AI Incident Database

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Every incident record (metadata only) from the weekly snapshot of 2026-09-07. Filter, then export the selection with its licence attached; each row links to the full record and its reports.

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106 incidents · page 2 of 3

  1. #271 · 3 reports

    Tesla Model 3 Sedan on Autopilot Killed Motorcyclist in a Rear-End Collision in Utah AIID ↗

    A Tesla Model 3 operating on Autopilot mode slammed into the back of a Harley-Davidson motorcycle on an interstate in Utah, throwing the rider from the bike and killing him instantly.

    Deployer: Tesla · Developer: Tesla · Harmed: Landon Embry, Motorcyclists, Tesla Drivers

  2. #372 · 3 reports

    Users Reported Security Issues with Google Pixel 6a's Fingerprint Unlocking AIID ↗

    Google Pixel 6a's fingerprint recognition feature was reported by users for security issues, in which phones were mistakenly unlocked by unregistered fingerprints.

    Deployer: Google · Developer: Google · Harmed: Google Pixel 6A Users

  3. #241 · 5 reports

    Chess-Playing Robot Broke Child's Finger in Russia AIID ↗

    A chess robot at a tournament in Russia broke the finger of a child who reached onto the board before the robot had completed its move

    Deployer: Russian Chess Federation · Developer: Unknown · Harmed: Child Named Christopher

  4. #285 · 1 report

    Google Lens’s Camera-Based Translation Feature Provided an Offensive Mistranslation of a Book Title in Korean AIID ↗

    A book title by Korea’s first minister of culture was mistranslated into an offensive phrase by Google Lens’s camera-based translation feature allegedly due to its training on internet communications and a lack of context.

    Deployer: Google · Developer: Google · Harmed: Google Lens Users

  5. #390 · 1 report

    Deepfakes Reportedly Deployed in Online Interviews for Remote Work Positions AIID ↗

    Voice and video deepfakes were reported by FBI Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3) in complaint reports to have been deployed during online interviews of the candidates for remote-work positions.

    Deployer: Unknown · Developer: Unknown · Harmed: Interviewers Of Remote Work Positions, Employers Of Remote Work Positions

  6. #1436 · 2 reports

    AI-Enabled TruDi Navigation System Was Alleged to Have Contributed to Patient's Stroke During June 2022 Sinus Procedure AIID ↗

    Patient Erin Ralph allegedly suffered carotid-artery injury and a stroke after a June 23, 2022 sinus procedure in Texas in which surgeon Marc Dean reportedly used Acclarent's AI-enabled TruDi Navigation System. Ralph's lawsuit alleged TruDi misinformed Dean about the instrument's position inside her head; Acclarent and Integra LifeSciences, which later acquired Acclarent, reportedly denied a causal connection.

    Deployer: Marc Dean, Surgical Teams Using Trudi Navigation System · Developer: Acclarent, Ai Enabled Surgical Navigation System Developers, Ai Enabled Healthcare System Developers, Johnson And Johnson, Integra Lifesciences · Harmed: Erin Ralph, Surgical Patients, Patients, Patients Undergoing Ai Assisted Procedures, Sinus Surgery Patients

  7. #1559 · 21 reports

    Kalibrate Fuel Pricing Allegedly Enabled California Gas Station Operators to Coordinate Higher Pump Prices AIID ↗

    Major gas station operators in California allegedly used Kalibrate Fuel Pricing to automate pump prices using competitor data and reduce price competition. A June 2026 complaint said the AI-based system increased gasoline prices by as much as 30 cents per gallon where adoption was widespread.

    Deployer: Marathon Petroleum, 7 Eleven, Speedway, Eg America, Bp Products North America, Travelcenters Of America, Walmart, Sam'S Club, Circle K, Albertsons Companies, Gas Station Operators, Fuel Retailers · Developer: Kalibrate, Algorithmic Pricing System Developers, Software Developers · Harmed: California Gasoline Purchasers, California Drivers, Drivers, Road Users, Consumers, Retail Gasoline Market Competition In California, General Public, General Public Of California

  8. #460 · 2 reports

    Cruise AV Ran Over Fire Hose in Active Fire Scene AIID ↗

    A Cruise AV ran over a fire hose that was being used in an active firefighting area.

