Text encoding-based attacks

Classification

Domain

2. Privacy & Security

Subdomain

2.2 AI system security vulnerabilities and attacks

Causal entity

Human

Intent

Intentional

Timing

Post-deployment

Subdomain definition: Vulnerabilities in AI systems, software development toolchains, and hardware that can be exploited, resulting in unauthorized access, data and privacy breaches, or system manipulation causing unsafe outputs or behavior.

Real-world incidents in this subdomain

• 30 May 2026COEMPT Quality Assurance Engineers Allegedly Violated Indian CBSE Student Data Privacy Rights by Processing It with Google Gemini
• 13 May 2026Hidden Prompt Injection in Brazilian Labor-Court Petition Reportedly Tried to Manipulate Galileu
• 18 Mar 2026Meta Internal AI Agent Reportedly Gave Advice That Allegedly Exposed Sensitive Data to Unauthorized Employees
• 28 Feb 2026CodeWall's Autonomous Agent Reportedly Obtained Unauthorized Access to McKinsey's Lilli AI Platform Database
• 23 Feb 2026Anthropic Said DeepSeek, Moonshot, and MiniMax Used Fraudulent Accounts and Proxies to Illicitly Distill Claude Capabilities at Scale
• 8 Feb 2026DJI Romo Cloud Authorization Bug Reportedly Exposed Camera, Microphone, and Home-Mapping Data From Nearly 7,000 Robot Vacuums

How other frameworks describe this risk

• Privacy loss

  A Collaborative, Human-Centred Taxonomy of AI, Algorithmic, and Automation Harms (Abercrombie2024)

• Exploiting Limited Generalization of Safety Finetuning

  Foundational Challenges in Assuring Alignment and Safety of Large Language Models (Anwar2024)

• Jailbreaks and Prompt Injections Threaten Security of LLMs

  Foundational Challenges in Assuring Alignment and Safety of Large Language Models (Anwar2024)

• “Model Psychology” Attacks

  Foundational Challenges in Assuring Alignment and Safety of Large Language Models (Anwar2024)

• Attacking LLMs via Additional Modalities a

  Foundational Challenges in Assuring Alignment and Safety of Large Language Models (Anwar2024)

• Vulnerability to Poisoning and Backdoors

  Foundational Challenges in Assuring Alignment and Safety of Large Language Models (Anwar2024)

• Model Attacks

  Risk Taxonomy, Mitigation, and Assessment Benchmarks of Large Language Model Systems (Cui2024)

• Hardware Vulnerabilities

  Risk Taxonomy, Mitigation, and Assessment Benchmarks of Large Language Model Systems (Cui2024)

Other entries from Gipiškis2024

• Dimension - Intent Risk Category
• Intentional Risk Sub-Category
• Unintentional Risk Sub-Category
• Partially intentional Risk Sub-Category
• Dimension - Entity Risk Category
• Human Risk Sub-Category
• AI Risk Sub-Category
• Combination of humans and AI Risk Sub-Category
• Dimension - Failure dynamics Risk Category
• Isolated (non-normal) failures Risk Sub-Category
• System (normal) failures Risk Sub-Category
• System (normal) failures Additional evidence