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Classification

Domain

1. Discrimination & Toxicity

Subdomain

1.0

Causal entity

AI

Intent

Unintentional

Timing

Post-deployment

How other frameworks describe this risk

• Stereotyping

  A Collaborative, Human-Centred Taxonomy of AI, Algorithmic, and Automation Harms (Abercrombie2024)

• Impacts of AI (Bias)

  Risk Sources and Risk Management Measures in Support of Standards for General-Purpose AI Systems (Gipiškis2024)

• Discrimination, Exclusion and Toxicity

  Ethical and social risks of harm from language models (Weidinger2021)

• Representation & Toxicity Harms

  Sociotechnical Safety Evaluation of Generative AI Systems (Weidinger2023)

• Ethical AI Risks

  Governance of artificial intelligence: A risk and guideline-based integrative framework (Wirtz2022)

• Discrimination/Bias (Discriminatory Activities)

  AI Risk Categorization Decoded (AIR 2024): From Government Regulations to Corporate Policies (Zeng2024)

• Unfairness and Bias

  SafetyBench: Evaluating the Safety of Large Language Models with Multiple Choice Questions (Zhang2023)

Other entries from Li2025

• - Risk Category · 5.2
• Impersonation / identity theft Risk Sub-Category · 4.3
• IP / copyright / personality / rights loss Risk Sub-Category · 4.3
• Autonomy / agency loss Risk Sub-Category · 5.2
• - Risk Category
• Political instability Risk Sub-Category · 6.0
• Institutional trust loss Risk Sub-Category · 4.1
• Economic manipulation Risk Sub-Category · 4.3
• - Risk Category · 3.1
• Propagating misconceptions / false beliefs Risk Sub-Category · 3.1
• Pollution of information ecosystems Risk Sub-Category · 3.2
• Erosion of trust in public information Risk Sub-Category · 3.2