    Deployer: Cruise · Developer: Cruise · Harmed: San Francisco Firefighters, San Francisco Fire Department

  9. #262 · 4 reports

    DALL-E Mini Reportedly Reinforced or Exacerbated Societal Biases in Its Outputs as Gender and Racial Stereotypes AIID ↗

    Publicly deployed open-source model DALL-E Mini was acknowledged by its developers and found by its users to have produced images which reinforced racial and gender biases.

    Deployer: Boris Dayma · Developer: Boris Dayma, Suraj Patil, Pedro Cuenca, Khalid Saifullah, Tanishq Abraham, Phuc Le Khac, Luke Melas, Ritobrata Ghosh · Harmed: Minority Groups, Underrepresented Groups

  10. #293 · 7 reports

    Cruise’s Self-Driving Car Involved in a Multiple-Injury Collision at an San Francisco Intersection AIID ↗

    A Cruise autonomous vehicle was involved in a crash at an intersection in San Francisco when making a left turn in front of a Toyota Prius traveling in an opposite direction, which caused occupants in both cars to sustain injuries.

    Deployer: Cruise · Developer: Cruise · Harmed: Cruise Passengers, Toyota Prius Passengers

  11. #290 · 3 reports

    False Negatives for Water Quality-Associated Beach Closures AIID ↗

    Toronto’s use of AI predictive modeling (AIPM) which had replaced existing methodology as the only determiner of beach water quality raised concerns about its accuracy, after allegedly conflicting results were found by a local water advocacy group using traditional means.

    Deployer: Toronto City Government · Developer: Toronto Public Health · Harmed: Sunnyside Beachgoers, Marie Curtis Beachgoers, Toronto Citizens

  12. #259 · 2 reports

    YouTuber Built, Made Publicly Available, and Released Model Trained on Toxic 4chan Posts as Prank AIID ↗

    A YouTuber built GPT-4chan, a model based on OpenAI’s GPT-J and trained on posts containing racism, misogyny, and antisemitism collected from 4chan’s “politically incorrect” board, which he made publicly available, and deployed as multiple bots posting thousands of messages on the same 4chan board as a prank.

    Deployer: Yannic Kilcher · Developer: Yannic Kilcher · Harmed: Internet Social Platform Users

  13. #252 · 1 report

    Remotely Operated Taser-Armed Drones Proposed by Taser Manufacturer as Defense for School Shootings in the US AIID ↗

    Axon Enterprise considered development of remotely operated drones capable of tasering at a target a short distance away as a defense mechanism for mass shootings, despite its internal AI ethics board’s previous objection and condemnation as dangerous and fantastical.

    Deployer: None · Developer: Axon Enterprise · Harmed: Schools, Educational Communities, Students

  14. #844 · 5 reports

    SafeRent AI Screening Tool Allegedly Discriminated Against Housing Voucher Applicants AIID ↗

    SafeRent’s AI-powered tenant screening tool used credit history and non-rental-related debts to assign scores, disproportionately penalizing Black and Hispanic renters and those using housing vouchers. The reported discriminatory housing outcomes violated the Fair Housing Act and Massachusetts law. A class action lawsuit (Louis, et al. v. SafeRent Solutions, et al.) resulted in a $2.275 million settlement and changes to SafeRent’s practices.

    Deployer: Landlords · Developer: Saferent Solutions · Harmed: Renters, Monica Douglas, Massachusetts Renters, Mary Louis, Hispanic Renters, Black Renters

  15. #253 · 4 reports

    Cruise's Self-Driving Cars Allegedly Lost Connection to Their Server, Causing Traffic Blockages in San Francisco AIID ↗

    Cruise’s autonomous vehicles were shown on video stopping in the middle of the road and causing blockages in San Francisco, as they were disabled allegedly due to lost connection to their company’s server.

    Deployer: Cruise · Developer: Cruise · Harmed: San Francisco Traffic Participants, San Francisco Public

  16. #638 · 17 reports

    Fatal Crash Involving Tesla Full Self-Driving Claims Employee's Life AIID ↗

    A Tesla employee, Hans von Ohain, was killed in a crash while allegedly using the Full Self-Driving feature. The car failed to navigate mountain curves, leading to a fatal collision, possibly making von Ohain the first known fatality of the Full Self-Driving feature.

