MIT AI Risk Repository · domain 6: Socioeconomic & Environmental

6.6 Environmental harm

The development and operation of AI systems causing environmental harm, such as through energy consumption of data centers, or material and carbon footprints associated with AI hardware.

Risk entries
57
Frameworks citing it
12
Recorded incidents
1
Incidents since 2020
1
Causal entity (risk entries)
Causal entity (risk entries) 24 0 AI: 24 AI 24 Human: 15 Human 15 Other: 13 Other 13 Not coded: 4 Not coded 4
Causal entity (risk entries)
LabelValue
AI24
Human15
Other13
Not coded4
Intent (risk entries)
Intent (risk entries) 35 0 Unintentional: 35 Unintentional 35 Other: 12 Other 12 Intentional: 5 Intentional 5 Not coded: 4 Not coded 4
Intent (risk entries)
LabelValue
Unintentional35
Other12
Intentional5
Not coded4
Timing (risk entries)
Timing (risk entries) 24 0 Other: 24 Other 24 Post-deployment: 20 Post-deployment 20 Pre-deployment: 8 Pre-deployment 8 Not coded: 4 Not coded 4
Timing (risk entries)
LabelValue
Other24
Post-deployment20
Pre-deployment8
Not coded4
Recorded incidents per yearIncident date; current year partial
Recorded incidents per year 1 0 2024: 1 2024 1
Recorded incidents per year
LabelValue
20241
Entries by levelRisk categories, subcategories and additional evidence coded to this subdomain
Entries by level 38 0 Risk Category: 19 Risk Category 19 Risk Sub-Category: 38 Risk Sub-Category 38
Entries by level
LabelValue
Risk Category19
Risk Sub-Category38
  • Environmental

    "Environmental - Damage to the environment directly or indirectly caused by a technology system or set of systems."

    A Collaborative, Human-Centred Taxonomy of AI, Algorithmic, and Automation Harms (Abercrombie2024) · AI · Other · Post-deployment

  • Biodiversity loss

    "Biodiversity loss - Over-expansion of technology infrastructure, or inadequate alignment of technology with sustainable practices, leading to deforestation, habitat destruction, and fragmentation and...

    A Collaborative, Human-Centred Taxonomy of AI, Algorithmic, and Automation Harms (Abercrombie2024) · Other · Unintentional · Other

  • Carbon emissions

    "Carbon emissions - Release of carbon dioxide, nitric oxide and other gases, increasing carbon emissions, exacerbating climate change, and negatively impacting local communities."

    A Collaborative, Human-Centred Taxonomy of AI, Algorithmic, and Automation Harms (Abercrombie2024) · Other · Other · Other

  • Electronic waste

    "Electronic waste - Electrical or electronic equipment that is waste, including all components, sub-assemblies and consumables that are part of the equipment at the time the equipment becomes waste"

    A Collaborative, Human-Centred Taxonomy of AI, Algorithmic, and Automation Harms (Abercrombie2024) · Other · Other · Other

  • Excessive energy consumption

    "Excessive energy consumption - Excessive energy use, leading to energy bottlenecks and shortages for communities, organisations, and businesses."

    A Collaborative, Human-Centred Taxonomy of AI, Algorithmic, and Automation Harms (Abercrombie2024) · Human · Unintentional · Other

  • Excessive landfill

    "Excessive landfill - Excessive disposal of electrical or electronic equipment leading to ecological/biodiversity damage, and disrupting the livelihoods and eroding the rights of local communities."

    A Collaborative, Human-Centred Taxonomy of AI, Algorithmic, and Automation Harms (Abercrombie2024) · Human · Unintentional · Other

  • Excessive water consumption

    "Excessive water consumption - Excessive use of water to cool data centres and for other purposes, leading to water restrictions or shortages for local communities or businesses."

    A Collaborative, Human-Centred Taxonomy of AI, Algorithmic, and Automation Harms (Abercrombie2024) · Human · Unintentional · Other

  • Natural resource depletion

    "Natural resource depletion - Extraction of minerals, metals, rare earths, and fossil fuels that deplete natural resources and increase carbon emissions."

    A Collaborative, Human-Centred Taxonomy of AI, Algorithmic, and Automation Harms (Abercrombie2024) · Human · Other · Other

  • Pollution

    "Pollution - Actual or potential pollution to the air, ground, noise, or water caused by a technology system."

