AI policy explorer

Draft law on good use and governance of AI

Anteproyecto de Ley para el buen uso y la gobernanza de la inteligencia artificial

The draft implements the EU AI Act in Spain: it allocates supervision among AESIA, the data-protection authority, the electoral board, the financial and audiovisual regulators, sets the national penalty scale (up to EUR 35 million or 7% of turnover for prohibited practices), treats failure to label AI-generated content as a serious infringement and provides for the national sandbox to continue.

EU AI Act

Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 — Artificial Intelligence Act

The EU AI Act is a binding regulation that sets rules for developing, placing on the market and using AI systems in the European Union. It bans a small set of practices considered unacceptable, imposes detailed requirements on "high-risk" AI systems used in areas such as employment, education, credit, essential services, law enforcement and safety-critical products, requires transparency for chatbots and synthetic content, and creates separate duties for providers of general-purpose AI models. Obligations apply in phases between 2025 and 2028.

Law on Artificial Intelligence (2025)

Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On Artificial Intelligence" (signed November 2025)

The law defines AI systems and their classification by level of autonomy and risk, sets principles (legality, fairness, transparency, safety, human control), assigns duties to owners and operators of AI systems including risk management, labelling of AI-generated content and protection of personal data, prohibits certain manipulative and social-scoring uses, provides for a national AI platform and state support measures, and allocates state regulation to the authorised body.

Shanghai AI regulations (2022)

Regulations of Shanghai Municipality on Promoting the Development of the Artificial Intelligence Sector

上海市促进人工智能产业发展条例

Promotes the AI industry and names the economy and informatization department as lead regulator; sets up a strategy advisory committee and an AI ethics expert committee; bans certain uses such as discrimination and algorithmic price discrimination; applies list-based compliance review to high-risk AI products and disclosure with after-the-fact control to lower-risk ones; and allows sandbox supervision.

Texas Responsible AI Governance Act (TRAIGA)

Texas Responsible Artificial Intelligence Governance Act (HB 149, 89th Legislature)

Signed on 22 June 2025 and effective 1 January 2026, TRAIGA bans developing or deploying AI systems intended to manipulate people into self-harm or crime, government social scoring, biometric identification by government from public data without consent, intentional unlawful discrimination against protected classes, and production of child sexual abuse material or unlawful sexual deepfakes. State agencies and health-care providers must disclose AI interactions. It creates a 36-month regulatory sandbox administered by the Department of Information Resources, a Texas Artificial Intelligence Council, and gives the Attorney General exclusive enforcement with civil penalties after a 60-day cure period; disparate impact alone does not prove intent to discriminate.