    Deployer: Hans Von Ohain · Developer: Tesla · Harmed: Hans Von Ohain, Erik Rossiter

  17. #258 · 2 reports

    Australian Retailers Reportedly Captured Face Prints of Their Customers without Consent AIID ↗

    Major Australian retailers reportedly analyzed in-store footage to capture facial features of their customers without consent, which was criticized by consumer groups as creepy and invasive.

    Deployer: The Good Guys, Kmart, Bunnings · Developer: Unknown · Harmed: The Good Guys customers, Privacy, Kmart customers, Bunnings customers, Biometric data subjects

  18. #520 · 2 reports

    Amazon Fresh Cameras Failed to Register Purchased Items AIID ↗

    Amazon Fresh's system of tracking cameras in its cashier-less stores was reported by shoppers for failing to detect items they purchased.

    Deployer: Amazon Fresh · Developer: Amazon Fresh · Harmed: Amazon Fresh

  19. #911 · 1 report

    Yahoo Boys Allegedly Employ Real-Time Deepfake Technology in Romance Scams AIID ↗

    Scammers from Nigeria, known as "Yahoo Boys," are reportedly utilizing real-time deepfake technology to impersonate individuals during video calls, deceiving victims in romance scams. By allegedly altering their appearance with face-swapping software, they build trust under false identities to defraud targets of substantial sums.

    Deployer: Yahoo Boys, Scammers In Nigeria, Brouteurs · Developer: Deepfake Technology Developers · Harmed: Targets Of The Yahoo Boys, Targets Of Scammers In Nigeria, Targets Of Romance Scams, Targets Of Brouteurs

  20. #178 · 7 reports

    Tesla Owner Activated "Smart Summon" Feature, Causing a Collision with an Aircraft in a Washington Airport AIID ↗

    A Tesla Model Y was shown on video slowly crashing into a Vision Jet in Spokane, Washington, allegedly due to its owner activating the “Smart Summon” feature.

    Deployer: Tesla · Developer: Tesla · Harmed: Tesla Owner, Vision Jet Owner

  21. #431 · 3 reports

    Robbers Accessed Drugged Gay Men's Bank Accounts Using Their Phones' Facial Recognition AIID ↗

    Gay men in New York City were drugged by robbers who accessed their phones using facial recognition while they were unconscious to transfer funds out of their bank accounts.

    Deployer: Apple · Developer: Apple · Harmed: Gay Men In New York City, Julio Ramirez

  22. #177 · 5 reports

    Google’s Assistive Writing Feature Provided Allegedly Unnecessary and Clumsy Suggestions AIID ↗

    Google’s “inclusive language” feature prompting writers to consider alternatives to non-inclusive words reportedly also recommend alternatives for words such as “landlord” and “motherboard,” which critics said was a form of obtrusive, unnecessary, and bias-reinforcing speech-policing.

    Deployer: Google Docs · Developer: Google Docs · Harmed: Google Docs Users

  23. #903 · 18 reports

    Northern Ireland MLA Cara Hunter Allegedly Targeted by Deepfake Pornography Ahead of May 2022 Assembly Election AIID ↗

    Sometime in April 2022, reportedly some weeks before the May 5, 2022 Northern Ireland Assembly election, Member of the Legislative Assembly Cara Hunter was targeted in a deepfake pornography incident. A fake video depicting her in explicit scenarios is reported to have circulated widely on WhatsApp. Law enforcement have as of yet been unable to trace the origins of the video, according to reports. Additionally, it is alleged that about six months after the initial incident, she was the target of

    Deployer: Deepfake Creators · Developer: Deepfake Technology Developers · Harmed: Voters In Northern Ireland, Epistemic Integrity, East Londonderry Constituents, Cara Hunter, Democratic Integrity

  24. #236 · 1 report

    AI-Generated Faces Used by Scammers to Pose as a Law Firm in Boston AIID ↗

    GAN faces were allegedly used by scammers alongside a parked domain and a fake website to impersonate a Boston law firm.

    Deployer: Scammers · Developer: Unknown · Harmed: Email Account Holders

  25. #378 · 2 reports

    TuSimple Truck Steered into Interstate Freeway Divide AIID ↗

    A TuSimple autonomous truck operating with backup drivers behind the wheel operated on an outdated command sequence and suddenly veered into the center divide on the interstate freeway.

