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26 risk entries extracted from 74 frameworks, coded by domain, subdomain, causal entity, intent and timing. Filter, then export the current selection with its licence and citation attached.

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26 entries

  1. "Some uses of AI have been deeply concerning, namely voice cloning [58] and the generation of deep fake videos [59]. For example, in March 2022, in the early days of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, hackers broadcast via the Ukrainian news website Ukraine 24 a deep fake video of President Volodymyr Zelensky capitulating and calling on his soldiers to lay down their weapons [60]. The necessary software to create these fakes is readily available on the Internet, and the hardware requirements are modest by today’s standards [61]. Other nefarious uses of AI include accelerating password cracking [

    From Navigating the Landscape of AI Ethics and Responsibility (Cunha2023)

  2. LMs, due to their remarkable capabilities, carry the same potential for malice as other technological products. For instance, they may be used in information warfare to generate deceptive information or unlawful content, thereby having a significant impact on individuals and society. As current LMs are increasingly built as agents to accomplish user objectives, they may disregard the moral and safety guidelines if operating without adequate supervision. Instead, they may execute user commands mechanically without considering the potential damage. They might interact unpredictably with humans a

    From Towards Safer Generative Language Models: A Survey on Safety Risks, Evaluations, and Improvements (Deng2023)

  3. 06.11.00 · Risk Category

    Malicious use of AI

    "Just as AI can be used in many different fields, it is unfortunately also helpful in perpetrating digital crimes. AI-supported malware and hacking are already a reality."

    From A framework for ethical Ai at the United Nations (Hogenhout2021)

  4. 07.01.00 · Risk Category

    Misuse

    "The misuse class includes elements such as the potential for cyber threat actors to execute exploits with greater speed and impact or generate disinformation (such as "deep fake" media) at accelerated rates and effectiveness"

    From Examining the differential risk from high-level artificial intelligence and the question of control (Kilian2023)

  5. "These risks arise from humans intentionally using the LM to cause harm, for example via targeted disinformation campaigns, fraud, or malware. Malicious use risks are expected to proliferate as LMs become more widely accessible"

    From Taxonomy of Risks posed by Language Models (Weidinger2022)

  6. 17.04.00 · Risk Category

    Malicious Uses

    "Harms that arise from actors using the language model to intentionally cause harm"

    From Ethical and social risks of harm from language models (Weidinger2021)

  7. 18.04.00 · Risk Category

    Malicious Use

    "AI systems reducing the costs and facilitating activities of actors trying to cause harm (e.g. fraud, weapons)"

    From Sociotechnical Safety Evaluation of Generative AI Systems (Weidinger2023)

  8. "empowering malicious actors to cause widespread harm"

    From An Overview of Catastrophic AI Risks (Hendrycks2023)

  9. 24.03.00 · Risk Category

    Malicious Uses

    "As AI assistants become more general purpose, sophisticated and capable, they create new opportunities in a variety of fields such as education, science and healthcare. Yet the rapid speed of progress has made it difficult to adequately prepare for, or even understand, how this technology can potentially be misused. Indeed, advanced AI assistants may transform existing threats or create new classes of threats altogether"

    From The Ethics of Advanced AI Assistants (Gabriel2024)

  10. 30.04.00 · Risk Category

    Resistance to Misuse

    Prohibiting the misuse by malicious attackers to do harm

    From Trustworthy LLMs: A Survey and Guideline for Evaluating Large Language Models’ Alignment (Liu2024)

  11. 49.01.00 · Risk Category

    Malicious Use Risks

    "As general- purpose AI covers a broad set of knowledge areas, it can be repurposed for malicious ends, potentially causing widespread harm. This section discusses some of the major risks of malicious use, but there are others and new risks may continue to emerge. While the risks discussed in this section range widely in terms of how well- evidenced they are, and in some cases, there is evidence suggesting that they may currently not be serious risks at all, we include them to provide a comprehensive overview of the malicious use risks associated with general- purpose AI systems."

    From International Scientific Report on the Safety of Advanced AI (Bengio2024)

  12. 52.02.00 · Risk Category

    Misuse Risks

    "However, even if a model is entirely trustworthy and reliable, Misuse or Systemic Risks remain. General purpose AI models may present significant risks to society if this technology is misused by malicious actors to produce harmful outcomes. Misuse Risks span across Cyber Crime, Biosecurity Threats and Politically Motivated Misuse."

