MIT AI Risk Repository

Browse AI risks

2,500 risk entries extracted from 74 frameworks, coded by domain, subdomain, causal entity, intent and timing. Filter, then export the current selection with its licence and citation attached.

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2,500 entries · page 43 of 50

  1. 58.02.00 · Risk Category

    Physical

    "Physical - Physical injury to an individual or group, or damage to physical property."

    From A Collaborative, Human-Centred Taxonomy of AI, Algorithmic, and Automation Harms (Abercrombie2024)

  2. 58.02.01 · Risk Sub-Category

    Physical

    Bodily Injury

    "Bodily injury - Physical pain, injury, illness, or disease suffered by an individual or group due to the malfunction, use or misuse of a technology system."

    From A Collaborative, Human-Centred Taxonomy of AI, Algorithmic, and Automation Harms (Abercrombie2024)

  3. 58.02.02 · Risk Sub-Category

    Physical

    Loss of Life

    "Loss of life - Accidental or deliberate loss of life, including suicide, extinction or cessation, due to the use or misuse of a technology system."

    From A Collaborative, Human-Centred Taxonomy of AI, Algorithmic, and Automation Harms (Abercrombie2024)

  4. 58.02.03 · Risk Sub-Category

    Physical

    Personal Health Deterioration

    "Personal health deterioration - Physical deterioration of an individual or animal over time, increasing their risk of disease, organ failure, prolonged hospital stay or death, etc."

    From A Collaborative, Human-Centred Taxonomy of AI, Algorithmic, and Automation Harms (Abercrombie2024)

  5. 58.02.04 · Risk Sub-Category

    Physical

    Property Damage

    "Property damage - Action(s) that lead directly or indirectly to the damage or destruction of tangible property eg. buildings, possessions, vehicles, robots."

    From A Collaborative, Human-Centred Taxonomy of AI, Algorithmic, and Automation Harms (Abercrombie2024)

  6. 58.03.00 · Risk Category

    Psychological

    "Psychological - Direct or indirect impairment of the emotional and psychological mental health of an individual, organisation, or society."

  7. 58.03.03 · Risk Sub-Category

    Psychological

    Anxiety/depression

    "Anxiety/depression - Mental health decline due to addiction, negative social interactions such as humiliation and shaming and traumatic distressing events such as online violence or rape."

    From A Collaborative, Human-Centred Taxonomy of AI, Algorithmic, and Automation Harms (Abercrombie2024)

  8. 58.03.06 · Risk Sub-Category

    Psychological

    Harassment/abuse/intimidation

    "Harassment/abuse/intimidation - Online behaviour, including sexual harassment, that makes an individual or group feel alarmed or threatened."

    From A Collaborative, Human-Centred Taxonomy of AI, Algorithmic, and Automation Harms (Abercrombie2024)

  9. 58.03.09 · Risk Sub-Category

    Psychological

    Self-harm

    "Self-harm - Intentional seeking out or sharing of hurtful content about oneself that leads to, supports, or exacerbates low self-esteem and self-harm."

    From A Collaborative, Human-Centred Taxonomy of AI, Algorithmic, and Automation Harms (Abercrombie2024)

  10. 58.03.10 · Risk Sub-Category

    Psychological

    Sexualisation

    "Sexualisation - Sexual interest in a technology or application."

    From A Collaborative, Human-Centred Taxonomy of AI, Algorithmic, and Automation Harms (Abercrombie2024)

  11. 58.03.11 · Risk Sub-Category

    Psychological

    Trauma

    "Trauma - Severe and lasting emotional shock and pain caused by an extremely upsetting experience."

    From A Collaborative, Human-Centred Taxonomy of AI, Algorithmic, and Automation Harms (Abercrombie2024)

  12. 58.04.00 · Risk Category

    Reputational

    "Reputational - Damage to the reputation of an individual, group or organisation."

    From A Collaborative, Human-Centred Taxonomy of AI, Algorithmic, and Automation Harms (Abercrombie2024)

  13. 58.04.02 · Risk Sub-Category

    Reputational

    Loss of confidence/trust

    "Loss of confidence/trust - Misleading or unfair change(s) in how an individual, group, or organisation is viewed, leading to loss of ability to conduct relationships, raise capital, recruit people, etc."

    From A Collaborative, Human-Centred Taxonomy of AI, Algorithmic, and Automation Harms (Abercrombie2024)

  14. 58.05.03 · Risk Sub-Category

    Financial and business

    Financial/earnings loss

    "Financial/earnings loss - Loss of money, income or value due to the use or misuse of a technology system."

    From A Collaborative, Human-Centred Taxonomy of AI, Algorithmic, and Automation Harms (Abercrombie2024)

  15. 58.05.04 · Risk Sub-Category

    Financial and business

    Livelihood loss

    "Livelihood loss - An individual or group’s loss of ability to support themselves financially or vocationally due to natural disasters, lack of demand for products/services, cost increases, etc, resulting in inability to procure food, reduced employment prospects, bankruptcy, foreclosure, homelessness, etc."