    Deployer: Tusimple · Developer: Tusimple · Harmed: Tusimple, State Of Arizona

  26. #389 · 4 reports

    Cruise Autonomous Car Blocked Fire Truck Responding to Emergency AIID ↗

    A fire truck in San Francisco responding to a fire was blocked from passing a doubled-parked garbage truck by a self-driving Cruise car on the opposing lane which stayed put and did not reverse to clear the lane.

    Deployer: Cruise · Developer: Cruise · Harmed: San Francisco Firefighters, San Francisco Fire Department

  27. #519 · 1 report

    Starship Delivery Robot Ran into Problems Traversing Campus Terrains AIID ↗

    A Starship autonomous delivery robot struggled to navigate campus terrains of UCLA, reportedly getting stuck into a planter and falling off the stairs.

    Deployer: Starship Technologies · Developer: Starship Technologies · Harmed: Starship Technologies

  28. #179 · 3 reports

    DALL-E 2 Reported for Gender and Racially Biased Outputs AIID ↗

    Developers of OpenAI's DALL-E 2 cited risks of the model, varying from misuse as disinformation and explicit content generation, to gender and racial bias.

    Deployer: Openai · Developer: Openai · Harmed: Underrepresented Groups, Minority Groups

  29. #175 · 5 reports

    Cruise Autonomous Taxi Allegedly Bolted off from Police After Being Pulled over in San Francisco AIID ↗

    An autonomous Chevy Bolt operated by Cruise was pulled over in San Francisco, and as the police attempted to engage with the car, it reportedly bolted off, pulled over again, and put on its hazards lights on at a point farther down the road.

    Deployer: Cruise · Developer: Cruise · Harmed: San Francisco Public, Cruise Customers

  30. #349 · 3 reports

    Evolv AI Weapons Detection System Allegedly Misrepresents Accuracy, Leading to School Security Gaps AIID ↗

    Evolv's AI-powered weapons scanners were advertised as superior to metal detectors but reportedly failed to detect actual weapons while generating excessive false positives. The FTC alleged that misleading claims about the system's accuracy and speed contributed to schools relying on unreliable detection, with at least one incident in October 2022 involving a missed knife that resulted in a student being stabbed.

    Deployer: Charlotte Mecklenburg School District · Developer: Evolv Technology · Harmed: teachers at Charlotte Mecklenburg Schools, students at Charlotte Mecklenburg Schools, Students, security officers at Charlotte Mecklenburg Schools, School administrators at Charlotte Mecklenburg Schools, Parents of students at Charlotte Mecklenburg Schools, Epistemic integrity, Educational communities

  31. #192 · 2 reports

    Three Make-Up Artists Lost Jobs Following Black-Box Automated Decision by HireVue AIID ↗

    Three make-up artists lost their positions following an algorithmically-assessed video interview by HireVue who reportedly failed to provide adequate explanation of the findings.

    Deployer: Estee Lauder · Developer: Hirevue · Harmed: Pseudonymous Estee Lauder'S Former Staff

  32. #198 · 9 reports

    Deepfake Video of Ukrainian President Yielding to Russia Posted on Ukrainian Websites and Social Media AIID ↗

    A quickly-debunked deepfaked video of the Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy was posted on various Ukrainian websites and social media platforms encouraging Ukrainians to surrender to Russian forces during the Russia-Ukraine war.

    Deployer: Hackers · Developer: Unknown · Harmed: Volodymyr Zelenskyy, Ukrainian Social Media Users, Ukrainian Public

  33. #427 · 3 reports

    Cruise Taxis' Sudden Braking Allegedly Put People at Risk AIID ↗

    Cruise's autonomous taxis slowed suddenly, braked, and were hit from behind, allegedly becoming unexpected roadway obstacles and potentially putting passengers and other people at risk.

    Deployer: Cruise · Developer: Cruise · Harmed: Traffic Participants, Emergency Vehicles, Cruise Passengers, Cruise

  34. #221 · 2 reports

    A Road Engineer Killed Following a Collision Involving a Tesla on Autopilot AIID ↗

    In Taiwan, a Tesla Model 3 on Autopilot mode whose driver did not pay attention to the road collided with a road repair truck; a road engineer immediately placed crash warnings in front of the Tesla, but soon after got hit and was killed by a BMW when its driver failed to see the sign and crashed into the accident.

