Information harms

Classification

Domain

3. Misinformation

Subdomain

3.1 False or misleading information

Causal entity

Other

Intent

Unintentional

Timing

Post-deployment

Subdomain definition: AI systems that inadvertently generate or spread incorrect or deceptive information, which can lead to inaccurate beliefs in users and undermine their autonomy. Humans that make decisions based on false beliefs can experience physical, emotional or material harms

Real-world incidents in this subdomain

• 12 May 2026Nonfiction Book 'The Future of Truth' Reportedly Included AI-Generated and Misattributed Quotations
• 6 May 2026Claude Console Reportedly Generated Phantom Legal Quotations in Trump Layoffs Court Filing
• 21 Apr 2026Purportedly AI-Enhanced Images of Iranian Women Protesters Were Reportedly Spread With Unverified Execution Claims
• 10 Apr 2026South Africa Draft National AI Policy Reportedly Included Fictitious References Believed to Be AI Hallucinations
• 8 Apr 2026Purportedly AI-Generated Image Reportedly Misled Daejeon Authorities Searching for Escaped Wolf Neukgu
• 17 Mar 2026Gemini and Grok Reportedly Misidentified Authentic Minab School-Strike Graveyard Photo as Unrelated Disaster Imagery

How other frameworks describe this risk

• Pursuing Consistent Context

  Risk Taxonomy, Mitigation, and Assessment Benchmarks of Large Language Model Systems (Cui2024)

• Knowledge Gaps

  Risk Taxonomy, Mitigation, and Assessment Benchmarks of Large Language Model Systems (Cui2024)

• Hallucinations

  Risk Taxonomy, Mitigation, and Assessment Benchmarks of Large Language Model Systems (Cui2024)

• Faithfulness Errors

  Risk Taxonomy, Mitigation, and Assessment Benchmarks of Large Language Model Systems (Cui2024)

• Defective Decoding Process

  Risk Taxonomy, Mitigation, and Assessment Benchmarks of Large Language Model Systems (Cui2024)

• Untruthful Content

  Risk Taxonomy, Mitigation, and Assessment Benchmarks of Large Language Model Systems (Cui2024)

• Factuality Errors

  Risk Taxonomy, Mitigation, and Assessment Benchmarks of Large Language Model Systems (Cui2024)

• Noisy Training Data

  Risk Taxonomy, Mitigation, and Assessment Benchmarks of Large Language Model Systems (Cui2024)

Other entries from Shelby2023

• Representational Harms Risk Category · 1.1
• Stereotyping social groups Risk Sub-Category · 1.1
• Demeaning social groups Risk Sub-Category · 1.1
• Erasing social groups Risk Sub-Category · 1.3
• Alienating social groups Risk Sub-Category · 1.1
• Denying people the opportunity to self-identify Risk Sub-Category · 1.1
• Reifying essentialist categories Risk Sub-Category · 1.1
• Allocative Harms Risk Category · 1.1
• Opportunity loss Risk Sub-Category · 1.1
• Economic loss Risk Sub-Category · 1.1
• Quality-of-Service Harms Risk Category · 1.3
• Alienation Risk Sub-Category · 1.3