AI policy explorer

Rancangan Peraturan Presiden tentang Peta Jalan Kecerdasan Artifisial Nasional 2026-2029

Rancangan Peraturan Presiden tentang Peta Jalan Kecerdasan Artifisial Nasional 2026-2029 (Draft Presidential Regulation on the National AI Roadmap)

A draft presidential regulation, prepared under Presidential Decree No. 38 of 2025, that would establish a binding national AI roadmap for 2026-2029 alongside a companion draft regulation on AI ethics. Inter-ministerial discussion agreed four policy directions: stakeholder engagement, innovation, technology and research capability, and risk mitigation. Cross-ministry deliberations concluded in May 2026 and both drafts were submitted to the President for enactment.

Roadmap for AI regulation (2023)

Roadmap for the regulation of artificial intelligence in Ukraine

Published in October 2023, the roadmap sets a two-stage, bottom-up approach: first voluntary instruments (white paper, general and sector recommendations, a self-assessment tool, a code of conduct and regulatory sandboxes) to help businesses prepare, then a law on AI harmonised with the EU AI Act, timed with Ukraine's EU accession path.

Rome Call for AI Ethics

Rome Call for AI Ethics (Pontifical Academy for Life, 28 February 2020)

A declaration of six principles for the ethical development of AI (transparency, inclusion, responsibility, impartiality, reliability, security and privacy), first signed in February 2020 by the Pontifical Academy for Life, Microsoft, IBM, FAO and the Italian government, and since joined by other religious leaders, universities and companies. It calls for "algor-ethics" and human-centred design and is used as a reference in faith-based and corporate AI ethics commitments.

Scotland's AI Strategy 2026-2031

A five-year strategy for responsible and inclusive AI growth, with ten early actions due by the end of March 2027, delivered through the AI Scotland programme. It builds on the 2021 strategy for trustworthy, ethical and inclusive AI.

Scottish AI Register

A public register of AI systems in use or in development in the Scottish public sector. The government announced in March 2024 that registration would become mandatory, starting with its own departments, but a 2025 freedom-of-information response describes the register as voluntary with an expectation that public bodies use it.

Singapore agentic AI governance framework

Model AI Governance Framework for Agentic AI

A governance framework for AI agents that reason and act on a user's behalf, in four areas: assessing and bounding risks upfront, making humans meaningfully accountable, technical controls across the agent lifecycle, and enabling end-user responsibility. IMDA treats it as a living document and has since added case studies and input from more than 50 organisations.

Singapore AI Tester Accreditation Programme

AI Tester Accreditation Programme (AI TAP)

Accredits third-party firms that test AI systems, in benchmarking and red teaming, for 12 months at a time; the first five were AIDX Tech, Knovel Engineering, PwC Singapore, Resaro and Vulcan. Accreditation does not certify that a tester is independent or that a tested system is safe.

Singapore Model AI Governance Framework

Model AI Governance Framework (Second Edition) and Model AI Governance Framework for Generative AI

Singapore's Model AI Governance Framework is a voluntary, sector-agnostic guide for organisations deploying AI. The second edition (January 2020) covers four areas: internal governance structures and measures, determining the level of human involvement in AI-augmented decision-making, operations management (data, model development, monitoring), and stakeholder interaction and communication. The May 2024 Model AI Governance Framework for Generative AI extends it with nine dimensions including accountability, data, trusted development and deployment, incident reporting, testing and assurance, security, content provenance, safety and alignment research, and AI for the public good.

Singapore starter kit for testing agentic AI

Starter Kit for Testing Agentic Systems for Safety and Reliability

A practical reference for organisations starting to test AI agents that reason, act on a user's behalf, use tools and access data. It sets out four steps (identify risks such as erroneous or unauthorised actions; design and run realistic tests without real-world harm; analyse results and operational logs; monitor and retest continuously), tests the agent's whole trajectory of reasoning and actions rather than only its output, and suggests metrics such as tool-use accuracy, handoff accuracy and human-intervention rates. It extends the agentic AI governance framework and builds on the LLM starter kit.