    From A Collaborative, Human-Centred Taxonomy of AI, Algorithmic, and Automation Harms (Abercrombie2024)

  16. 58.05.07 · Risk Sub-Category

    Financial and business

    Opportunity loss

    "Opportunity loss - Loss of ability to take advantage of a financial or other opportunity, such as education, employability/securing a job."

    From A Collaborative, Human-Centred Taxonomy of AI, Algorithmic, and Automation Harms (Abercrombie2024)

  17. "Human Rights and Civil Liberties - Use or misuse of a technology system in a manner that compromises fundamental human rights and freedoms."

    From A Collaborative, Human-Centred Taxonomy of AI, Algorithmic, and Automation Harms (Abercrombie2024)

  18. 58.06.01 · Risk Sub-Category

    Human rights and civil liberties

    Benefits/entitlements loss

    "Benefits/entitlements loss - Denial or or loss of access to welfare benefits, pensions, housing, etc due to the malfunction, use or abuse of a technology system."

    From A Collaborative, Human-Centred Taxonomy of AI, Algorithmic, and Automation Harms (Abercrombie2024)

  19. 58.06.02 · Risk Sub-Category

    Human rights and civil liberties

    Dignity loss

    "Dignity loss - Perceived loss of value experienced by or disrespect shown to an individual or group, resulting in self-sheltering, loss of connections and relationships, and public stigmatisation."

    From A Collaborative, Human-Centred Taxonomy of AI, Algorithmic, and Automation Harms (Abercrombie2024)

  20. 58.07.01 · Risk Sub-Category

    Societal and Cultural

    Breach of ethics/values/norms

    "Breach of ethics/values/norms - An actual or perceived violation or deviation from the established societal values, norms or ethical standards or principles."

    From A Collaborative, Human-Centred Taxonomy of AI, Algorithmic, and Automation Harms (Abercrombie2024)

  21. 58.07.03 · Risk Sub-Category

    Societal and Cultural

    Chilling effect

    "Chilling effect - The creation of a climate of self-censorship that deters democratic actors such as journalists, advocates and judges from speaking out."

    From A Collaborative, Human-Centred Taxonomy of AI, Algorithmic, and Automation Harms (Abercrombie2024)

  22. 58.07.05 · Risk Sub-Category

    Societal and Cultural

    Damage to public health

    "Damage to public health - Adverse impacts on the health of groups, communities or societies, including malnutrition, disease and infection conditions."

    From A Collaborative, Human-Centred Taxonomy of AI, Algorithmic, and Automation Harms (Abercrombie2024)

  23. 58.07.12 · Risk Sub-Category

    Societal and Cultural

    Public service delivery deterioration

    "Public service delivery deterioration - Poor performance of a public technology system due to malfunc- tion, over-use, under-staffing etc, resulting in individuals, groups, or organisations unable to use it in a manner they can reasonably expect."

    From A Collaborative, Human-Centred Taxonomy of AI, Algorithmic, and Automation Harms (Abercrombie2024)

  24. 58.08.01 · Risk Sub-Category

    Political and Economic

    Critical infrastructure damage

    "Critical infrastructure damage - Damage, disruption to or destruction of systems essential to the functioning and safety of a nation or state, including energy, transport, health, finance, and communication systems."

    From A Collaborative, Human-Centred Taxonomy of AI, Algorithmic, and Automation Harms (Abercrombie2024)

  25. "The development and operation of an AI system can require significant amounts of (computational) power. If not considered in the hardware selection, this can become an issue in development and operation."

    From AI Hazard Management: A Framework for the Systematic Management of Root Causes for AI Risks (Schnitzer2024)

  26. 59.25.00 · Risk Category

    AI lifecycle stage

    "The first axis pertains to the life cycle of the AI system, as AI hazards may materialize during various phases of an AI system’s life cycle. For instance, issues triggered by bias in training data emerge during the data collection and preparation stages. On the other hand, data drift serves as an example of an AI hazard that arises during the AI system’s operation. Additionally, certain AI hazards may span multiple phases of the AI system, such as ”lack of data understanding”. This is because a proper understanding of the data by the AI developer is required in the data collection and prepar

    From AI Hazard Management: A Framework for the Systematic Management of Root Causes for AI Risks (Schnitzer2024)

  27. 59.25.01 · Risk Sub-Category

    AI lifecycle stage

    (1) Scoping

    "A majority of them possess an initial stage devoted to the planning and scoping of the AI system."

