MIT AI Risk Repository

The frameworks behind the risk database

74 documents (taxonomies, frameworks, standards, papers) were synthesised into the repository. The count shows how many risk entries were extracted from each; click a framework to browse its entries.

Framework	Reference	Risk entries
Risk Sources and Risk Management Measures in Support of Standards for General-Purpose AI Systems	Gipiškis2024	213
AI Risk Atlas	IBM2025	157
AI Risk Categorization Decoded (AIR 2024): From Government Regulations to Corporate Policies	Zeng2024	94
A Collaborative, Human-Centred Taxonomy of AI, Algorithmic, and Automation Harms	Abercrombie2024	78
Multi-Agent Risks from Advanced AI	Hammond2025	75
The Ethics of Advanced AI Assistants	Gabriel2024	74
An Overview of Catastrophic AI Risks	Hendrycks2023	72
A Taxonomy of Systemic Risks from General-Purpose AI	Uuk2025	65
A Closer Look at the Existing Risks of Generative AI: Mapping the Who, What, and How of Real-World Incidents	Li2025	60
Risk Taxonomy, Mitigation, and Assessment Benchmarks of Large Language Model Systems	Cui2024	56
The Risks of Machine Learning Systems	Tan2022	53
Ethical and social risks of harm from language models	Weidinger2021	53
Regulating under Uncertainty: Governance Options for Generative AI	G'sell2024	52
Trustworthy LLMs: A Survey and Guideline for Evaluating Large Language Models’ Alignment	Liu2024	50
International Scientific Report on the Safety of Advanced AI	Bengio2024	50
Frontier AI Risk Management Framework (v1.0)	Tse2025	49
Taxonomy of Risks posed by Language Models	Weidinger2022	47
Introducing v0.5 of the AI Safety Benchmark from MLCommons	Vidgen2024	47
Governing General Purpose AI: A Comprehensive Map of Unreliability, Misuse and Systemic Risks	Maham2023	42
Foundational Challenges in Assuring Alignment and Safety of Large Language Models	Anwar2024	41
International AI Safety Report 2025	Bengio2025	40
Governance of artificial intelligence: A risk and guideline-based integrative framework	Wirtz2022	39
Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework: Generative Artificial Intelligence Profile	NIST2024	39
Emerging Risks and Mitigations for Public Chatbots: LILAC v1	Stanley2024	39
Capabilities and Risks from Frontier AI	DSIT2023	38
AI Hazard Management: A Framework for the Systematic Management of Root Causes for AI Risks	Schnitzer2024	37
Generative AI Misuse: A Taxonomy of Tactics and Insights from Real-World Data	Marchal2024	34
What Ethics Can Say on Artificial Intelligence: Insights from a Systematic Literature Review	Giarmoleo2024	32
Harm to Nonhuman Animals from AI: a Systematic Account and Framework	Coghlan2023	31
Advancing AI Governance: A Literature Review of Problems, Options, and Proposals	Maas2023	30
A Survey of Artificial Intelligence Challenges: Analyzing the Definitions, Relationships, and Evolutions	Saghiri2022	28
AI Safety Governance Framework	TC2602024	28
Evaluating the Social Impact of Generative AI Systems in Systems and Society	Solaiman2023	27
Sociotechnical Safety Evaluation of Generative AI Systems	Weidinger2023	27
A Survey of the Potential Long-term Impacts of AI: How AI Could Lead to Long-term Changes in Science, Cooperation, Power, Epistemics and Values	Clarke2023	27
Dimensional Characterization and Pathway Modeling for Catastrophic AI Risks	Chin2025	27
Future Risks of Frontier AI	GOS2023	26
Embodied AI: Emerging Risks and Opportunities for Policy Action	Perlo2025	26
Risks of AI Scientists: Prioritizing Safeguarding Over Autonomy	Tang2025	26
Sociotechnical Harms of Algorithmic Systems: Scoping a Taxonomy for Harm Reduction	Shelby2023	25
Generating Harms - Generative AI's impact and paths forwards	EPIC2023	25
Managing the ethical and risk implications of rapid advances in artificial intelligence: A literature review	Meek2016	24
An Exploratory Diagnosis of Artificial Intelligence Risks for a Responsible Governance	Teixeira2022	24
Safety Assessment of Chinese Large Language Models	Sun2023	23
Cataloguing LLM Evaluations	InfoComm2023	23
Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, Challenges, and AI-Human Collaboration	Nah2023	20
Mapping the Ethics of Generative AI: A Comprehensive Scoping Review	Hagendorff2024	19
TASRA: a Taxonomy and Analysis of Societal-Scale Risks from AI	Critch2023	18
AI Alignment: A Comprehensive Survey	Ji2023	17
GenAI against humanity: nefarious applications of generative artificial intelligence and large language models	Ferrara2023	17
A Survey on Responsible LLMs: Inherent Risk, Malicious Use, and Mitigation Strategy	Wang2025	17
Towards risk-aware artificial intelligence and machine learning systems: An overview	Zhang2022	16
The Rise of Artificial Intelligence - Future Outlooks and Emerging Risks	Allianz2018	16
AILUMINATE: Introducing v1.0 of the AI Risk and Reliability Benchmark from MLCommons	Ghosh2024	16
Ten Hard Problems in Artificial Intelligence We Must Get Right	Leech2024	15
The Dark Sides of Artificial Intelligence: An Integrated AI Governance Framework for Public Administration	Wirtz2020	14
A framework for ethical Ai at the United Nations	Hogenhout2021	13
AGI Safety Literature Review	Everitt2018	12
Summary Report: Binary Classification Model for Credit Risk	AIVerify2023	11
Artificial Intelligence Trust, Risk and Security Management (AI TRiSM): Frameworks, Applications, Challenges and Future Research Directions	Habbal2024	11
Model Evaluation for Extreme Risks	Shevlane2023	10
Social Impacts of Artificial Intelligence and Mitigation Recommendations: An Exploratory Study	Paes2023	9
AI Risk Profiles: A Standards Proposal for Pre-Deployment AI Risk Disclosures	Sherman2023	9
Sources of Risk of AI Systems	Steimers2022	8
X-Risk Analysis for AI Research	Hendrycks2022	8
Taxonomy of Pathways to Dangerous Artificial Intelligence	Yampolskiy2016	8
Towards Safer Generative Language Models: A Survey on Safety Risks, Evaluations, and Improvements	Deng2023	7
SafetyBench: Evaluating the Safety of Large Language Models with Multiple Choice Questions	Zhang2023	7
Navigating the Landscape of AI Ethics and Responsibility	Cunha2023	6
The risks associated with Artificial General Intelligence: A systematic review	McLean2023	6
Ethical Issues in the Development of Artificial Intelligence: Recognizing the Risks	Kumar2023	5
Examining the differential risk from high-level artificial intelligence and the question of control	Kilian2023	4
The Ethics of ChatGPT – Exploring the Ethical Issues of an Emerging Technology	Stahl2024	4
Benefits or Concerns of AI: A Multistakeholder Responsibility	Sharma2024	3

Frequently asked questions

What are these frameworks?

The published documents the MIT AI Risk Repository synthesised: academic papers, taxonomies, government and industry frameworks. Each is listed with the number of risk entries extracted from it, so you can see which sources the taxonomy leans on.

Are these the same as the compliance frameworks on this site?

No, and the distinction matters. These are sources of risk research. The crosswalk pages deal with ISO/IEC 42001 and the NIST AI RMF, which are control frameworks an organisation is audited against.