 Other: 16 Other 16
Timing (risk entries)
LabelValue
Post-deployment31
Other16
Recorded incidents per yearIncident date; current year partial
Recorded incidents per year 2 0 2021: 2 2021 2 2024: 1 2024 1 2026: 1 2026 1
Recorded incidents per year
LabelValue
20212
20241
20261
Entries by levelRisk categories, subcategories and additional evidence coded to this subdomain
Entries by level 33 0 Risk Category: 13 Risk Category 13 Risk Sub-Category: 33 Risk Sub-Category 33 Additional evidence: 1 Additional evidence 1
Entries by level
LabelValue
Risk Category13
Risk Sub-Category33
Additional evidence1
  • Gradual, irretrievable ceding of human power over the future to AI systems

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    Advancing AI Governance: A Literature Review of Problems, Options, and Proposals (Maas2023) · Human · Unintentional · Post-deployment

  • Disruptions from Outpaced Societal Adaptation

    "Although the implementation of general purpose AI models as automation tools could be a major opportunity, overly rapid adoption of this technology at scale might outpace the ability of society to ad...

    Governing General Purpose AI: A Comprehensive Map of Unreliability, Misuse and Systemic Risks (Maham2023 ) · Human · Unintentional · Post-deployment

  • Human dignity/respect

    "Discrepancies between caste/status based on intelligence may lead to undignified parts of the society—e.g., humans—who are surpassed in intelligence by AI"

    Managing the ethical and risk implications of rapid advances in artificial intelligence: A literature review (Meek2016) · Other · Other · Post-deployment

  • Over-reliance

    "The apparent convenience and powerfulness of ChatGPT could result in overreliance by its users, making them trust the answers provided by ChatGPT. Compared with traditional search engines that provid...

    Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, Challenges, and AI-Human Collaboration (Nah2023) · Other · Unintentional · Other

  • Reduced Autonomy/Responsibility

    "AI is providing more and more solutions for complex activities, and by taking advantage of this process, people are becoming able to perform a greater number of activities more quickly and accurately...

    Social Impacts of Artificial Intelligence and Mitigation Recommendations: An Exploratory Study (Paes2023) · Other · Unintentional · Post-deployment

  • Interpersonal Harms

    Interpersonal harms capture instances when algorithmic systems adversely shape relations between people or communities.

    Sociotechnical Harms of Algorithmic Systems: Scoping a Taxonomy for Harm Reduction (Shelby2023) · Other · Other · Post-deployment

  • Loss of agency/control

    Loss of agency occurs when the use [123, 137] or abuse [142] of algorithmic systems reduces autonomy. One dimension of agency loss is algorithmic profiling [138], through which people are subject to s...

    Sociotechnical Harms of Algorithmic Systems: Scoping a Taxonomy for Harm Reduction (Shelby2023) · Other · Other · Post-deployment

  • Cultural harms

    Cultural harm has been described as the development or use of algorithmic systems that affects cultural stability and safety, such as “loss of communication means, loss of cultural property, and harm...

    Sociotechnical Harms of Algorithmic Systems: Scoping a Taxonomy for Harm Reduction (Shelby2023) · AI · Unintentional · Post-deployment

  • Trustworthiness and Autonomy

    "Human trust in systems, institutions, and people represented by system outputs evolves as generative AI systems are increasingly embedded in daily life."

    Evaluating the Social Impact of Generative AI Systems in Systems and Society (Solaiman2023) · Human · Other · Post-deployment

  • Ethical Risks (Risks of challenging traditional social order)

    "The development and application of AI may lead to tremendous changes in production tools and relations, accelerating the reconstruction of traditional industry modes, transforming traditional views o...

    AI Safety Governance Framework (TC2602024) · Other · Unintentional · Other

  • Loss of Control Risks

    "Risks associated with scenarios in which one or more general-purpose AI systems come to operate outside of anyone's control, with no clear path to regaining control. This includes both passive loss o...

    Frontier AI Risk Management Framework (v1.0) (Tse2025) · AI · Other · Post-deployment

  • Passive loss of control

    "...where humans gradually stop exercising meaningful oversight due to automation bias, the AI systems' inherent complexity, or competitive pressures"

    Frontier AI Risk Management Framework (v1.0) (Tse2025) · Other · Unintentional · Other

  • Irreversible change

    "Profound negative long-term changes to social structures, cultural norms, and human relationships that may be difficult or impossible to reverse."

    A Taxonomy of Systemic Risks from General-Purpose AI (Uuk2025) · Other · Other · Other

  • Limited human oversight in decisions

    "As AI models and systems gain autonomy, the ability of humans to oversee and intervene in decision-making processes diminishes."

    A Taxonomy of Systemic Risks from General-Purpose AI (Uuk2025) · Other · Other · Other

  • Personal decision automation capabilities

    "AI models and systems could decide or influence important personal decisions."

    A Taxonomy of Systemic Risks from General-Purpose AI (Uuk2025) · AI · Intentional · Post-deployment

  • AI Society

    "AI already shapes many areas of daily life and thus has a strong impact on society and everyday social life. For instance, transportation, education, public safety and surveillance are areas where ci...

    The Dark Sides of Artificial Intelligence: An Integrated AI Governance Framework for Public Administration (Wirtz2020) · Other · Other · Other

  • Censorship of opinions expressed in the Internet restricts freedom of expression

    Governance of artificial intelligence: A risk and guideline-based integrative framework (Wirtz2022) · Other · Other · Post-deployment

  • Loss of supervision and control of business processes

    Governance of artificial intelligence: A risk and guideline-based integrative framework (Wirtz2022) · Other · Other · Post-deployment

  • AI systems may undermine human values (e.g., free will, autonomy)

    Governance of artificial intelligence: A risk and guideline-based integrative framework (Wirtz2022) · AI · Other · Post-deployment

  • Technology obedience and lack of governance through increasing application of AI systems

    Governance of artificial intelligence: A risk and guideline-based integrative framework (Wirtz2022) · Other · Unintentional · Post-deployment

  • Operational misuses (Autonomous unsafe operation of systems)

    AI Risk Categorization Decoded (AIR 2024): From Government Regulations to Corporate Policies (Zeng2024) · Human · Intentional · Post-deployment