    From AI Hazard Management: A Framework for the Systematic Management of Root Causes for AI Risks (Schnitzer2024)

  28. 59.25.02 · Risk Sub-Category

    AI lifecycle stage

    (2) Data collection and preparation

  29. 59.25.03 · Risk Sub-Category

    AI lifecycle stage

    (3) Modeling

  30. 59.25.04 · Risk Sub-Category

    AI lifecycle stage

    (4) Evaluation and deployment

  31. 59.25.05 · Risk Sub-Category

    AI lifecycle stage

    (5) Monitoring and maintenance

    "Conclusively, the AI life cycle model terminates with the maintenance and monitoring stage, which aligns with the referenced models."

    From AI Hazard Management: A Framework for the Systematic Management of Root Causes for AI Risks (Schnitzer2024)

  32. 59.26.00 · Risk Category

    Mode

    "The second axis of the taxonomy pertains to the mode of an AI hazard, which determines with what methods to assess and treat AI hazards. We distinguish among three distinct classes: technological, socio-technological, and procedural."

    From AI Hazard Management: A Framework for the Systematic Management of Root Causes for AI Risks (Schnitzer2024)

  33. 59.26.02 · Risk Sub-Category

    Mode

    Socio-technical

    "In contrast to technical AI hazards, socio-technical hazards also require hu- man input related to social and cultural aspects [45]. Human judgment must be employed when deciding on quantification and treatment methods. For instance, AI hazards concerning discrimination and privacy, which are abstract concepts lacking a uniform technical definition, further complicate a clear quantification of the associated risks. Although quantitative methods exist to assess and treat these AI hazards, they require coordination with social and cultural values [27]."

    From AI Hazard Management: A Framework for the Systematic Management of Root Causes for AI Risks (Schnitzer2024)

  34. 59.27.00 · Risk Category

    Level

    "The third axis of the taxonomy pertains to the level, which differentiates between the AI application and system levels, as they are defined in Section 3. Allocating an AI hazard to its level helps to determine the level at which an action is required. This consequently sets the basis for who is supposed to act."

    From AI Hazard Management: A Framework for the Systematic Management of Root Causes for AI Risks (Schnitzer2024)

  35. 59.27.01 · Risk Sub-Category

    Level

    AI application

    "For instance, the main person responsible for an AI hazard manifesting on the AI system level would be the AI developer, whereas an AI hazard affecting the whole AI application requires a more diverse group, including domain experts."

    From AI Hazard Management: A Framework for the Systematic Management of Root Causes for AI Risks (Schnitzer2024)

  36. 59.27.02 · Risk Sub-Category

    Level

    AI system

    "For instance, the main person responsible for an AI hazard manifesting on the AI system level would be the AI developer, whereas an AI hazard affecting the whole AI application requires a more diverse group, including domain experts."

    From AI Hazard Management: A Framework for the Systematic Management of Root Causes for AI Risks (Schnitzer2024)

  37. 60.01.01a · Additional evidence

    Risks from malicious use

    Harm to individuals through fake content

    From International AI Safety Report 2025 (Bengio2025)

  38. 60.01.01b · Additional evidence

    Risks from malicious use

    Harm to individuals through fake content

    From International AI Safety Report 2025 (Bengio2025)

  39. 60.01.02a · Additional evidence

    Risks from malicious use

    Manipulation of public opinion

    From International AI Safety Report 2025 (Bengio2025)

  40. 60.01.03a · Additional evidence

    Risks from malicious use

    Cyber offence

    From International AI Safety Report 2025 (Bengio2025)

  41. 60.01.03b · Additional evidence

    Risks from malicious use

    Cyber offence

    From International AI Safety Report 2025 (Bengio2025)

  42. 60.01.03c · Additional evidence

    Risks from malicious use

    Cyber offence

    From International AI Safety Report 2025 (Bengio2025)

  43. 60.01.03d · Additional evidence

    Risks from malicious use

    Cyber offence

    From International AI Safety Report 2025 (Bengio2025)

  44. 60.02.01a · Additional evidence

    Risks from malfunctions

    Reliability issues

    From International AI Safety Report 2025 (Bengio2025)

  45. 60.02.01b · Additional evidence

    Risks from malfunctions

    Reliability issues

    From International AI Safety Report 2025 (Bengio2025)

  46. 60.02.02a · Additional evidence

    Risks from malfunctions

    Bias

    From International AI Safety Report 2025 (Bengio2025)

  47. 60.02.02b · Additional evidence

    Risks from malfunctions

    Bias

    From International AI Safety Report 2025 (Bengio2025)

  48. 60.02.03a · Additional evidence

    Risks from malfunctions

    Loss of control

    From International AI Safety Report 2025 (Bengio2025)

  49. 60.02.03b · Additional evidence

    Risks from malfunctions

    Loss of control

    From International AI Safety Report 2025 (Bengio2025)

Informational only, not legal advice. Verify every claim against the linked official sources and consult qualified counsel before acting.