AI policy explorer

Policy for the development of AI in Poland (2020)

Polityka dla rozwoju sztucznej inteligencji w Polsce od roku 2020

Adopted by resolution of the Council of Ministers in December 2020, the policy sets goals for AI in society, business, science, education, international cooperation and the public sector, with short-, medium- and long-term actions and an ethics and trustworthy-AI dimension.

Roadmap for AI regulation (2023)

Roadmap for the regulation of artificial intelligence in Ukraine

Published in October 2023, the roadmap sets a two-stage, bottom-up approach: first voluntary instruments (white paper, general and sector recommendations, a self-assessment tool, a code of conduct and regulatory sandboxes) to help businesses prepare, then a law on AI harmonised with the EU AI Act, timed with Ukraine's EU accession path.

Rome Call for AI Ethics

Rome Call for AI Ethics (Pontifical Academy for Life, 28 February 2020)

A declaration of six principles for the ethical development of AI (transparency, inclusion, responsibility, impartiality, reliability, security and privacy), first signed in February 2020 by the Pontifical Academy for Life, Microsoft, IBM, FAO and the Italian government, and since joined by other religious leaders, universities and companies. It calls for "algor-ethics" and human-centred design and is used as a reference in faith-based and corporate AI ethics commitments.

Scotland's AI Strategy 2026-2031

A five-year strategy for responsible and inclusive AI growth, with ten early actions due by the end of March 2027, delivered through the AI Scotland programme. It builds on the 2021 strategy for trustworthy, ethical and inclusive AI.

Singapore agentic AI governance framework

Model AI Governance Framework for Agentic AI

A governance framework for AI agents that reason and act on a user's behalf, in four areas: assessing and bounding risks upfront, making humans meaningfully accountable, technical controls across the agent lifecycle, and enabling end-user responsibility. IMDA treats it as a living document and has since added case studies and input from more than 50 organisations.

Singapore AI Tester Accreditation Programme

AI Tester Accreditation Programme (AI TAP)

Accredits third-party firms that test AI systems, in benchmarking and red teaming, for 12 months at a time; the first five were AIDX Tech, Knovel Engineering, PwC Singapore, Resaro and Vulcan. Accreditation does not certify that a tester is independent or that a tested system is safe.

Singapore Model AI Governance Framework

Model AI Governance Framework (Second Edition) and Model AI Governance Framework for Generative AI

Singapore's Model AI Governance Framework is a voluntary, sector-agnostic guide for organisations deploying AI. The second edition (January 2020) covers four areas: internal governance structures and measures, determining the level of human involvement in AI-augmented decision-making, operations management (data, model development, monitoring), and stakeholder interaction and communication. The May 2024 Model AI Governance Framework for Generative AI extends it with nine dimensions including accountability, data, trusted development and deployment, incident reporting, testing and assurance, security, content provenance, safety and alignment research, and AI for the public good.

Singapore starter kit for testing agentic AI

Starter Kit for Testing Agentic Systems for Safety and Reliability

A practical reference for organisations starting to test AI agents that reason, act on a user's behalf, use tools and access data. It sets out four steps (identify risks such as erroneous or unauthorised actions; design and run realistic tests without real-world harm; analyse results and operational logs; monitor and retest continuously), tests the agent's whole trajectory of reasoning and actions rather than only its output, and suggests metrics such as tool-use accuracy, handoff accuracy and human-intervention rates. It extends the agentic AI governance framework and builds on the LLM starter kit.

Singapore starter kit for testing LLM applications

Starter Kit for Testing LLM-Based Applications for Safety and Reliability (v1.0)

Voluntary guidelines for testing applications built on large language models against five risks: hallucination and inaccuracy, bias in decision-making, undesirable content, data leakage and adversarial prompts. Baseline tests are available on Project Moonshot.

Telangana AI framework

Telangana's AI Framework (ITE&C Department)

A six-pillar framework for AI in Telangana (data exchange; talent and education; research and innovation; high-performance computing; governance, ethics and privacy; adoption and community), run by the Telangana AI Mission with NASSCOM.

UAE AI Strategy 2031

UAE National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence 2031

The UAE National Strategy for AI 2031 aims to position the UAE as a global leader in AI by 2031. It sets objectives across priority sectors, AI talent and research, data and infrastructure, government adoption and governance, including a commitment to AI ethics and to developing appropriate regulation. It is a strategy document that guides government programmes and does not itself impose obligations on private organisations.

UK AI regulation framework

A pro-innovation approach to AI regulation (white paper and government response)

The UK white paper sets out a principles-based, context-specific approach to regulating AI. Instead of a single AI law, it asks existing regulators to interpret and apply five cross-cutting principles within their remits: safety, security and robustness; appropriate transparency and explainability; fairness; accountability and governance; and contestability and redress. Central government provides coordination, monitoring and guidance.

UN General Assembly resolution 78/265 on safe, secure and trustworthy AI

UN General Assembly resolution A/RES/78/265: Seizing the opportunities of safe, secure and trustworthy artificial intelligence systems for sustainable development (21 March 2024)

The first General Assembly resolution on AI, adopted by consensus with more than 120 co-sponsors, encourages states to promote safe, secure and trustworthy AI systems that respect human rights and advance the Sustainable Development Goals, to close digital divides, and to develop governance frameworks and interoperable safeguards; it calls on companies to act responsibly. It was followed by resolution A/RES/79/325 (August 2025) establishing an Independent International Scientific Panel on AI and a Global Dialogue on AI Governance under the Global Digital Compact.

UNESCO Recommendation on the Ethics of AI

UNESCO Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence (adopted by the General Conference, 23 November 2021)

The first global normative instrument on AI ethics. It sets values (human rights and dignity, environment and ecosystem flourishing, diversity and inclusiveness, peaceful and just societies) and principles (proportionality and do no harm, safety and security, fairness, sustainability, privacy, human oversight, transparency and explainability, responsibility, awareness and literacy, multi-stakeholder governance), and eleven policy action areas from ethical impact assessment and data policy to gender, education, health and the environment. UNESCO supports implementation with a Readiness Assessment Methodology (RAM) and an Ethical Impact Assessment tool used by dozens of countries.