    Deployer: Tesla · Developer: Tesla · Harmed: Road Engineer

  35. #465 · 1 report

    Private Medical Photos Were Reportedly Found in LAION-5B AI Training Dataset AIID ↗

    In September 2022, an artist using the name Lapine reported finding private post-operative medical photos of herself in LAION-5B, a web-scraped image-text dataset used in AI image-synthesis research. Ars Technica confirmed her images were referenced in the dataset and reported finding thousands of similar patient medical-record photos.

    Deployer: Stability Ai, Google · Developer: Stability Ai, Laion, Google · Harmed: Privacy, Lapine, Patients, Patients Whose Medical Photos Were Included In Laion 5B, People Whose Private Images Were Included In Ai Training Datasets

  36. #176 · 1 report

    Starship’s Autonomous Food Delivery Robot Allegedly Stranded at Railroad Crossing in Oregon, Run over by Freight Train AIID ↗

    A Starship food delivery robot deployed by Oregon State University reportedly failed to cross the railroad, becoming stranded, and ending up being struck by an oncoming freight train.

    Deployer: Oregon State University · Developer: Starship Technologies · Harmed: Oregon State University, Freight Train Crew

  37. #264 · 1 report

    AI-Based Vehicle Speed Estimation App Denounced by UK Drivers as Surveillance Technology AIID ↗

    Speedcam Anywhere, an app allowing users to document and report traffic violations via AI-based videographic speed estimation of a vehicle, raised concerns for UK drivers about its capabilities for surveillance and abuse.

    Deployer: Speedcam Anywhere · Developer: Speedcam Anywhere · Harmed: Uk Drivers

  38. #185 · 4 reports

    TikTok's "For You" Algorithm Directed New Users towards Disinformation about the War in Ukraine AIID ↗

    An investigation by NewsGuard into TikTok’s handling of content related to the Russia-Ukraine war showed its “For You” algorithm pushing new users towards false and misleading content about the war within less than an hour of signing up.

    Deployer: Tiktok · Developer: Tiktok · Harmed: Tiktok Users, Tiktok New Users

  39. #168 · 2 reports

    Collaborative Filtering Prone to Popularity Bias, Resulting in Overrepresentation of Popular Items in the Recommendation Outputs AIID ↗

    Collaborative filtering prone to popularity bias, resulting in overrepresentation of popular items in the recommendation outputs.

    Deployer: Facebook, Linkedin, Youtube, Twitter, Netflix · Developer: Facebook, Linkedin, Youtube, Twitter, Netflix · Harmed: Facebook Users, Linkedin Users, Youtube Users, Netflix Users, X (Twitter) Users

  40. #174 · 4 reports

    Fake LinkedIn Profiles Created Using GAN Photos AIID ↗

    More than a thousand inauthentic LinkedIn profiles using allegedly GAN-generated photos were notified by researchers at Stanford to LinkedIn’s staff, and many of which were removed for violating rules against creating fake profiles and falsifying information.

    Deployer: Unknown · Developer: Unknown · Harmed: Linkedin Users

  41. #205 · 6 reports

    AI-Generated Profiles Used in Disinformation Campaign Targeting Ukrainians AIID ↗

    According to security reports by Meta, fictitious personas with GAN-generated profile pictures were used by people operating in Russia and Ukraine to push a disinformation campaign targeting Ukrainian social media users, and were taken down.

    Deployer: Individuals In The Donbass Region, Individuals In Russia, Media Organizations In Crimea · Developer: Unknown · Harmed: Ukrainian Social Media Users

  42. #968 · 27 reports

    'Pravda' Network, Successor to 'Portal Kombat,' Allegedly Seeding AI Models with Kremlin Disinformation AIID ↗

    A purported Moscow-based disinformation network, Pravda, allegedly infiltrated AI models by flooding the internet with pro-Kremlin falsehoods. A NewsGuard audit found that 10 major AI chatbots repeated these narratives 33% of the time, citing Pravda sources as legitimate. The tactic, called "LLM grooming," manipulates AI training data to embed Russian propaganda. Pravda is part of Portal Kombat, a larger Russian disinformation network identified by VIGINUM in February 2024, but in operation sinc