Singapore starter kit for testing LLM applications

Starter Kit for Testing LLM-Based Applications for Safety and Reliability (v1.0)

Voluntary guidelines for testing applications built on large language models against five risks: hallucination and inaccuracy, bias in decision-making, undesirable content, data leakage and adversarial prompts. Baseline tests are available on Project Moonshot.

Strategi Nasional Kecerdasan Artifisial Indonesia 2020-2045

Strategi Nasional Kecerdasan Artifisial Indonesia 2020-2045 (National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence)

Indonesia's long-range national AI strategy, prepared by a BPPT-led multi-stakeholder working group. It covers ethics and policy, talent, infrastructure and data, research and industry innovation, and names five priority areas: health, bureaucratic reform, education and research, food security, and mobility and smart cities. It includes quick wins and a phased implementation roadmap through 2045.

Tamil Nadu Safe and Ethical AI Policy 2020

Tamil Nadu Safe and Ethical Artificial Intelligence Policy 2020

Recommends a six-dimension framework (TAM-DEF: transparency and audit, accountability and legal issues, misuse protection, digital divide and data deficit, ethics and fairness, equity) and a DEEP-MAX scorecard for deploying AI in government, with AI procurement guidelines.

Telangana AI framework

Telangana's AI Framework (ITE&C Department)

A six-pillar framework for AI in Telangana (data exchange; talent and education; research and innovation; high-performance computing; governance, ethics and privacy; adoption and community), run by the Telangana AI Mission with NASSCOM.

Thailand National AI Strategy and Action Plan

Thailand National AI Strategy and Action Plan (2022-2027)

A cabinet-approved strategy and action plan with five strategies: readiness in ethics, law and regulation; national AI infrastructure; human capability and education; AI technology and innovation development; and promotion of AI use in public and private sectors. It sets targets for AI talent, research prototypes and economic impact through 2027 and is implemented in phases coordinated across ministries.

The National AI Policy

Rwanda's national AI policy sets out six policy areas and fourteen recommendations covering skills and literacy, infrastructure, data, responsible AI governance, public-sector adoption and ecosystem development. It proposes a Responsible AI Office housed in MINICT to drive an implementation plan and monitor progress. Priority sectors include health, agriculture, education, finance and public services.

The National Guidelines on AI Governance & Ethics

The National Guidelines on AI Governance & Ethics (AIGE)

Voluntary national guidelines that set out seven principles for responsible AI: fairness; reliability, safety and control; privacy and security; inclusiveness; transparency; accountability; and human-centricity. They give tailored guidance to end users, policymakers and AI developers and are meant to build public trust and reduce ethical risks while supporting adoption.

The UAE Charter for the Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence

A twelve-principle charter approved by the UAE Cabinet setting expectations for AI development and use, including safety, algorithmic bias, data privacy, transparency, human oversight, governance and accountability, and compliance with applicable laws and treaties. It is a guiding framework rather than binding legislation and supports the objectives of the UAE Strategy for AI.

UAE AI Strategy 2031

UAE National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence 2031

The UAE National Strategy for AI 2031 aims to position the UAE as a global leader in AI by 2031. It sets objectives across priority sectors, AI talent and research, data and infrastructure, government adoption and governance, including a commitment to AI ethics and to developing appropriate regulation. It is a strategy document that guides government programmes and does not itself impose obligations on private organisations.

UAE Strategy for Artificial Intelligence

UAE Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (UAE National Strategy for AI 2031)

Launched in October 2017, the strategy aims to embed AI across government services and priority sectors such as health, education, transport, energy and space, and to make the UAE a leading AI destination by 2031. Its objectives include AI-friendly legislation, talent development, research capability, data infrastructure and strong governance. The UAE Council for AI was created to drive implementation.

UK AI regulation framework

A pro-innovation approach to AI regulation (white paper and government response)

The UK white paper sets out a principles-based, context-specific approach to regulating AI. Instead of a single AI law, it asks existing regulators to interpret and apply five cross-cutting principles within their remits: safety, security and robustness; appropriate transparency and explainability; fairness; accountability and governance; and contestability and redress. Central government provides coordination, monitoring and guidance.