    From Governing General Purpose AI: A Comprehensive Map of Unreliability, Misuse and Systemic Risks (Maham2023 )

  13. 61.02.22 · Risk Sub-Category

    Sources of systemic risks from general-purpose AI

    Dual-use nature

    "AI’s potential for both beneficial and harmful applications complicates efforts to manage its societal impacts effectively."

    From A Taxonomy of Systemic Risks from General-Purpose AI (Uuk2025)

  14. 62.15.03 · Risk Sub-Category

    Model Development

    Fine-tuning related (Ease of reconfiguring GPAI models)

    "GPAI models are often easily reconfigured for various use cases or have competencies beyond the intended use [78, 225]. They can be performed either by changing the weights of the model (e.g., fine-tuning) or by modifying only the model inputs (e.g., prompt engineering, jailbreaking, retrieval-augmented generation). Reconfiguration can be intentional (with the help of adversarial inputs) or unintentional (from unanticipated inputs to the model)."

    From Risk Sources and Risk Management Measures in Support of Standards for General-Purpose AI Systems (Gipiškis2024)

  15. 62.29.01 · Risk Sub-Category

    Impacts of AI (General)

    High-impact misuses and abuses beyond original purpose

    "Since general-purpose AI systems have a large repertoire of capabilities, mali- cious actors such as foreign actors can use such systems to cause large damage if they gain unrestricted or unmonitored access to those AI systems."

    From Risk Sources and Risk Management Measures in Support of Standards for General-Purpose AI Systems (Gipiškis2024)

  16. 62.29.02 · Risk Sub-Category

    Impacts of AI (General)

    Democratizing access to dual-use technologies

    "Access to dual-use technologies can become easier because of GPAI model pro- liferation (in particular, open-source or open-weights models). Non-experts can use such dual-use-capable systems at a minimal cost [194, 100]. Improved model capabilities also contribute to dual-use risks posed by malicious actors. For example, an open-source base model for generating high quality sequence data can be modified to generate candidate protein sequences for toxin synthesis [29]."

    From Risk Sources and Risk Management Measures in Support of Standards for General-Purpose AI Systems (Gipiškis2024)

  17. 65.14.03 · Risk Sub-Category

    Output risks (misuse)

    Spreading toxicity

    "Generative AI models might be used intentionally to generate hateful, abusive, and profane (HAP) or obscene content."

    From AI Risk Atlas (IBM2025)

  18. 65.14.04 · Risk Sub-Category

    Output risks (misuse)

    Dangerous use

    "Generative AI models might be used with the sole intention of harming people."

    From AI Risk Atlas (IBM2025)

  19. 67.03.00 · Risk Category

    Misuse risks

    "Frontier AI may help bad actors to perform cyberattacks, run disinformation campaigns and design biological or chemical weapons. Frontier AI will almost certainly continue to lower the barriers to entry for less sophisticated threat actors.192 We focus here on only a few important misuse risks, but this is not to downplay the importance of others."

    From Capabilities and Risks from Frontier AI (DSIT2023)

  20. 71.02.01 · Risk Sub-Category

    User Intent

    Malicious and Direct

    "Directly harmful objective"

    From Risks of AI Scientists: Prioritizing Safeguarding Over Autonomy (Tang2025)

  21. 71.02.01a · Additional evidence

    User Intent

    Malicious and Direct

  22. 71.02.02 · Risk Sub-Category

    User Intent

    Malicious and Indirect

    "Benign intermediate for harmful end objective"

    From Risks of AI Scientists: Prioritizing Safeguarding Over Autonomy (Tang2025)

  23. 71.02.02a · Additional evidence

    User Intent

    Malicious and Indirect

  24. 72.01.00 · Risk Category

    Misuse Risks

    "Risks arising from intentional exploitation of AI model capabilities by malicious actors to cause harm to individuals, organisations, or society."

    From Frontier AI Risk Management Framework (v1.0) (Tse2025)

  25. "Like all technologies, LLMs have the possibility for misuse by malicious actors. Malicious use of dual- use capabilities of AI is a recurring concern within literature (Brundage et al., 2018; Hendrycks et al., 2023; Mozes et al., 2023)"

    From Foundational Challenges in Assuring Alignment and Safety of Large Language Models (Anwar2024)

Informational only, not legal advice. Verify every claim against the linked official sources and consult qualified counsel before acting.