    Deployer: Tigerweb, Storm 1516, Russian State Media, Pro Russian Information Manipulation Actors, Pravda Disinformation Network, Portal Kombat, John Mark Dougan, Information Manipulation Actors, Government Of Russia · Developer: You.Com, Xai, Perplexity, Openai, Mistral, Microsoft, Meta, Inflection, Google, Anthropic · Harmed: Policymakers, National Security And Intelligence Stakeholders, Media Consumers, Journalists, Journalistic Integrity, Governments, Government Of Ukraine, General Public Of Ukraine, General Public, Epistemic Integrity, Democratic Integrity, Chatbot Users

  43. #400 · 1 report

    Google Search Reportedly Returned Fewer Results for Abortion Services in Rural Areas AIID ↗

    Google Search reportedly returned fewer abortion clinics for searches from poorer and rural areas, particularly ones with Targeted Regulation of Abortion Providers (TRAP) laws.

    Deployer: Google · Developer: Google · Harmed: Women seeking abortion services, women having unexpected or crisis pregnancies, Women and girls, Women, Pregnant women, Pregnant patients, Pregnant individuals, Patients

  44. #301 · 1 report

    Honorlock's AI Proctoring System Reportedly Led Broward College to Accuse a Teenager of Cheating AIID ↗

    During a February 2022 online biology exam, Honorlock reportedly flagged a Florida teenager taking a Broward College class as suspicious. The student denied cheating, but Broward College allegedly relied on the remote-proctoring system's flag in pursuing an academic-dishonesty accusation that the student said was unfounded.

    Deployer: Broward College · Developer: Honorlock · Harmed: Unnamed Broward College student, University students, Students, Epistemic integrity, Educational communities

  45. #204 · 4 reports

    A Chinese Tech Worker at Zhihu Fired Allegedly via a Resignation Risk Prediction Algorithm AIID ↗

    The firing of an employee at Zhihu, a large Q&A platform in China, was allegedly caused by the use of a behavioral perception algorithm which claimed to predict a worker’s resignation risk using their online footprints, such as browsing history and internal communication.

    Deployer: Zhihu · Developer: Sangfor Technologies · Harmed: Zhihu employees, Chinese tech workers

  46. #181 · 2 reports

    BMW Sedan Made a Prohibited Left Turn, Colliding with a Cruise Autonomous Vehicle AIID ↗

    A BMW Sedan reportedly made an illegal left turn, causing a minor collision but no injuries with a Cruise autonomous vehicle (AV) operating in autonomous mode.

    Deployer: Cruise · Developer: Cruise · Harmed: Cruise Vehicle

  47. #203 · 3 reports

    Uber Launched Opaque Algorithm That Changes Drivers' Payments in the US AIID ↗

    Uber launched a new but opaque algorithm to determine drivers' pay in the US which allegedly caused drivers to experience lower fares, confusing fare drops, and a decrease in rides.

    Deployer: Uber · Developer: Uber · Harmed: Uber drivers

  48. #187 · 3 reports

    YouTuber Tested Tesla on Self Driving Mode, Colliding with Street Pylons AIID ↗

    A YouTuber who was a Tesla’s employee conducted an on-road review of Tesla's Full Self Driving (FSD) Beta, showing its navigation in various road environments in San Jose and collision with a bollards during Autopilot, allegedly causing his dismissal from the company.

    Deployer: Ai Addict · Developer: Tesla · Harmed: John Bernal, San Jose Public

  49. #156 · 2 reports

    Amazon Reportedly Sold Products and Recommended Frequently Bought Together Items That Aid Suicide Attempts AIID ↗

    Despite complaints notifying Amazon about the sale of various products that had been used to aid suicide attempts, its recommendation system reportedly continued selling them and suggesting their frequently bought-together items.

    Deployer: Amazon · Developer: Amazon · Harmed: People Attempting Suicides

  50. #154 · 1 report

    Justice Department’s Recidivism Risk Algorithm PATTERN Allegedly Caused Persistent Disparities Along Racial Lines AIID ↗

    Department of Justice’s inmate-recidivism risk assessment tool was reported to have produced racially uneven results, misclassifying risk levels for inmates of color.

    Deployer: United States Department of Justice · Developer: United States Department of Justice · Harmed: inmates of color, Incarcerated people

Informational only, not legal advice. Verify every claim against the linked official sources and consult qualified counsel before acting.