    A Collaborative, Human-Centred Taxonomy of AI, Algorithmic, and Automation Harms (Abercrombie2024) · AI · Other · Post-deployment

  • Environment

    "AI is already helping to combat the impact of climate change with smart technology and sensors reducing emissions. However, it is also a key component in the development of nanobots, which could have...

    The Rise of Artificial Intelligence - Future Outlooks and Emerging Risks (Allianz2018) · AI · Unintentional · Post-deployment

  • Accelerated development of nanotechnology produces uncontrolled production of toxic nanoparticles

    "AI is a key component for the development of nanobots, which could have dangerous environmental implications by invisibly modifying substances at nanoscale. For example, nanobots could start chemical...

    The Rise of Artificial Intelligence - Future Outlooks and Emerging Risks (Allianz2018) · AI · Unintentional · Post-deployment

  • Risks to the environment

    "Growing compute use in general- purpose AI development and deployment has rapidly increased energy usage associated with general- purpose AI. This trend might continue, potentially leading to strongl...

    International Scientific Report on the Safety of Advanced AI (Bengio2024) · Human · Unintentional · Other

  • Risks to the environment

    "General- purpose AI is a moderate but rapidly growing contributor to global environmental impacts through energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Current estimates indicate that data centres a...

    International AI Safety Report 2025 (Bengio2025) · AI · Unintentional · Other

  • Environmental risk

    "AI models are often trained using large amounts of computation. This process is very energy intensive, potentially leading to significant greenhouse emissions depending on the energy sources [132]. E...

    Dimensional Characterization and Pathway Modeling for Catastrophic AI Risks (Chin2025) · Other · Unintentional · Pre-deployment

  • Intentional: socially condemned/illegal

    "Many intentional harms, including confinement, husbandry procedures like tail-docking, and slaughter, are legal or socially accepted, while others such as wildlife trafficking and violence against co...

    Harm to Nonhuman Animals from AI: a Systematic Account and Framework (Coghlan2023 ) · Human · Intentional · Post-deployment

  • AI intentionally designed and used to harm animals in ways that contradict social values or are illegal

    Harm to Nonhuman Animals from AI: a Systematic Account and Framework (Coghlan2023 ) · Human · Intentional · Post-deployment

  • AI designed to benefit animals, humans, or ecosystems is intentionally abused to harm animals in ways that contradict social values or are illegal

    Harm to Nonhuman Animals from AI: a Systematic Account and Framework (Coghlan2023 ) · Human · Intentional · Post-deployment

  • Intentional: socially accepted/legal

    "AI designed to impact animals in harmful ways that reflect and amplify existing social values or are legal"

    Harm to Nonhuman Animals from AI: a Systematic Account and Framework (Coghlan2023 ) · Human · Intentional · Post-deployment

  • Unintentional: direct

    "AI designed to benefit animals, humans, or ecosystems has unintended harmful impact on animals"

    Harm to Nonhuman Animals from AI: a Systematic Account and Framework (Coghlan2023 ) · Other · Unintentional · Other

  • AI is designed in a way that shows ignorant, reckless, or prejudiced lack of consideration for its impact on animals

    Harm to Nonhuman Animals from AI: a Systematic Account and Framework (Coghlan2023 ) · Human · Unintentional · Pre-deployment

  • AI harms animals due to mistake or misadventure in the way the AI operates in practice

    Harm to Nonhuman Animals from AI: a Systematic Account and Framework (Coghlan2023 ) · AI · Unintentional · Post-deployment

  • Unintentional: indirect

    "AI impacts human or ecological systems in ways that ultimately harm animals"

    Harm to Nonhuman Animals from AI: a Systematic Account and Framework (Coghlan2023 ) · AI · Unintentional · Post-deployment

  • Indirect Material Harms

    "AI proliferation causes harm to the environment through energy use and e-waste thereby destroying animal habitat"

    Harm to Nonhuman Animals from AI: a Systematic Account and Framework (Coghlan2023 ) · AI · Unintentional · Post-deployment

  • Harms from Estrangement

    "Replacement by AI of human observation and interaction leads to neglect of certain interests"

    Harm to Nonhuman Animals from AI: a Systematic Account and Framework (Coghlan2023 ) · AI · Unintentional · Post-deployment

  • Epistemic Harms

    "Algorithmic recommender systems reinforce and amplify anthropocentric bias or desire of some people for animal cruelty as entertainment — leading to greater harm to animals through reinforcement of m...

    Harm to Nonhuman Animals from AI: a Systematic Account and Framework (Coghlan2023 ) · AI · Unintentional · Post-deployment